EXAMS 3 Flashcards
auricle/pinna
outside of the ear structure movable cartilage
function of cerumen (earwax)
protect and lubricate the ears.
ASIANS and NATIVE AMERICANS MORE LIKELY TO HAVE DRY CERUMEN.
BLACK AND WHITE = usually wet
color of tympanic membrane (ear drum)
pearly gray and slightly concave
eustachian tube
equalize air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane. slight slanted in adults.
- more shorter horizontal in kids and more prone to infections
function of the middle ear
conduction of sounds to the inner ear
function of CN VIII
responsible for conducting nerve impulses to the brain
what is the normal pathway for hearing
air conduction
sensorineural hearing
- LOSS IS GRADUAL CAUSED BY NERVE DEGENERATION IN INNER EAR
- aging, noise damage, MEDICATIONS
presbycusis
the slow loss of hearing in both ears
labyrinth
labyrinth is the innermost part of the ear. contains the chochelar and vestibular system
IF INFLAMMED, feeds the wrong information to the brain. such as feeling like everything around you is spinning
rubella
damages the infants organ of corti which impairs hearing
otosclerosis
conductive hearing loss between 20-40 years. having to turn up volume or letting people speak louder before you can hear
Nerve degeneration
can’t tell where sound is coming from or everything sounds together or mixed up
perforated eardrum
normal finding
characteristics of recruitment
significant hearing loss when speech is low but when speech is high causes pain
what can cause startle in children
STARTLE= shake when a child hears loud noise
ototoxic drugs taken by parent during pregnancy can cause this
what should you do before inserting the speculum
pull the pinna( auricle ) up and back before inserting the speculum
INFANTS - pull the down down
purulent drainage from ear
indicates otitis externa or otitis media
bloody or clear drainage from ear
can indicate a skill fracture
voice test to assess hearing
whisper a set of random numbers and letters and then ask the patient to repeat
performing otoscopic examination on kids
perform this exam at the end of the assessment
tympanic membrane of new born babies
appear thick and opaque
asking 7 months kid to clap hands
they’ll turn their head to localize sound
high tone frequency loss
common in people with presbycusis ( OLDER PEOPLE
tympanostomy tubes
decrease the pressure and allow for drainage
otitis externa
enlarged superficial cervical nodes
serous otitis media
amber yellow color to the tympanic membrane indicating possible serum or pus in the middle ear
ulcerated curated nodule that fails to heal
carcinoma
early sign of otitis media
hypomobility of the tympanic membrane
dense white patches on the tympanic membrane
indicates scars caused from frequent ear infections
are of black and white dots on tympanic membrane and ear canal wall
yeast or fungal infection
prevention of otitis externa ( swimmers ears )
rubbing alcohol or 2% acetic acid ear drops after every swim
tinnitus
buzzing ringing sounds in the ear
objective vertigo
feeling like the room is spinning
SUBJECTIVE: The person feels like he or she is spinning
changes in hearing that occurs with aging
- progression of hearing loss is slow
- aging person may find it harder to hear consonant than vowels
- sounds may be garbled and difficult to localize
extraocular muscles are stimulated by what cranial nerves
CN 3,4,6
what makes up the outer layer of the eye
cornea and sclera. they’re very sensitive to touch
what makes up the middle layer of the eye
choroid: dark pigment prevent light from reflecting internally
stimulations of sympathetic on eyes
elevates eye lid and dilates the pupil
parasympathetic causes it to constrict
visual accommodation
pupillary construction when looking at a near object
pupillary light reflex
construction of both pupils in response to a bright light
infants eyesight
by 3 months of age, infants develop more coordinated eye movements and can fixate on an object
physiologic chnages responsible for presbyopia
loss of lens elasticity
occasional floaters
are usually insignificant caused by condensers vitreous fibers
visual activity
use a snellen chart. if the person cannot read the letters shorten the distance until they can see the letters
diagnostic positions test
parallel movement of both eyes
darkskin people sclera
small brown macules may be observed
how to check for ptosis
observe the distance between the palpebral fissures
pupillary light reflex method
shine the light across the pupil moving towards the eye and observe consensual pupillary constriction
normal accommodation test response
convergence of the axes of the eyes
using ophthalmoscope, the red glow
red glow is normal reflection of the ophthalmoscope light off the inner retina
when does fixating on an object occur
by 2 to 4 weeks infants can fixate on an object but they can’t follow a bright light or you until 1 MONTH
color vision test
boys should be tested once between 4 and 8 years .
COLOR VISION IS NOT TESTED IN GIRLS
lazy eye test
strabismus test by performing the formal light reflex
periobital edema
history of heart failure
shining light across the iris of the eyes from the temporal side
assessing for shadows which may indicate glaucoma
anisocoria
unequal pupil size
retinal detachment
shadow or diminished vision in one quadrant or half of the visual field
hordeolum (stye)
painful red and swollen pustule
macular degeneration
most common cause of blindness. loss of central vision
glaucoma
loss of peripheral vision
cataract
problem in lens opacity
corneal abrasion
shattered appearance to light rays
papilledema
increased intracranial pressure
hyphema
term for blood in anterior chamber
ectropion
- excessive tearing
atrophy if the elastic and fibrous tissue
