EXAMS 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Sigmund Freud started out as a researcher in the field of:

A

neurology

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2
Q

Sigmund Freud published his first solo-authored book, The Interpretation of Dreams, in:

A

1900

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3
Q

José spends most of his time thinking about Sheila, the love of his life. This had led to José
neglecting his course work. From a Freudian perspective, José’s neglect of his school work is
most likely due to:

A

his fixed amount of psychic energy.

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4
Q

The life instinct is typically referred to as:

A

libido.

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5
Q

Sigmund Freud’s original theory of instincts was profoundly influenced by:

A

darwin

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6
Q
According to Sigmund Freud, when a man directs his death instinct into a socially
acceptable behavior (like playing football), he is:
A

less aggressive in other ways.

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7
Q

I ask you to recall your mother’s maiden name. According to Sigmund Freud, this
information resides in your _____ mind.

A

preconscious

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8
Q

According to Sigmund Freud, a slip of the tongue:

A

represents the motivated activity of the unconscious.

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9
Q

The most primitive part of the human mind is the:

A

id

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10
Q

Which part of the mind operates according to the pleasure principle?

A

the id

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11
Q

In the context of Sigmund Freud’s structure of personality, which of the following
statements is true about the pleasure principle?

A

It is a desire for immediate gratification.

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12
Q

Thinking without logical rules of conscious thought is known as:

A

primary process thinking.

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13
Q

In the context of Sigmund Freud’s structure of personality, which of the following is a
characteristic of wish fulfillment?

A

It involves the creation of a mental image of a desired object.

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14
Q

Which part of personality redirects energy from potentially problematic and unacceptable
outlets into more appropriate outlets?

A

The ego

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15
Q

The ego operates:

A

according to the reality principle.

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16
Q

Which part of the human mind engages in secondary process thinking?

A

The ego

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17
Q

In the context of the structure of personality, which of the following terms best describes
the development of strategies for solving problems and obtaining satisfaction and is a
characteristic of the ego?

A

Secondary process thinking

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18
Q

Which of the following statements is true about the ego?

A

It is the part of the mind that constrains the id to reality.

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19
Q

Which of the following parts of the mind is responsible for upholding social values and
ideals and determines what is right and what is wrong?

A

The superego

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20
Q

Which of the following is a similarity between the id and the superego?

A

Both are not bound by reality.

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21
Q

A person who has a well-balanced mind, one that is free from anxiety, will typically have

A

strong ego.

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22
Q

According to Sigmund Freud, anxiety is a signal that the control of the _____ is being
threatened by reality.

A

ego

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23
Q

In the context of Sigmund Freud’s dynamics of personality, which of the following is a
characteristic of objective anxiety?

A

The control of the ego is being threatened by an external factor.

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24
Q

You are walking down the street and encounter a large, angry dog that growls and bares
its teeth at you. You are most likely to experience _____ anxiety.

A

objective

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25
Yang is lost in a big city and is likely to be late for an important job interview. He is most likely experiencing _____ anxiety.
objective
26
In the context of Sigmund Freud's dynamics of personality, which of the following is a characteristic of moral anxiety?
It is caused by a conflict between the ego and the superego.
27
Jessica, a businesswoman, becomes anxious whenever she feels sexually attracted to her clients or business partners. She panics at even the thought of sexual arousal. In the context of Sigmund Freud's dynamics of personality, she is most likely experiencing _____.
neurotic anxiety
28
48. Kiara, who is suffering from bulimia, an eating disorder, eats a piece of chocolate cake at a friend's party. The next day, she runs three miles and refrains from eating the whole day to make up for having eaten the high calorie food. In the context of Sigmund Freud's dynamics of personality, this scenario most likely illustrates _____.
moral anxiety
29
A conflict between the id and the ego results in _____ anxiety.
neurotic
30
In the context of Sigmund Freud's dynamics of personality, people who punish themselves, who have low self-esteem, or who feel worthless and ashamed most of the time are most likely suffering from _____.
moral anxiety
31
The _____ is responsible for balancing the demands of reality and the other parts of the mind.
ego
32
The ego uses _____ to deal with anxiety.
defense mechanisms
33
According to psychologists, the _____ refers to the tendency to blame events outside one's control for failure but to accept responsibility for success.
fundamental attribution error
34
Daydreaming can be an expression of:
denial
35
Which of the following defense mechanisms is a threatening or an unacceptable impulse channeled or redirected from its original source to a nonthreatening target?
Displacement
36
A person has no memory of a horrible accident. What defense mechanism may be at work?
Repression
37
Which of the following defense mechanisms is based on the notion that sometimes people see in others the traits and desires they find most upsetting in themselves and literally attribute these unacceptable qualities onto others?
Projection
38
When a woman consciously redirects anger that she feels toward her boss by abusing her family dog, she is most likely resorting to the defense mechanism of:
displacement.
39
Which of the following defense mechanisms is especially common among educated persons and involves generating acceptable reasons for outcomes that might otherwise appear socially unacceptable?
Rationalization
40
Recent studies of repression have shown that repressors reported _____ levels of subjective anxiety and _____ levels of physiological arousal when exposed to sexual or aggressive phrases.
the lowest; the highest
41
Repressors tend to have _____ memories of emotional events than nonrepressors.
worse
42
Curtis is infatuated with his favorite pop singer. His house is well stocked with all her recordings, and he reads everything he can about her. Whenever he happens to see her, he tries to talk to her, but she always ignores him. However, he excessively recommends her songs to his friends and immensely praises her in all social gatherings. The defense mechanism Curtis is resorting to is:
reaction formation.
43
Which of the following is a characteristic of reaction formation, a defense mechanism?
People exhibit behavior that is exactly opposite of what is expected of them.
44
People who become involved in anti-homosexuality campaigns exemplify:
projection.
45
Miasha is unable to keep her apartment neat and organized. She often complains that her roommates lack cleanliness. She refers to them as slobs and hates them. In this scenario, Miasha is most likely using the defense mechanism of:
projection
46
Miasha is unable to keep her apartment neat and organized. She often complains that her roommates lack cleanliness. She refers to them as slobs and hates them. In this scenario, Miasha is most likely using the defense mechanism of:
sublimation
47
Sigmund Freud remarked that building the skyscrapers of New York City might be a result of:
sublimation.
48
According to psychoanalysts, adults who are compulsive, overly neat, rigid, and never messy are likely to be fixated at the _____ stage.
anal
49
In which stage of personality development does a child discover that he has, or she does not have, a penis?
The phallic stage
50
According to Sigmund Freud, which stage of personality development is characterized by the awakening of sexual desire directed outward?
The phallic stage
51
According to Sigmund Freud, the main reason that drives little boys into giving up their sexual desire for their mothers is:
castration anxiety.
52
_____ is a process that marks the beginning of the resolution of the Oedipal conflict and the successful resolution of the phallic stage of psychosexual development for boys.
Identification
53
Sigmund Freud believed that _____ occurs during the latency period.
little psychological development
54
The _____ stage begins around puberty and lasts through one's adult life.
genital
55
The _____ stage differs from the earlier stages in that it is not accompanied by a specific conflict.
genital
56
The goal of psychoanalysis is:
to make the unconscious conscious.
57
Which of the following is NOT a technique for revealing unconscious conflict?
identification
58
Sigmund Freud called _____ "the royal road to the unconscious."
dreams
59
According to Sigmund Freud, what the dream actually contains is called the _____ and what the elements of the dream represent is called the _____ in dream analysis.
manifest content; latent content
60
Tracey dreams that a giant panda is chasing her inside a mall. The giant panda is a part of the _____ content of her dream.
manifest
61
According to Sigmund Freud, a function of dreaming is to: | A. reduce anxiety.
allow a person to release unconscious tension.
62
_____ refers to the idea that what a person sees in an ambiguous figure, such as an inkblot, reflects his or her personality.
The projective hypothesis
63
An intense emotional experience that accompanies the release of repressed material in a person is referred to as:
insight
64
is a psychoanalytic therapist's attempts to describe a patient's unconscious conflicts or repressed urges.
Interpretation
65
According to Sigmund Freud, when patients hamper their own therapy, they demonstrate:
resistance.
66
Which of the following is a stage of psychoanalysis in which the forces that worked to repress an individual's disturbing impulse or trauma get redirected to oppose the psychoanalytic process?
resistance
67
_____ occurs when a patient begins reacting to a psychoanalyst as if he or she were an important figure from the patient's own life.
tranference
68
In psychoanalysis, transference:
can reveal a patient's unconscious conflicts.
69
Which of the following is NOT a criticism of psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud's writings influenced sociology, literature, and fine arts.
70
Motives satisfy needs with:
thoughts, fantasies, and behaviors.
71
Which of the following questions do motivational psychologists ask?
What do people want?
72
Which of the following terms best describes an internal state that arouses and directs behavior toward specific objects or goals?
motive
73
According to Murray, people might actually seek to increase tension:
in order to experience the pleasure of reducing that tension.
74
The idea that an individual's various needs can be thought of as existing at different levels of strength is referred to as:
the hierarchy of needs.
75
Why do we think of motives as dynamic?
Various motives interact with one another within a person.
76
According to Henry Murray, which of the following terms best refers to need-relevant aspects of an individual's environment?
press
77
The act of interpreting the environment and perceiving the meaning of what is going on in a situation is termed:
apperception.
78
Which of the following is an essential feature of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
Subjects are given an ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe and interpret what is going on.
79
In the context of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), which of the following statements is true about state levels of a need?
They refer to a person's momentary amount of a specific need.
80
Beta press refers to the:
subjective features of the environment
81
_____ refers to the objective features of an environment.
Alpha press
82
18. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was developed in the:
1930s
83
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a(n):
projective assessment technique.
84
Some researchers have criticized the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) because:
All of the answers are correct.
85
Spangler found that the _____ was a better predictor of long-term outcomes, and the _____ was a better predictor of short-term responses.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT); questionnaire method
86
The Multi-Motive Grid is:
a relatively new technique used to assess motives.
87
The name most associated with research on the need for achievement (nAch) is:
David McClelland.
88
People high in the need for achievement (nAch) are very concerned with:
doing things better.
89
People who score high on the need for achievement (nAch) prefer tasks with a _____ level of difficulty.
moderate
90
In the context of determining sex differences, which of the following is a major difference between men and women high in need for achievement (nAch)?
Childhood experiences
91
Independence training is thought to promote a:
for achievement (nAch).
92
The name most associated with research on the need for power (nPow) is:
David Winter.
93
_____ who score high on the need for power (nPow) tend to be more impulsive and aggressive.
men
94
Which of the following motives is associated with poor health when inhibited?
power
95
The name most associated with research on the need for intimacy (nInt) is:
Dan McAdams.
96
_____ has been associated with having a satisfying job and family life.
Need for intimacy (nInt)
97
The humanistic tradition is most associated with the:
motive to self-actualize.
98
Unlike psychoanalysis, the humanistic tradition provides a(n) _____ view of human nature.
optimistic
99
Which of the following is a growth-based motive?
Self-actualization
100
Who among the following theorized the hierarchy of needs?
Abraham Maslow
101
Abraham Maslow thought that _____ needs are usually satisfied before people proceed to satisfy other needs.
physiological
102
Examples of esteem needs are:
respect and achievement
103
_____ is defined as a subjective state that people report when they are completely involved in something to the point of forgetting time, fatigue, and everything else but the activity itself.
flow
104
Abraham Maslow conducted case studies of a number of people:
who he thought were self-actualizers.
105
Who among the following developed client-centered therapy?
Carl Rogers
106
A fully functioning person:
is moving toward the goal of self-actualization.
107
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of self-actualizing people?
They are well enculturated.
108
68. Which of the following is a characteristic of fully functioning persons?
They are on their way to self-actualization.
109
Carl Rogers described the in-born need to be loved and accepted by parents and others as the desire for:
positive regard
110
A parent may withhold love from children unless they earn good grades. Carl Rogers would cite this as an example of:
conditions of worth.
111
According to Carl Rogers, people who experience many conditions of worth may:
All of the answers are correct.
112
According to Carl Rogers, good parents should:
provide their children unconditional positive regard.
113
People who accept their weaknesses and shortcomings probably experience:
unconditional positive self-regard.
114
To reduce your anxiety, Carl Rogers would recommend that you:
change your self-concept.
115
The term that best describes the act of altering an experience rather than one's self-image to reduce threat is:
distortion
116
Which of the following defense mechanisms did Carl Rogers emphasize?
Distortion
117
Carl Roger's client-centered therapy is designed to:
get a person back on the path to self-actualization.
118
Which of the following is a feature of Carl Roger's client-centered therapy?
B. The therapist tries to create the right conditions in which clients can change themselves.
119
Which of the following is a core condition for client-centered therapy?
All of the answers are correct.
120
Understanding a person from his or her point of view is best referred to as:
empathy
121
Which of the following statements about empathy is supported by research?
Empathy can be taught effectively.
122
Research suggests that people who score high on measures of empathy:
are more accurate in guessing what others are thinking and feeling.
123
Which of the following is NOT an important topic in the cognitive/experiential domain?
Identifying the major traits of personality
124
According to the court, Amadou Diallo was shot by police officers:
All of the answers are correct.
125
A person who relates a new event to past experiences from his or her own life is engaging in:
personalizing cognition.
126
A woman who states that skydiving reminds her of the roller coaster rides she took during her childhood is said to be engaging in:
personalizing cognition.
127
A person who recalls factual information in response to a new event is engaging in:
objectifying cognition.
128
A man who recalls that a cup of milk contains 130 calories when pouring a glass of milk is said to be engaging in:
objectifying cognition.
129
_____ is a general term that refers to awareness and thinking, as well as to specific mental acts such as perceiving, attending to, interpreting, remembering, believing, judging, deciding, and anticipating.
cognition
130
describes the transformation of sensory input into mental representations and the manipulation of these representations.
Information processing
131
People who see a Necker Cube differently are showing differences in their:
perception.
132
Differences in responses to the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are a result of differences in:
interpretation.
133
Individual differences can be observed in:
All of the answers are correct.
134
Herman Witkin introduced the idea of:
field dependence versus field independence.
135
The Rod and Frame Test (RFT) devised by Herman Witkin—in which a participant sits in a darkened room and is instructed to watch a glowing rod surrounded by a glowing square
adjust the rod so that it is leaning in the direction of the tilted frame.
136
According to Herman Witkin (1977), which of the following college majors is most likely to be favored by field-dependent students?
The social sciences
137
According to Witkin and Goodenough (1977), field-independent people _____.
show a preference for nonsocial situations
138
Which of the following is used to measure field dependence without relying on cumbersome techniques?
The Embedded Figures Test (EFT)
139
An advantage of the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) over the Rod and Frame Test (RFT) is that:
the EFT is much easier to use than the RFT.
140
_____ tend to be more sociable than _____.
Field-dependent individuals; those who are field-independent
141
According to Tamir and Nadler (2007), field-dependent people _____.
have strong social skills
142
Pain tolerance has been studied with respect to:
reducing or augmenting pain.
143
is a psychologist most commonly associated with research on theory of individual differences in tolerance for sensory stimulation.
Aneseth Petrie
144
Who among the following was of the view that people construct explanations for the events in their lives just as scientists construct explanations for phenomena in a laboratory?
George Kelly
145
Which of the following is NOT a construct?
All of the answers are correct.
146
_____ is a concept that describes people's perception of responsibility for the events in their life, and it more specifically refers to whether people tend to find out that responsibility internally, within themselves, or externally, in fate, luck, or chance.
Locus of control
147
Generalized expectancies are:
a person's expectations for reinforcement held across a variety of situations.
148
Which of the following statements is true about an external locus of control?
It refers to a generalized expectancy that events are outside of one's control.
149
A person who believes that luck plays an important part in her or his life has a(n):
external locus of control.
150
People _____ are more likely to have a better control over their weight and their spending habits.
high on internal locus of control
151
It is most problematic to have an internal locus of control:
when circumstances truly are outside of one's control.
152
_____ is observed when people passively endure an uncomfortable situation that is apparently outside of their control.
Learned helplessness
153
According to Marty Seligman and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (2000), people in learned helplessness should _____.
ask others for help to seek an outside perspective
154
The reformulated learned helplessness model focuses on individuals':
explanations of events.
155
_____ refers to a person's explanation of the cause of an event.
Causal attribution
156
Individuals who blame themselves and their own lack of skills for their poor grades most likely have a(n) _____ explanatory style.
internal
157
Peter, a student who attributes his failure to get into a graduate school to his being sick on the day of his interview, most likely has a(n) _____ explanatory style.
unstable
158
A women who concludes that all men are untrustworthy after she finds her husband to be unfaithful most likely has a(n) _____ explanatory style.
global
159
A pessimistic explanatory style is described as a style that emphasizes _____ causes for negative events.
internal, stable, and global
160
A set of relevant actions intended to achieve a goal that a person has selected is known as a(n):
personal project.
161
Personal Projects Analysis often addresses:
All of the answers are correct.
162
In Albert Bandura's cognitive social learning theory, which of the following concepts refers to the belief that one can execute a specific course of action to achieve a goal?
Self-efficacy
163
The concept of intelligence that emphasizes educational attainment, how much knowledge a person has acquired relative to others in his or her age cohort, is known as _____
an achievement view of
164
_____ intelligence is a term that refers to a single broad factor of intelligence.
General
165
The ability to control one's impulses is considered an aspect of _____ intelligence.
emotional
166
A person who scores low in _____ may do well in school but have difficulty in most other areas of life.
emotional intelligence
167
Some researchers feel that the separate abilities referred to as multiple intelligences by Gardner are correlated enough with each other to:
justify thinking of intelligence as a general factor.
168
What is defined as "intelligent behavior"?
differs across cultures
169
_____ refers to the time it takes a person to make a simple discrimination between two displayed objects.
Inspection time
170
Which of the following is NOT considered a component of emotions?
Categorizations
171
_____ is the component of emotions that refers to the increase in probabilities of certain behaviors.
Action tendency
172
A functional analysis of emotions and emotional expression focuses on the "_____" of emotions and emotional expressions.
why
173
_____ depend more on the situation a person is in than on the specific person.
Emotional states
174
The patterns of emotional reactions that a person consistently experiences across a variety of life situations are called:
emotional traits.
175
The _____ is most concerned with identifying primary emotions.
categorical approach
176
According to psychologist Izard, which of the following emotions is classified as primary?
Fear
177
Which of the following has NOT been used as a criterion for identifying fundamental or primary emotions?
Subjective experience
178
Ekman has argued that facial expressions of primary emotions are innate based on:
the distinct and universal facial expressions and the observation of blind persons.
179
Most lists of primary emotions contain _____ emotions.
more negative emotions than positive
180
The _____ focuses on gathering self-ratings of emotions and using statistical techniques to identify the basic dimensions underlying the ratings.
dimensional approach
181
There is much consensus among the proponents of the dimensional view of emotion that _____ and _____ are the basic dimensions underlying emotions.
pleasantness/unpleasantness; arousal level
182
According to the dimensional view, emotions define a common dimension when they:
occur together in experience.
183
The categorical view of emotion differs from the dimensional view in that the categorical view:
relies more on conceptual distinctions between emotions.
184
_____ is the specific kind of emotion that a person experiences.
Content
185
Who among the following philosophers speculated that the road to happiness lies in the satisfaction of one's desires and the hedonistic pursuit of pleasure?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
186
Happiness is usually measured with the help of:
self-report questionnaires.
187
The average person:
is happy more often than unhappy.
188
19. The extent to which people are satisfied with their lives correlates with:
All of the answers are correct.
189
An inflated view of oneself as a good, able, and desirable person is referred to as:
a positive illusion.
190
Questionnaire measures of happiness:
correlate with measures of social desirability and appear to be valid.
191
Seidlitz and Diener found that when given five minutes to recall happy events and five minutes to recall unhappy events, happy people recalled _____ than unhappy people.
more pleasant events and fewer unpleasant events
192
Studies of sex differences in happiness indicate that:
men and women are about equally happy.
193
Studies of happiness and age have found that:
All of the answers are correct.
194
People in countries with _____ tend to be happier.
more civil liberties
195
Which of the following is a potential "third variable" that might explain the correlation between wealth and happiness across countries?
All of the answers are correct.
196
Diener and colleagues (1995) found that the correlation between personal income and happiness was _____ in the United States.
+ .12
197
Pictures designed to create an emotional response would be used:
in a mood induction.
198
Studies of personality and mood inductions reveal that it is easier to put a person who scores _____ in a good mood.
high on extraversion
199
Correlational studies have:
shown that high extraversion and low neuroticism are associated with happiness.
200
Studies that have used mood inductions have:
supported the idea of a direct effect of personality on emotions.
201
Which of the following acts is NOT likely to increase happiness?
Wishing for happiness
202
People who spend much time worrying score:
high on measures of neuroticism.
203
People who score high on neuroticism:
frequently experience episodes of irritation.
204
Hans Eysenck linked the trait of _____ to easy activation in the limbic system.
neuroticism
205
Which of the following brain imaging techniques CANNOT easily test Hans Eysenck's biological explanation of neuroticism?
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
206
Which of the following statements is consistent with Hans Eysenck's biological explanation of neuroticism?
Neuroticism is a major dimension of personality that is found in many different kinds of data sets.
207
Studies have shown that emotion is associated with an increased activation of the:
anterior cingulate.
208
Studies have shown that the control of emotion is associated with an increased activation of the:
prefrontal cortex.
209
Which of the following most suggests a cognitive basis of neuroticism?
Which of the following most suggests a cognitive basis of neuroticism?
210
People who _____ tend to complain of more physical ailments.
score high on neuroticism
211
People who score high (compared with low) on neuroticism tend to:
have exaggerated memories of the physical symptoms they experienced in the past.
212
Which of the following disease categories is highly related to neuroticism?
None of the answers is correct.
213
None of the answers is correct.
people who score high on neuroticism
214
The emotion Stroop task has been used to study personality differences in:
attention biases.
215
Which of the following words would cause emotional interference in a person who is high in neuroticism?
All of the answers are correct.
216
People high in neuroticism are often _____ to name colors of anxiety- and threat-related words.
slower
217
It is estimated that depression strikes _____ percent of the people in the United States at some point in their lives.
20
218
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of depression?
Dwelling on the past
219
According to the diathesis-stress model, depression results from:
stressful life events and a preexisting vulnerability.
220
_____ are a way of organizing and interpreting the world.
Cognitive schemas
221
Which of the following is NOT part of Aaron Beck's cognitive triad?
Information about one's past
222
A person who thinks he or she is a total failure will often act like a total failure and may even give up trying to do better, creating a _____.
self-fulfilling prophecy
223
According to Aaron Beck, which of the following is NOT a cognitive distortion among people with depression?
Compartmentalizing
224
Aaron Beck thought that cognitive distortions:
All of the answers are correct.
225
Which of the following drugs inhibits the reuptake of serotonin in the synapse, resulting in increased levels of this neurotransmitter in the nervous system?
Prozac
226
According to the neurotransmitter theory of depression, which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT involved in depression?
None of the answers is correct.
227
Someone who becomes very angry and irritated when receiving a bill in the mail or encountering traffic delays, for example, may be labeled:
hostile
228
Which of the following is a characteristic of a hostile individual?
All of the answers are correct.
229
_____ is the component of the Type A behavior pattern that most contributes to heart disease.
Chronic hostility
230
The kind of brain damage most often observed in hostile aggressive persons mostly involves areas in the _____.
frontal lobe
231
Unlike high affect intensity subjects, low affect intensity subjects:
usually do not suffer the troughs of negative emotions.
232
Which of the following traits refers to an emotional style?
Affect intensity
233
A person who scores low on affect intensity:
experiences strong emotions less frequently than a person who scores high on affect intensity.
234
Which of the following was identified using a daily experiential sampling method?
Affect intensity
235
Researchers agree that:
one cannot say whether it is bad or good to be low or high on affect intensity.
236
one cannot say whether it is bad or good to be low or high on affect intensity.
significantly more severe
237
People who score high on affect intensity:
do not usually exhibit the desire to change their level of emotional intensity.
238
A benefit of low affect intensity is:
fewer psychosomatic symptoms.
239
High levels of affect intensity are associated with:
high levels of neuroticism and extraversion.
240
Mood variability is a component of:
affect intensity.
241
People _____ in affect intensity exhibit _____ frequent changes in their moods.
high; more
242
Emotional content and emotional style:
Emotional content and emotional style: