Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL213 > EMBRYOLOGY > Flashcards

EMBRYOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

the branch of biology that studies the prenatal
development of gametes (sex cells),
fertilization, and development of embryos and
fetuses.

A

embryology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

“Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”,
theorizes that the stages an animal embryo undergoes
during development are a chronological replay of that
species’ past evolutionary forms.

A

Ernst Haeckel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

“Recapitulation is not the only relationship between
embryos and ancestors”

A

Gavin de Beers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

✓Embryonic structures may or may not be present from their ancestors or descendants.
✓Embryonic structures - vestigial (lost); or retained to adulthood.
✓Developmental stages may be repeated in earlier stage but not in later stages.
✓Developmental sequence may or may not be altered in the descendant.

A

Gavin de Beers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

are an organism’s reproductive cells or sex cells

A

gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

gametes are __, and each cell carries only one copy of each chromosome

A

haploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

process of formation of gametes

A

gametogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cells that produces testosterone in the presence of
luteinizing hormone (LH).

A

Leydig cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

is a “nurse” cell of a seminiferous tubule and helps in the process of spermatogenesis

A

Sertoli cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

is the final stage of spermatogenesis, which sees the maturation of spermatids into mature spermatozoa

A

spermiogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

an endocrine structure that continuously release hormones responsible for the thickening of the endometrium in the uterus.

A

corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Is the fusion of haploid gametes, egg and sperm, to form the diploid zygote

A

fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

step-by-step process of fertilization

A

(1) sperm makes contact with egg
(2) acrosome reacts with zona pellucida
(3) acrosome reacts with perivitelline space
(4) plasma membranes of sperm and egg fuse
(5) sperm nucleus enters egg
(6) cortical granules fuse with egg plasma membrane, which renders the vitelline layer impenetrable to sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the formation of the blastomeres

A

cellulation (cleavage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The process by which the zygote undergo repeated
mitotic cell division

A

cleavage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

is a mass of 16 totipotent cells in a spherical
shape

A

morula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

spherical layer of cells (the blastoderm) surrounding a fluid-filled or yolk-filled cavity (the blastocoel).

A

blastula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

EPIBLAST or EPIMERE; developing embryo
nourished by the vegetal pole (dorsal cells–ECTODERM)

A

animal pole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

HYPOBLAST or HYPOMERE or developing yolk;
nourishes the embryo GUT
(ventral cells–ENDODERM)

A

vegetal pole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

(4) classifications of egg based on the amount of yolk

A

alecithal
microcithal
mesolecithal
macrolecithal/polylecithal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

classification of egg based on the amount of yolk
egg contains no yolk

A

alecithal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

classification of egg based on the amount of yolk
egg contain small or negligible amount of yolk

A

microlecithal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

classification of egg based on the amount of yolk
eutherian mammals

A

alecithal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

classification of egg based on the amount of yolk
amphioxus, tunicates

A

microlecithal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

classification of egg based on the amount of yolk
egg contins moderate amount of yolk

A

mesolecithal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

classification of egg based on the amount of yolk
dipnoi, petromyzon

A

mesolecithal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

classification of egg based on the amount of yolk
egg contains high mount of yolk

A

macrolecithal/polylecithal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

classification of egg based on the amount of yolk
reptile, birds

A

macrolecithal/polylecithal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

(2) distribtion of yolk

A

isolecithal/homolecithal
telolecithal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

distribtion of yolk
A very little amount of yolk present and is
uniformly distributed through out the egg

A

isolecithal/homolecithal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

distribtion of yolk
echinoderm, amphioxus, mammals

A

isolecithal/homolecithal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

distribtion of yolk
Egg contains moderate or large amount of yolk,
distribution of yolk is unequal (concentrated in
the Vegetal pole)

A

telolecithal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

(2) influence of yolk on cleavage

A

holoblastic
meroblastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

influence of yolk on cleavage
Type of cleavage furrow bisects the entire egg.

A

holoblastic (complete) cleavage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

influence of yolk on cleavage
Type of cleavage furrow restricted to the active
cytoplasm found either in the animal pole (macrolecithal egg).

A

meroblastic (incomplete) cleavage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

type of cleavage found
birds fish

A

meroblastic (incomplete) cleavage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

type of cleavagefound
amphibians mammals

A

holoblastic (complete) cleavage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

cleavage in amphibians (4) structures

A

mesolecithal
vegetal pole
animal pole
blastocoel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

cleavage in amphibians
holoblastic; unequal-sized blastomeres

A

mesolecithal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

cleavage in amphibians
larger blastomeres; nourishes the
embryo; slower development

A

vegetal pole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

cleavage in amphibians
smaller blastomeres; developing
embryo

A

animal pole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

cleavage in amphibians
towards animal pole

A

blastocoel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

cleavage in birds/aves (4) structures

A

macrolecithal
vegetal pole
animal pole
narrow blastocoel

44
Q

cleavage in birds/aves
“meroblastic” (partial cleavage); unequalsized blastomeres

A

macrolecithal

44
Q

cleavage in birds/aves
large size yolk mass; too great to be penetrated by cleavage furrow

A

vegetal pole

44
Q

cleavage in birds/aves
is relatively small (blastoderm)

A

animal pole

45
Q

Process in which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a multilayered structure known as the gastrula.

A

gastrulation

45
Q

Cell found inside the blastocyst (is the mass of cells that give rise to the definitive structures of the embryo)

A

inner cell mass (ICM)

45
Q

Cells found outside the blastocyst (provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta).

A

trophoblast

46
Q

cleavage in mammals

A

microlecithal

46
Q

cleavage in mammals
holoblastic; unequal-sized blastomeres

A

microlecithal

46
Q

is a structure formed in the early development
of mammals

A

blastocyst

46
Q

__ result in a massive reorganization of the embryo from a simple spherical ball of cells, the blastula, into a multi-layered organism.

A

Cell movements

47
Q

important outcomes of gastrulation

A
  • Formation of the three (3) embryonic germ layers.
  • Formation of the embryonic gut (archenteron).
  • Appearance of the major body axes.
47
Q

(3) germ layers

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

47
Q

the middle germ layer

A

mesoderm

47
Q

the outermost germ layer

A

ectoderm

48
Q

the innermost germ layer

A

endoderm

48
Q

the ectoderm forms the (4)

A

skin
brain
nervous system
other external tissues

49
Q

the mesoderm forms the (3)

A

muscle
skeletal system
circulatory system

50
Q

the endoderm forms the (2)

A

the lining of:
gut
other internal organs

51
Q

Multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a
variety of cell types

A

mesenchymal stem cell

52
Q

Unspecialized pack of tissue of a developing embryo and its cells enter into the formation of specialized
tissues

A

mesenchymal stem cell

53
Q

multiple differentiation potential of MSCs (10)

A

cartilage
bone
adipose
muscle
nerve
myocardium
liver
cornea
trachea
skin

54
Q

having a body derived from only two embryonic cell layers (ectoderm and endoderm, but no mesoderm)

A

diploblastic

55
Q

having a body derived from three embryonic cell layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)

A

triploblastic

56
Q

diploblastic/triploblastic
spondes
coelenterates

A

diploblastic

57
Q

diploblastic/triploblastic
all multicellular animals (except sponges and coelenterates)

A

triploblastic

58
Q

Animals in which the blastopore becomes the mouth

A

protostome

59
Q

Animals in which the blastopore becomes the anus

A

deuterostome

60
Q

prostosome/deuterostome
primitive invertebrates

A

protostome

61
Q

prostosome/deuterostome
echinoderms and chordates

A

deuterostome

62
Q

proces of gastrulation

A

(1) gastrulation begins when cells in the region of the gray crescent move inward, forming the dorsal lip of the future blastopore
(2) cells of the animal pole spread out, pushing surface cells belowthem toward and across the dorsal lip. these cells move into the itnerior of the embryo, where they form the endoderm and mesoderm
(3) the archenteron expands, destroying the blastocoel. the blastospore lip forms a circle, with cells moving to the interior all around the blastopore; the yolk plug is visible through the blastopore.

62
Q

process of neurulation

A

(1) notochord forms from mesoderm cells soon after gastrulation is complete
(2) signals from notochord cause inward folding of ectoderm at the neural plate
(3) ends of neural plate fuse and disconnect to form an autonomous neural tube

63
Q

Refers to the folding process in vertebrate embryos, which includes the transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube.

A

neurulation

63
Q

It is the process by which the three germ tissue layers of the embryo, which are the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm, develop into the internal organs of the organism

A

organogenesis

63
Q

the embryo at the stage neurulation is termed as

A

neurula

64
Q

Migration of primordial germ cells (Mesenchyme).

A

organogenesis

65
Q

embryo
Establishes the head and tail

A

holoblastic embryo

66
Q

embryo
3 germ layers spread faced down on the uncleaved yolk

A

meroblastic embryo

67
Q

organogenesis: endoderm (3)

A

foregut
midgut
hindgut

68
Q

organogenesis: endoderm
major structures formed by the foregut

A

epithelium: oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx, gill, esophagus, lung

69
Q

organogenesis: endoderm
major structures formed by the midgut

A

visceral organs: stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, intestines, germ cells of gonads (ovary & testis), part of the yolk sac membrane, part of the allantois

70
Q

organogenesis: endoderm
major structures formed by the hindgut

A

urinary bladder; cloaca/anus

71
Q

organogenesis: mesoderm (7) layers

A

outer epimere - dermatome
middle epimere - myotome
inner epimee - sclerotome
chordamesoderm
intermediate mesoderm
somatic hypomere
splanchnic hypomere

72
Q

organogenesis: mesoderm
outer epimere - dermatome

A

skin dermis

73
Q

organogenesis: mesoderm
middle epimere - myotome

A

muscles: axial, appendicular, ranchiomeric, hypobranchal

74
Q

organogenesis: mesoderm
inner epimere - sclerotome

A

vertebral column

75
Q

organogenesis: mesoderm
chordamesoderm

A

notochord

76
Q

organogenesis: mesoderm
intermediate mesoderm

A

kidney; urogenital ducts

77
Q

organogenesis: mesoderm
somatic hypomere

A

bones: ribs, sternum, appendicular skeleton, some appendicular muscles, parietal peritoneum (outer abdominal wall); genital ridge; part of amnion and chorion

78
Q

organogenesis: mesoderm
splanchnic hypomer

A

blood, heart, gut, smooth muscle, visceral peritoneum (inner abdominal wall); yolk sac and allantois

79
Q

organogenesis: ectoderm (4)

A

somatic ectoderm
neural plate ectoderm
epidermal placodes
ectomesenchyme (neural crest)

80
Q

organogenesis: ectoderm
somatic ectoderm

A

skin epidermis; teeth enamel; stomodeum (mouth); proctodeum (anus/cloaca); gill epitheleum; part of amnion and chorion

81
Q

organogenesis: ectoderm
neural plate ectoderm

A

brain; spinal cord

82
Q

organogenesis: ectoderm
epidermal placodes

A

capsules; olfactory; optic; otic; epibranchial capsules; neuromast (electroreceptors organs); gnaglia of some cranial nerves

83
Q

organogenesis: ectoderm
ectomesenchyme (neural crest)

A

spinal ganglia; splanchnocranium; neurocranium (part); dermatocranium (part); teeth dentine; eye cornea; chromatophores (pigment cells); branchiomeric muscle; aortic arches; heart septum (divides the right and left side of heart)

84
Q
  • membranes which assist in the development of the embryo.
  • originate from the embryo, but are not considered part of it.
  • typically perform roles in nutrition, gas exchange, and waste removal
A

extraembryonic membranes

85
Q
  • Eggs are laid in water; yolk sac is the only fetal membrane formed.
  • Yolk sac – formed from 3 germ layers to absorb the yolk into the body
  • Respiration and excretion are direct contact with the environment
A

fish

86
Q
  • Mammals that produce a shelled egg like their reptilian ancestors.
  • Spiny anteater (echidna) and Duckbill platypus
A

mammals: monotremes

87
Q
  • Pouched mammals (no typical placenta), Marsupials (Kangaroo, Wombat).
  • Embryo is poorly supplied with yolk, yolk sac provides a rudimentary connection to the mother’s blood (food, oxygen, and other essentials).
  • The young are born in a very immature state (they are able to crawl into a pouch on the mother’s abdomen, attach themselves to nipples, and drink milk from her
    mammary glands).
A

mammals: metaherian

88
Q
  • Placental mammals.
  • The extraembryonic membranes form a placenta and umbilical cord (connect the embryo to the mother’s
    uterus)
  • Placenta functions include gas exchange, metabolic transfer, hormone secretion, and fetal protection.
A

mammals: eutherian

89
Q

reptiles and birds (4 structures of egg)

A

amnion
yolk sac
chorion
allantois

90
Q

reptiles and birds
protects the embryo in a sac filled with amniotic
fluid

A

amnion

91
Q

reptiles and birds
contains yolk —the sole source of food until
hatching (mixture or proteins and lipoproteins)

A

yolk sac

92
Q

reptiles and birds
lines the inner surface of the shell (which is
permeable to gases) and participates in the exchange of
O2and CO2between theembryo and the outside air

A

chorion

93
Q

reptiles and birds
stores metabolic wastes (chiefly uric acid) of the
embryo and participates in gas exchange.

A

allantois

BIOL213 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions