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Spring 23: DVM 640 BOD > Exams 1-3 > Flashcards

Exams 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

3DATP is a mnemonic device for the 6 elements of the morphologic diagnosis. The most important elements are:

A

Tissue & Process

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2
Q

what is an etiologic diagnosis?

A

a diagnosis denoting cause (CAUSE and tissue process)

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3
Q

Which of the following is true regarding the role of calcium in cell injury?

A

Elevated cytoplasmic calcium activates many enzymes whose actions injure the cell

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4
Q

Does apoptosis remove cells without causing inflammation or fibrosis

A

Yes

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5
Q

name a post-mortem change

A

Pseudomelanosis

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6
Q

Mineralization of necrotic tissue is called _____________,while mineralization of live tissue occurring secondary to systemic elevation of Calcium &/or Phosphorous is called ___________.

A

first blank = dystrophic, second blank = metastatic

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7
Q

What type of necrosis would be found in the brain?

A

liquefactive necrosis

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8
Q

True or false? Fibrin is a product of fibroblasts.

A

false

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9
Q

gas formation is a feature of

A

autolysis

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10
Q

Once, there was a dead bison who died of starvation. He had a fatty liver which was yellow, swollen and friable. What is the most likely mechanism for his fatty liver?

A

impaired synthesis of apoprotein due to hypoproteinemia

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11
Q

What are “heart failure cells”?

A

alveolar macrophages with cytoplasmic hemosiderin granules

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12
Q

what can form intranuclear inclusions

A

Crystalline proteins (Bricks)
Viral crystalline arrays
Lead

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13
Q

Within the prostate gland of the dog, a change from columnar epithelium to a stratified squamous epithelium (in response to an estrogen-secreting tumor) is what type of cellular adaptation to injury?

A

metaplasia

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14
Q

A cattle rancher in South Dakota calls you to investigate a series of deaths on his ranch. At necropsy, the affected animals have pale white streaking in the heart and skeletal muscles. You suspect a selenium deficiency. What is the most likely cause of cell injury in this case?

A

free radical damage

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15
Q

A 6yr old Boer Goat had multiple lymph nodes which were expanded by a thick, chunky material. On histology, the white material was found to consist primarily of macrophages surrounding a necrotic center containing Mycobacterium, which is difficult to break down. This is most likely an example of:

A

caseous necrosis

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16
Q

what is a morphological diagnosis?

A

A diagnosis is interpretive and uses all knowledge at your disposal and is 3D-ATP

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17
Q

The BCL-2 family of proteins are involved in which pathway of cell death:

A

intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptosis pathway

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18
Q

A 4 year old Boston Terrier consumed several rodent baits which contain cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3), leading to hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. Mineral deposits are present in the gastric mucosa, lungs and kidney. This is an example of:

A

metastatic calcification

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19
Q

Protein losing nephropathy due to amyloid deposition in the glomerular tuft is seen most commonly in what species?

A

dogs

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20
Q

Which of these molecules is ANTI-apoptotic?

A

bcl-x

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21
Q

Which of the following exudates contains abundant mucus?

A

catarrhal exudate

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22
Q

True or false? Fibrin is a product of fibroblasts.

A

false

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23
Q

Which of the following mediators does not increase vascular permeability?

A

thromboxane A2

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24
Q

Whilst performing a necropsy on a dead moose, you note that the lungs are heavy. Upon sectioning the lungs, a clear liquid flows slowly from the surface of the parenchyma. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Pulmonary edema

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25
Q

Which of the following substances is an anticoagulant secreted by endothelial cells?

A

Thrombomodulin

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26
Q

An owner brings in his dog dead on arrival. The dog recently moved to Alaska from Arkansas. You perform a necropsy, and find the right ventricle loaded with heartworms. What additional organ is most likely congested as a result of the cardiac lesion?

A

liver

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27
Q

You examine a microscope slide containing a section of liver from a dead cow. You note that the section consists mostly of pale cells lacking cellular and nuclear detail. No inflammation is present, even though there are large colonies of large filamentous bacteria present. The blood vessels in the section contain red material, but intact erythrocytes are not evident. What gives?

A

autolysis

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28
Q

You perform a postmortem examination on a sow and note the findings listed below. Which of the following can be a post-mortem change?

A

hypostatic congestion of the lung

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29
Q

You perform a postmortem examination on a sow and note the findings listed below. Which of the following can be a post-mortem change?

A

hypostatic congestion of the lung

30
Q

A white cat receives solar damage to sparsely haired skin at the tip of the pinna. This damage results in an inflammatory response which causes arteriolar dilation and a bright red coloration at the injured site. Which term describes this vascular phenomenon?

A

hyperemia

31
Q

Which of the following will not result in generalized edema?

A

obstruction of the posterior vena cava
(yes to: renal protein loss, hepatic failure, heart failure)

32
Q

You have been lying on your left side for two weeks straight, on a sheet of plywood, binging on Netflix and Pop Tarts. All of the following are potential sequelae of your sloth EXCEPT:

A

thromboembolism
disuse atrophy of skeletal muscle
hypostatic congestion of the left kidney
Correct Answer: generalized edema

33
Q

What is a common sequela of cerebral edema?

A

cerebellar herniation

34
Q

What is a potential sequela of protein-losing nephropathy?

A

generalized edema

35
Q

A section of liver undergoes necrosis secondary to thrombosis of a hepatic arteriole. The expected morphological form of necrosis is:

A

coagulative

36
Q

Which of the following is a morphological diagnosis?

A

Mutifocal to coalescing pulmonary hemorrhage

37
Q

Once, you necropsied a big dead bison. When the heart and great vessels were opened, a shiny, gelatinous cast of the vessels dropped out into (someone’s) hand. This cast was clearish-yellow on top, and red on the bottom. What is the most likely identity of this cast?

A

postmortem clot

38
Q

Which of the following is a pro-thrombotic factor?

A

Correct Answer: plasminogen activator inhibitor
Not:
proteins C&S
antithrombin III
(You Answered)
plasminogen activator

*plasminogen breaks down the clot

39
Q

Which of the following statements concerning fibrin is true?

A

fibrinous exudates occur when there is a marked increase in vascular permeability

40
Q

Which of the following organs is most susceptible to infarction?

A

brain

41
Q

Which of the following fates of a thrombus is most beneficial for the patient?

A

reorganization

42
Q

A Doberman Pincher visits your clinic for pre-dental bloodwork. The buccal mucosal bleeding time is prolonged, and you suspect a platelet adhesion deficiency. Absence of which molecule would lead to an inability for platelets to adhere to the subendothelial collagen?

A

von Willebrand Factor (vWF)

43
Q

At necropsy of a dog, you note a “nutmeg” appearance to the liver. What is the most likely cause?

A

right heart failure

44
Q

What are “heart failure cells”?

A

alveolar macrophages with cytoplasmic hemosiderin granules

45
Q

All of these predispose an animal to thrombosis EXCEPT:

A

laminar (smooth and steady) blood flow

46
Q

Which molecule is responsible for the digestion of polymerized fibrin?

A

plasmin

47
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the role of endothelial cells in regulating clotting is true?

A

binding of endothelial cell thrombomodulin receptors by von Willebrand’s factor predisposes to thrombosis
thrombomodulin receptors on endothelial cells serve as anchors for platelet binding
(You Answered)
endothelial cells promote clotting by deactivating antithrombin III
heparin like receptors on endothelial cells activate thrombin thus promoting thrombosis
Correct Answer:
endothelial cells limit clotting by covering the thrombogenic sub-endothelial basement membrane

48
Q

Which of the following statements is true concerning type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

A

This hypersensitivity reaction is not antibody dependent.

49
Q

Type II hypersensitivity reactions:

A

most commonly occur in the blood

50
Q

Antigen-antibody deposition in the arterial wall is seen in polyarteritis nodosa (beagle pain syndrome). Which form of necrosis is present in the arterial wall?

A

fibrinoid necrosis

51
Q

Autoimmunity can involve tissue injury resulting from all of the following hypersensitivity reactions EXCEPT:

A

type I

52
Q

A Boston Terrier gets hit in the eye with a softball. He develops a pronounced lens-induced uveitis. The mechanism of this autoimmune disease is:

A

Exposure of sequestered self antigens

53
Q

Equine Myositis in horses, a sequelae to infection with Streptococcus species, is an example of which mechanism of autoimmunity:

A

Antigenic mimicry; antibodies to Streptococcus cross react with muscle proteins

53
Q

Equine Myositis in horses, a sequelae to infection with Streptococcus species, is an example of which mechanism of autoimmunity:

A

Antigenic mimicry; antibodies to Streptococcus cross react with muscle proteins

54
Q

In Type I hypersensitivity, IgE binds to which receptor on the surface of mast cells?

A

Fc receptor

55
Q

Which of the following arachidonic acid mediators is anti-inflammatory?

A

Lipoxin A4

56
Q

Neonatal isoerythrolysis in foals is an example of which type of hypersensitivity?

A

Type II antibody-mediated

57
Q

Which of the following mediators does not increase vascular permeability?

A

thromboxane a2

58
Q

Severe periarticular scarring resulting in fixation of the joint is referred to as:

A

ankylosis

59
Q

Whilst performing a necropsy on a dead moose, you note that the lungs are heavy. Upon sectioning the lungs, a clear liquid flows slowly from the surface of the parenchyma. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A

pulmonary edema

60
Q

Which of the following substances is an anticoagulant secreted by endothelial cells?

A

thrombomodulin

61
Q

During the inflammatory process, which of these is the correct order of events in leukocyte efflux from the vasculature ?

A

margination->rolling along endothelium->adhesion to endothelium->transmigration thru vessel wall->migration in tissue via chemotaxis

62
Q

P-selectin is expressed on which cell type?

A

endothelium

63
Q

Put the phases of granulation tissue formation in the correct order:

A

inflammatory phase->proliferative phase-> remodeling phase

64
Q

What is a common sequela of cerebral edema?

A

cerebellar herniation

65
Q

What is a potential sequela of protein-losing nephropathy?

A

generalized edema

66
Q

A 6yr old Boer Goat had multiple lymph nodes which were expanded by a thick, chunky material. On histology, the white material was found to consist primarily of macrophages surrounding a necrotic center containing Mycobacterium, which is difficult to break down. This is most likely an example of:

A

caseous necrosis

67
Q

A new cancer-fighting drug compound binds a transmembrane receptor (Fas) on neoplastic cells to stimulate apoptosis. What is the initiator caspase in this pathway

A

caspase 8 (not 2,3,9,10)

68
Q

Neutrophils utilize which of the following for the rolling phase of cell adhesion?

A

selectins

69
Q

Which of the following statements concerning anti-inflammatory therapy is true?

A

Selective inhibition of cox-2 is desirable in order to maintain homeostatic functions of arachidonic acid mediators.

70
Q

Which of the following is indicative of chronic inflammation?

A

macrophages, neovascularization, fibrosis and attempted tissue regeneration

Spring 23: DVM 640 BOD (4 decks)

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