Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PATHO > EXAMS 3 > Flashcards

EXAMS 3 Flashcards

1
Q

function of the kidney (vitamin D)

A
  • homeostasis (electrolytes and water)

- excretion (urea, electrolytes and water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

production of kidney / target of kidney

A

PRODUCTION

erythropoietin
angiotensin

TARGET
aldosterone
ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

vitamin d kidney

A

increases calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract

regulates calcium deposition in bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

causes of urinary tract obstruction

A
  • developmental defects
  • calculi (stones)
  • pregnancy
  • benign prostatic hyperplasia
  • scar tissue resulting from infection and inflammation
  • tumors
    neurological disorders such as spinal cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

damaging effects of urinary obstruction

A

stasis of urine = predisposes to infection and stone formation

development of backpressure = interferes with renal blood flow and destroys kidney tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

manifestations of urinary obstruction

A

DEPENDS on

- site, cause and rapidity in which condition develops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

COMMIN SYMPTOMS OF URINARY OBSTRUCTION

A
  • pain
  • sign and symptoms of UTI
  • manifestations of renal dysfunctions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

definition of kidney stones

A
  • crystalline structures that form from components of urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

requirements for formation of KIDNEY STONE

A
  • urinary environment that supports continued crystallization of stone components
  • concentration of stone components in the urine
  • ability of stone components to complex and form stones
  • the presence of substances that inhibits stone formation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

types of kidney stones

A
  • calcium stones ( oxalate or phosphate ) = HARD SINGLE BROWN
  • magnesium ammonium phosphate stones( stag horn) = SMOOTH ROUND WHITE
  • uric acid stones = MULTIPLE YELLOWISH, RADIOLUSCENT
  • cystine stones = seen in cystinuria RADIO OPAQUE DUE TO SULPHUR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

kidney stone treatment PREVENTATIVE

A

diet restriction
calcium salt supplementation
thiazide
cellulose phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

general kidney stones treatment

A

preventative
treatment for pain
removing stones
antibiotic for infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

removing stones kidney stone

A

ureteroscopic removal
percutaneous removal
extracorporeal lithotripsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

diagnosis of kidney stones

A

urinalysis
radiography
intravenous pyelography
ultrasonography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

types of UTI

A

asymptomatic bacteriuria
symptomatic infections
lower UTIs - cystitis
upper UTIs - pyelonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

uncomplicated UTIs

A

E. coli

staphylococcus saprophytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

complicated UTI

A

gram positive cocci

S.aureus, group B streptococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

diagnosis and treatment of UTIs

A

diagnosis based on symptoms and examination of the urine for prescience of micro organisms

  • x ray file, ultrasonography, CT and renal scans are used to identify contributing factors
  • urine dipstick
  • TREATMENT OF ITI IS BASED ON THE PATHOGEN CAUSING THE INFECTION
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

causes of glomerulonephritis

A

disease that provoke a proliferation inflammation of the endothelial, mesangial, epithelia cells of the glomeruli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

inflammatory process of glomerulonephritis

A
  • damages the capillary wall
  • permits red blood cells to escape into the urine
  • produces hemodynamic changes that decrease the GFR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

immune mechanisms of glomerulonephritis

A

glomerular antibodies

circulating antigen antibody complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

characteristics of glomerulonephritis

A
  • hematuria with red cell casts
  • a diminished glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
  • azotemia (presence of nitrogenous wastes in the blood)
  • Oliguria
  • hypertension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

proximal tubular disorder

A

affects bicarbonate reabssorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

distal tubular defects

A

affect the secretion of fixed metabolic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

removes nitrogenous waste products such as excess fluid and electrolyte from the blood by means or peritoneal membrane

APPROX 10-15% patients are receiving peritoneal dialysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

hemodialysis

A
  • removes nitrogenous waste products excess fluids and electrolytes from the blood by the means of ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY

APPROX 90% of all dialysis patients receives hemodialysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

renal failure

A

a condition in which kidneys fails to remove metabolic end products from the blood and regulate the fluid, electrolytes, and pH balance of the extracellular fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

underlying causes of renal failure

A
  • renal disease
  • systemic disease
  • urologic defects of nonrenal origin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

prevention and early diagnosis of active renal failure

A
  • those with pre existing renal insufficiency and diabetes

- elderly persons due to the effects of aging on renal reserve

30
Q

ACUTE RENAL FAILURE

A
  • abrupt in onset

- often reversible if recognized early and treated appropriately

31
Q

CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE

A
  • end result of irreparable damage to the kidneys

- develops slowly, usually over the course of a number of years

32
Q

CAUSES OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE (PRERENAL)

A
  • hypovolemja
  • decreased vascular filling
  • heart failure and cardiogenic shock
  • decreased renal perfusion due to vasoactive mediators, drugs, diagnostic agents
33
Q

causes of acute renal failure (POSTRENAL)

A

bilateral ureteral obstruction

bladder outlet obstruction

34
Q

COMMON CAUSES OF CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE

A 
hypertension 
diabetes mellitus
polycystic kidney disease 
obstructions of the urinary tract 
glomerulonephritis
cancers
autoimmune disorders 
diseases of the heart or lungs 
chronic use of pain medication
35
Q

medical management treatment of renal failure

A
  • dialysis ( hemo and peritoneal )
  • transplantation

DIETARY MANAGEMENT

  • protein
  • carbohydrates, fat, calories
  • potassium
  • sodium and fluid intake
36
Q

common causes of neurogenic bladder

A
  • stroke and advanced age
  • parkinson’s disease
  • spinal cord injury
  • injury to the sacral cord or spinal roots
  • radical pelvic surgery
  • diabetic neuropathies
  • multiple sclerosis
37
Q

spastic bladder dysfunction (neurogenic bladder)

A
  • failure to store urine
  • neurologic lesions above the sacral cord allow neurons in the micturition center to function reflexively without control from the CNS centers
38
Q

flaccid bladder dysfunction

A
  • bladder emptying is impaired
  • neurologic disorders affect motor neurons in the sacral cord or peripheral nerves that control destrusor muscles contraction and bladder emptying
39
Q

goals of treatment neurogenic bladder disorders

A
  • prevent bladder overdistention, UTI, life threatening renal damage
  • reduce the undesirable social and psychological effects of the disorder
40
Q

treatments for neurogenic bladder disorders

A
  • catheterization
  • bladder retraining
  • pharm manipulation
  • surgical procedures
41
Q

stress incontinence

A
  • involuntary loss of urine during coughing laughing sneezing or lifting
42
Q

urge incontinence

A

involuntary loss of urine associated with a strong desire to void (urgency)

43
Q

overflow incontinence

A

involuntary loss of urine that occurs with intravesicular pressure exceeds the maximal urethral pressure because of bladder distraction in the absence of detrusor activity

MIXED INCONTINENCE = combination and urge incontinence

44
Q

what is shock

A

tissues are not adequately perfused, causes general widespread impairment of cellular metabolism ( glucose and oxygen )

45
Q

factors of shocks

A

defective heart function
blood volume changes
metabolic or toxic changes

46
Q

manifestations of shock

A
  • include hypotension
  • tachycardia
  • increased respiratory rate
47
Q

circulatory failure shock (hypoperfusion of organs)

A

acute failure of the circulatory system to supply the peripheral tissues and organs of the body with an adequate resulting in cellular hypoxia

48
Q

risk factors of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)

A

sepsis, prolonged periods of hypotension, hepatic dysfunction, infarcted bowel, advanced aged, severe trauma, alcohol abuse

49
Q

causes of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)

A

most common: sepsis, septic shock

other (severe injury, trauma, burns, major surgery)

50
Q

manifestations of MODS

A 
respiratory
hepatic 
renal
GI
myocordial failure
51
Q

TREATMENR OF multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)

A
  • respiratory system: mechanical ventilation
  • GI system: enteral feeding or hyperalimnetation (increase calories for hypermetabolic state)
  • renal system ( dialysis or continuous help filtration for fluid and electrolyte balance
    cardiovascular- intro pic drugs or vasopressors
52
Q

cardiogenic shock

A

inability of the heart to pump adequate blood to meet body’s demands

CAUSES: MI mysocaridal comtusion, sustained arrhythmias, cardiac surgery

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS: cardiac output

53
Q

hypovolemic shock

A

insufficient intravascular fluid
- occurs with acute loss of 15 or 20% of circulating blood volume

MANIFESTATIONS : thirst, increased HR, cool and clammy skin, decreased arterial blood pressure, decreased urine output, changes in mentation, poor skin tugor

54
Q

distributive or vasodilatory shock

A

loss of BLOOD VESSEL TONE, enlarged vascular compartment, displacement of vascular volume away from the heart and central circulation

3 shock that share the basic circulatory pattern of distributive shock = neurogenic, anaphylactic, septic shock

55
Q

neurogenic shock ( distributive )

A
  • caused by decreased sympathies control of blood vessel tone, sympathetic outflow to the blood vessels

RARE AND USUALLY TRANSITORY

56
Q

anaphylactic shock

A

severe reactions

warm/burning sensation of the skin, itching l, choking, wheezing, chest tightness, dyspnea

TREATMENT: remove the trigger, administer oxygen, antihistamine, corticosteroids, epinephrine ( EpiPen)

57
Q

Sepsis

A

suspected or proven infection, plus a systemic inflammatory response ( FEVER TACHYCARDIA, TACHYPNEA, elevated WBC altered mental state hyperglycemia IN THE ABSENSE IF DIABETES

58
Q

treatment of sepsis

A
  • airway management to treat hypoxenua
  • early administration of fluids within the first 3 hours
  • broad spectrum antibiotic PRIORITY TREATMENT
  • central venous access is recommended for IV fluids, medications, frequent blood draws
59
Q

septic shock

A

most common type of vasodilatory shock associated with sever infection and the systemic response to infection

60
Q

MANIFESTATIONS of septic shock

A
  • HYPOtension and warm, flushed skin
  • fever and increased leukocytes are present
  • an elevated serum lactate or metabolic acidosis
61
Q

obstructive shock

A

circulatory shock that results from mechanical obstruction of the flow of blood through the central circulation

62
Q

causes of obstructive shock

A
  • dissecting aortic aneurysms, cardia tamponade, pneumothorax, atrial myxoma, and evisceration of abdominal contents into the thoracic cavity

TREATMENT: pulmonary embolectomy, pericardiocentesis or the insertion of a chest tube for correction of a tension pneumothorax or hemothorax

63
Q

COMPLICATIONS OF SHOCK

A
  • pulmonary injury
  • acute renal failure
  • gastrointestinal ulceration
  • disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
  • multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)
64
Q

parkinson’s disease

A

a degenerative disorder of basal ganglia function and results in variable combinations of tremor, rigid, bradykinesia

CHARACTERISTICS: destruct nigrostriatal pathway, reduction in striata concentration of DOPAMINE

65
Q

myasthenia gravis (NEUROMUSCULAR JUMCTIOMS)

A

disorder of transmission at the neuromuscular junction THAT AFFECT THE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN MOTONEURON AND INNERVATED MUSCLE CELL

CAUSE: cashed by antibody mediated LOSS OF ACH in the neuromuscular junction

66
Q

multiple sclerosis ( EXACERBATIONS AND REMISSIONS OVER MANY YEARS IN SEVERAL DIFFERENT SITES CNS)

A

demyelinating disease of the CNS
- most common non traumatic cause of neurologic disability among young and middle aged adults

INITIAL: normal or near normal between neurologic functions between exacerbations

As the disease progresses, there’s less improvement between exacerbations and increasing neurologic dysfunction

67
Q

AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS)

A

devastating neurologic disorder that SELECTIVELY AFFECTS MOTOR FUNCTION

disease typically follows a progressive course with a mean survival period of 2-5 years from the onset of symptoms

68
Q

dawn phenomenon

A
  • early morning glucose elevation WITHOUT nocturnal hypoglycemia
  • related to nocturnal growth hormone elevation
    TREATMENT: alter timing and dose of insulin
69
Q

somogyi effect ( TYPE 1 DM )

A

most common in type 1 DM and in children

  • hypoglycemia with rebound hyperglycemia
  • counter regulatory hormones in GLUCONEOGENESIS
70
Q

inflammatory bowel disease ( ulcerative colitis, chrons disease)

A

chrons disease: can affect anywhere ( patches )
- recurrent granulomatous type of inflammation that can affect anywhere from mouth to anus )

ulcerative colitis: nonspecific and continuos of the colon

71
Q

chronic stable ANGINA

A
  • associated with a fixed coronary obstruction DISPARITY BETWEEN CORONARY BLOOD FLOW AND METABOLIC DEMANDS OF THE MYOCARDIUM

CAUSES

  • atherosclerotic plaque disruption
  • platelet aggregation
72
Q

cushing syndrome

A

excess cortisol level

PATHO (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions