Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiological Psychology > Exams 1-3 > Flashcards

Exams 1-3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

The nucleus basalis is a key part of the brain’s system for:

A

attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the name given to a cluster of neurons outside the CNS?

A

Ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The division of the nervous system consisting of neurons that bring messages from the senses to the central nervous system.

A

Somatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What kinds of activities are produced from activation of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

calmness and relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The postcentral gyrus in the parietal lobe is the primary area for which type of sensation?

A

touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The ascending portion of the reticular formation

A

increases arousal and attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Reflexive changes in heart rate and breathing when you are exercising, for example, are regulated by the ___?

A

Medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The descending portio of the reticular formation is one of several brain areas that control the:

A

motor areas of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Functionally, cranial nerves carry which kind of information?

A

motor and sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two parts of the central nervous system?

A

brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from the front?

A

Coronal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

If the ipsilateral dorsal and ventral roots were cut, what would happen?

A

Sensation and motor control would be lost on one side.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which neurotransmitter is used by the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

According to the Bell-Magendie law

A

ventral roots carry motor information while dorsal roots carry sensory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Besides problems with balance and coordination, a person with damage to the cerebellum would also likely have problems with

A

shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The cerebellum contributes to the control of what function?

A

Movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The term pons is named as such because

A

axons within the pons cross over from one side to the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The spinal cord communicates with

A

sense organs and muscles below the level of the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves do humans have?

A

12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What, generally, is the relationship between the activity of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems?

A

They usually have opposite effects on the same organ.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Meningitis is an inflammation of the

A

membranes surrounding the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which of the following means “toward the back?”

A

Dorsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The limbic system is important for

A

emotional behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

If a cell in a given column responds to touch on the person’s right toe, then another cell in the same column would respond to

A

touch on the right toe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which part of the nervous system prepares the body for “fight or flight” activities?

A

Sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

You are walking after dark. A sudden noise frightens you. Your heart pounds, your pulse races, and your breathing rate increases. These responses are due to your:

A

sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What structure is composed of the medulla, pons, the midbrain, and certain central structures of the forebrain?

A

Brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The raphe system

A

increases the brain’s readiness to respond to stimuli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

If one structure is on the left side of the body and another is on the right, they are said to be ___ to each other.

A

contraleteral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the name given to a cluster of neurons inside the CNS?

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons that control the heart, intestines, and other organs?

A

Autonomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Damage to the thalamus would most likely result in

A

loss of sensory input to the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

In the spinal cord, white matter is comprised mostly of ___, while gray matter is mostly ___.

A

myelinated axons, cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

By both neutral and hormonal pathways, the hypothalamus regulates the activity of the

A

pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Each hemisphere of the crebral cortex receives most of its input from the ___ side of the body and controls the muscles on the ___ side.

A

contralateral; contralateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is unique about the autonomic activity of the sweat glands?

A

They receive only sympathetic input.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The autonomic nervous system

A

receives and sends information to the heart, intestines, and other organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Which neurotransmitter is most often used by postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Superior colliculus is to ___ as inferior colliculus is to ___

A

vision; hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Damage to the basal ganglia would most likely cause problems with

A

movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of

A

thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What color is perceived when all types of cones are simultaneously and equally active?

A

White

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Stimulating a receptor leads to either excitation or inhibition of a particular neuron; the receptor is part of that neuron’s:

A

receptive field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Because blood vessels and ganglion cell axons are almost absent near the ____, it has nearly unimpeded vision

A

fovea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Where does the optic nerve send most of its information?

A

to the lateral geniculate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

In the case of blindsight, losing conscious visual perception would most likely be associated with

A

loss of visual imagination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Light is focused as it enters through which of the following structures

A

lens and cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Axons from the lateral geniculate extend to which area of the cerebral cortex

A

occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

The optic nerves from the right and left eye initially meet at the

A

optic chiasm

50
Q

Magnocellular cells are to _____ as parvocellular cells are to _____

A

movement; color

51
Q

If you want to see something in fine detail, you should focus the light on which part of your retina?

A

fovea

52
Q

The tympanic membrane connects to three tiny bones that transmit vibrations to the

A

oval window

53
Q

If a kitten is reared with one eye shut, cells in its visual cortex become sensitive to

A

only the eye that has been active

54
Q

Across species, it appears that the sense organs are most attuned to

A

biologically useful stimuli

55
Q

In the auditory system, hair cells are specialized receptors that respond to

A

mechanical displacement

56
Q

The name of the point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina is called the

A

blind spot

57
Q

The visual paths in the temporal cortex collectively are referred to as the

A

ventral stream

58
Q

In comparison to the rods, cones are more sensitive to

A

detail

59
Q

According to the retinex theory, we perceive color by

A

contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of others

60
Q

In what order does visual information pass through the retina

A

receptor cells>bipolar cells>ganglion cells

61
Q

What is the perception of the intensity of a sound wave called

A

loudness

62
Q

Chemicals that release energy when struck by light are called

A

photopigments

63
Q

What difficulty does someone with prosopagnosia have

A

recognizing faces

64
Q

Damage to the fusiform gyrus of the inferior temporal cortex results in

A

prosopagnosia

65
Q

The pathway associated with integrating vision and movement progresses from the occipital cortex to the

A

parietal cortex

66
Q

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, our perception of color depends on

A

the relative activity of three types of cones

67
Q

Small receptive fields are to____cells as large receptive fields are to _____ cells

A

parvocellular; magnocellular

68
Q

In the human retina, messages go from receptors at the back of the eye to____

A

bipolar cells

69
Q

A cell that responds best to a bar of light throughout a large area of its receptive field, without a strong inhibitory area at one end is most likely a

A

complex cell

70
Q

After staring at your instructor’s red shirt for an entire class period, the negative afterimage will most likely be

A

green

71
Q

The retinas of predatory birds such as hawks have

A

a greater density of receptors than do humans on the top half of the retina

72
Q

The law of specific nerve energies states that

A

every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light

73
Q

The principle that allows you to perceive an orange shirt to be the same color under varying lighting conditions is known as

A

color constancy

74
Q

Light from above our head strikes the

A

bottom half of the retina

75
Q

How does light excite a rod or cone

A

It converts 11-cis-retinal into all-trans-retinal

76
Q

The eardrum is also known as the

A

tympanic membrane

77
Q

The one additional feature that hypercomplex cells have the complex cells do not is that

A

they have a strong inhibitory area at one end of its receptive field

78
Q

Branches of the optic nerve go directly to what areas of the brain

A

lateral geniculate and superior colliculus

79
Q

What is responsible for sharpening contrast at visual borders

A

lateral inhibition

80
Q

The primary visual cortex (V1) sends its information to

A

area V2

81
Q

Where is the basal membrane most sensitive to the vibrations of low frequency sound waves

A

at the apex, farthest from the cochlea

82
Q

The ability to hear a note and identify it perfectly is called

A

absolute pitch

83
Q

A tonotopic map refers to

A

an auditory cortex map of sounds

84
Q

Visual imagery is to ____ as auditory imagery is to ____

A

V1; A1

85
Q

Which of the following would a person with conductive deafness be able to hear better than a person with nerve deafness

A

themselves talking

86
Q

Tinnitus is often

A

due to a phenomenon like phantom limb

87
Q

A sound shadow refers to

A

how much louder a high frequency sound is for the ear closest to the sound

88
Q

What does the vestibular system detect

A

movement of the head

89
Q

In the otolith organs, the otoliths are calcium carbonate particles that

A

push against hair cells when moved

90
Q

Which two structures provide information about vestibular sensation

A

semicircular canals and otolith organs

91
Q

The function of the semicircular canals is to

A

detect movement of the head

92
Q

An acceleration of the head at any angle causes the jelly like substance in one of the semicircular canals to

A

push against hair cells

93
Q

The eighth cranial nerve contains both an ___ component and a ____ component

A

auditory; vestibular

94
Q

The somatosensory system involves sensation of the

A

body and its movements

95
Q

What kind of receptors detect pain, warmth, and cold

A

somatosensory

96
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles are

A

elaborate neuron endings for touch

97
Q

Pacinian corpuscles respond best to

A

rapid mechanical pressure

98
Q

Pain receptors of the skin are

A

simple, bare neuron endings

99
Q

Each spinal nerve has both

A

a sensory and a motor component

100
Q

Someone who has suffered damage to the sensory component of one spinal nerve would lose sensation from

A

one dermatome

101
Q

What is a dermatome

A

an area of the skin innervated by a given spinal nerve

102
Q

What neurotransmitter is released by axons that carry pain information to the brain

A

substance P

103
Q

A mild degree of pain releases the neurotransmitter____. A more intense pain also releases ____.

A

glutamate; substance P

104
Q

The brain chemicals known as endorphins and enkephalins produce effects similar to which substance

A

opiates

105
Q

Itching is primarily the result of

A

histamine release

106
Q

Each receptor responds to a limited range of stimuli and sends a direct line to the brain. This type of codings is referred to as

A

labeled-line

107
Q

Each receptor responds to a wide range of stimuli and contributes to the perception of each of them. This type of coding is referred to as

A

across-fiber

108
Q

Taste and smell axons converge onto many of the same cells in an area called the

A

endopiriform cortex

109
Q

The receptors for taste are

A

modified skin cells

110
Q

In adult humans, the taste buds are concentrated along

A

the outside edge of the tongue

111
Q

Sweetness, bitterness, and umami receptors respond to operate by activating a protein which cause

A

the release of a second messenger

112
Q

The nucleus of the tractus solitarius in the medulla is known to receive informations from what source

A

tongue

113
Q

In mammals, each olfactory cell has threadlike dendrites that extend from the cell body into

A

the mucous surface of the nasal passage

114
Q

Olfactory receptor sites are located

A

on cilia

115
Q

Of the following, which one would be most closely associated with experiencing synesthesia

A

seeing colors of letters or words

116
Q

Which of the following is true of androgens and estrogens

A

both sexes have both types of hormones

117
Q

The hormone that preparers the uterus for pregnancy is

A

progesterone

118
Q

Genes on the ____ produce sex difference in addition to those that we can trace to androgens and estrogens

A

X and Y chromosomes

119
Q

Mullerian ducts are found in

A

female and male fetuses early in development

120
Q

What cause the primitive gonads to develop into masculine structures

A

the sex region Y (SRY) gene

Physiological Psychology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions