examples/case studies/figures Flashcards
1
Q
amount of carbon stored in soils
A
20-30% of global carbon
2
Q
energy security in the UK
A
-domestic source - North Sea oil (depleting)
-committed to 40% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030
-broadening energy mix eg. Chapel Lane Solar Farm - provides energy for 60,000 homes
3
Q
energy security in Norway
A
-domestic source - 90% of energy comes from HEP due to mountainous physical landscape
-also has access to North Sea oil
-committed to 40% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030
-target of carbon neutral by 2050
4
Q
energy pathways
A
-East Siberian Pacific Ocean Pipeline (ESPO) - from Russia to China, S Korea and Japan
-Straight of Hormuz - from middle east - 30% of world’s oil passes through
5
Q
tar sands canada - unconventional fossil fuels
A
-open cast oil mine
-largest emitter of CO2 in world + production set to double
-provides employment for 400,000 people
-3 million gallons of toxic runoff into water/day
6
Q
biofuels in brazil
A
-produces 34 billion litres of biofuel/year
-production grown rapidly since the Brazilian economy has grown
-at peak production, over 500,000 people were employed by the biofuel industry
7
Q
nuclear power in the UK
A
-Hinckley point
-provides energy for 60yrs
-$18 billion project
8
Q
wind power in the UK
A
-Hornsea project
-provide power for 1 million homes
-provide 2000 construction jobs
9
Q
solar power in UK
A
-Chapel Lane Solar Farm
-UK’s largest solar farm
-provides energy for 60,000 homes
10
Q
forest services
A
-provide 80% of global diversity
-1.6 billion ppl rely on forests for their livelihoods
11
Q
deforestation % in amazon
A
17-18%
-13 million hectares lost between 2000 and 2010
12
Q
forest conservation %
A
18%
-mainly in Brazil and the USA by protective legislation and community involvement in planning and developing policies
13
Q
ocean and human welfare
A
-520 million ppl rely on fishing industries for food and income
-rising sea levels threaten low-lying land such as Kiribati (most islands only 0.5m above sea level) and South of England
14
Q
coastal flooding in bangladesh (storm surge)- impacts
A
-21% of the country is flooded each year
-2007 - 15,000 ppl killed, 1.6 million homes destroyed, $1.5 billion in damages
15
Q
coastal flooding in bangladesh - causes
A
-71% of mangrove forests removed
-land subsidence from creation of embankments that prevent natural deposition
-deforestation of Himalayas causing increased runoff
-monsoon climate causing frequent cyclones and storm surge events
-lack of development = lack of sea defences
16
Q
kyoto protocol
A
-countries that participated met or exceeded their targets eg. EU reduced emissions by 12%
-NEEs such as China, India and Brazil didnt have to make emissions reductions
-by the time the first commitment period ended, global emissions were higher than in 1997 when it began
17
Q
paris agreement
A
-195 countries promised to reduce GHG emissions to almost 0 by 2065, keep global temps below 2 degrees above pre-industrial levels and be net zero (balance)
-rich countries pledged $100 billion to support developing nations
18
Q
haff coastline example
A
polish coastline on the baltic sea
19
Q
examples of igneous rock
A
-granite
-basalt
20
Q
example of metamorphic rock
A
marble
21
Q
examples of sedimentary rock
A
-sandstone
-limestone
-chalk
22
Q
example of unconsolidated material
A
-boulder clay eg. on Holderness coastline
23
Q
example of cave, arch, stack, stump
A
-old harry, dorset coastline
24
Q
example of cove
A
Lulworth cove - dorset coastline
25
example of arch
durdle door - dorset coastline
26
example of fold
lulworth crumple - dorset coastline
27
example of spit
spurn point spit, holderness
28
example of bar
slapton bar, devon
29
example of cuspate foreland
dungeness, kent
30
impacts of sea level change - kiribati
-most islands only 0.5m above sea level
-rising sea levels could cause groundwater contamination, decreasing ability to grow crops so increasing food insecurity
-ppl may become environmental refugees so have 'migration w dignity' policy - ppl temporarily migrate to Aus/NZ to gain skills so not dependent on state support
-purchased land in Fiji for agriculture and fish farming
-planting mangrove forests
31
1953 storm surge - netherlands and uk
-caused by high spring tide, low pressure system and funnelling shape and shallowness of north sea
-over 1800 killed in netherlands and 300 killed in uk
-lack of warning systems and emergency planning
32
skipsea, holderness
-village of 400 ppl
-undergoes highest rates of erosion in europe at over 10m of erosion in 9 months
-no active intervention policy
-terminal groyne syndrome
33
reasons for coastal management in netherlands
-50% of netherlands 1m or less above sea level
-extremely large coastline due to many islands and peninsulas
-major flooding problems eg. 1953 storm surge that caused 1800 deaths
34
coastal management in netherlands
-zuider zee - 30km barrier, created reclaimed land used for agriculture and urban expansion
-delta works - series of dams that seal off channels between islands, storm surge barriers that can be closed when sea rises above 3m
-sand dune stabilisation - beach nourishment, planting vegetation, groynes
35
coastal management - lyme regis
-390m recurved sea wall
-nails pinned into cliffs
-stone groynes
-beach nourishment
-rip rap
-£60 million project
36
coastal management - medmerry managed retreat
-110m breach in existing defences to create intertidal zone, saltmarsh and 180 acre nature reserve
-embankments built 2km inland to defend local towns
-attracts green tourism
-protects over 300 homes, caravan park, sewage works and main toad
37
china open door policy 1978
-introduced 4 special economic zones w separate tax rules that encourage TNCs and businesses to set up there
-joined WTO
-increased exports dramatically, improving economy and creating jobs, reducing poverty
-large counterfeit product market
38
lack of globalisation in N Korea
-corrupt gov
-censorship
-political and economic isolation - 60% living below poverty line, very little trade, not part of int organisation
-citizens not allowed to leave and very few allowed in, so little influence from other cultures
39
offshoring example
-whatsapp (american) offshored services to developers in Russia
-TNCs building new factories in china
40
outsourcing example
amazon outsource call centre services to the Philippines and S Africa
41
costs of global shift for china
-pollution - 70% of lakes and rivers polluted
-over-exploitation of natural resources eg. clearing forests and oil fields developed in venezuela for chinese use
42
benefits of global shift for china
-investment in infrastructure - motorways, high-speed railways and airports
-reduction in poverty - 500 million escaped poverty
43
citarum river, indonesia
-most polluted river
-filled w chemicals, sewage, dead animals and heavy metals
-caused by unregulated disposal by textile industries, population explosion and corruption of environment/health inspectors
44
china air pollution
-over reliance on coal-fired power stations
-air 6.5x more polluted than WHO guidelines
-responsible for around 2 million deaths in china per year
45
rural-urban migration, Mumbai india
-1 person migrates per minute
-average age of migrants is 20/21
-mostly male
-economic migrants
46
challenges of urban growth - mumbai
-air pollution from traffic - vehicle ownership increased 60% in 8 yrs
-dharavi slums - 1 million ppl in 1 square mile
-limited job opportunities and low wages = high crime and poverty
47
elite migration - russian oligarchs in london
-purchased over £1.5 billion in property (homes/businesses eg. Chelsea FC)
-gave them access to local markets, economies, schools and influence in local govs/politics
48
low wage migration - qatar world cup
-large nos of migrants moved to qatar to build stadiums to host world cup
49
cultural diffusion - cuba
-was under communist rule but opened doors
-now has many different religions, influx of tourism and migration, media and diets
50
cultural diffusion - changing diets in asia
-meat consumption increase due to growing middle class
-spread of western, fast food diets - linked to rising obesity and diabetes in emerging economies
51
cultural diffusion - representation for disadvantaged groups
-western culture improved opportunities for disadvantaged groups
-eg. global media coverage of paralympics, gay pride and sex discrimination
52
cultural erosion - korowai tribe, papua new guinea
-small tribe of 3000 ppl
-originally valued forest/jungle life and ecosystems, but were introduced to western cultures and lifestyle
-now many place value on wealth, have modern western clothing and foods and moved to houses built by local govs
53
transition town - totnes, devon
-town that encourage sustainability, local production and reduction in consumption
-schemes such as garden sharing, e-bikes, seed swaps and co-housing
-reduce waste and pollution
54
ethical consumption NGOs - fair trade
-guaranteed higher income for farmers
-lobbies govs
-create Women's schools of leadership
-drives public awareness
55
ethical consumption NGOs - FSC
-Forest Stewardship Council
-promotes sustainable management of worlds forests - covers 160 million hectares
56
ethical consumption NGOs - Rainforest Alliance
-solves urgent environmental and social challenges for rural ppl eg. fighting deforestation and climate change
-conserve and restore nature, biodiversity and help ppl become more resilient to the impacts of climate change
57
% of earth's water that is freshwater
2.5%
58
% of freshwater available to humans
0.9%
-69% locked in cryosphere
-30% groundwater
59
yukon, alaska river regime
-very high seasonal variability
-high flow in spring and summer due to snowmelt
-low flow in winter as water is locked up as ice
60
australia millenium drought - causes
-very strong el nino event causing lack of rainfall
-climate change causing increased evaporation
-years of over-abstraction of groundwater sources
61
australia millenium drought - impacts
-crop failure causing yield to fall, increasing food prices as more had to be imported
-less energy generated through HEP, increasing energy costs and increased use of fossil fuels
-wildfires
62
somalia drought - causes
-5 consecutive failed rainy seasons caused by climate change
-deforestation
-overgrazing and soil erosion reducing its ability to retain moisture
63
somalia drought - impacts
-43,000 people died due to famine - 1/2 of them children under 5
-migration from rural villages to border towns (300-400 arriving per day)
-1.2 million displaced
64
% of land covered by forest
30%
65
somerset levels flood - causes
-low-lying, reclaimed land
-rivers hadnt been dredged
-unusually high precipitation
-valley surrounded by areas of high relief
66
somerset levels floods - impacts
-600 homes flooded
-£200 million loss for tourism industry
-soil degradation due to leaching, reducing fertility
67
bangladesh flooding (not storm surge) - causes
-low-lying land, meltwater and deforestation from the Himalayas
-heavy monsoon rains
-increasing urbanisation
68
bangladesh flooding (not storm surge) - impacts
-30 million made homeless
-750 deaths
-airports, schools and major roads flooded, reducing ability to receive and distribute int aid
-2.2 million acres damaged cropland
-$290 million worth of crops damaged
-increase in water-borne diseases
69
aral sea overabstraction %
shrunk to 10% of its original size
due to irrigation and climate change increasing evaporation
70
% of freshwater used for agriculture
70%
70
% of schools globally that didnt have access to clean water (2021)
30%
71
% reduction in deaths due to having access to clean water
65%
72
number of ppl worldwide that didnt have access to clean water supply close to their home (2021)
800 million
73
three gorges dam - benefits
-HEP generates 15% of chinas energy
-controlled flooding downstream
-dam became a tourist attraction (multiplier effect)
-thousands of construction jobs created
74
three gorges dam - negatives
-several large towns flooded - 1.3 million relocated
-pressure of water behind dam can cause earthquakes
-expensive - $26 billion
-landslides are now more common
75
chinas SNWTP - benefits
-provides clean water to estimated 100 million ppl
-essential for continued growth of industry
-provides water for irrigation to ensure food security
-prevents overabstraction in the north
76
chinas SNWTP - negatives
-water stress in south
-water supplied in beijing is expensive due to high cost of infrastructure
-forced 300,000 to be relocated
77
desalination in qatar - benefits
-provides 48% of countrys potable water
-uses a plentiful, renewable source (oceans)
78
desalination in qatar - negatives
-release of highly concentrated salt brine (waste product) can cause harm to marine ecosystems
79
nile river conflict
-ethiopia built GERD which concerns Egypt and Sudan downstream as gives Ethiopia too much power over water supply (95% of egypts water needs come from nile)
-increased evaporation of water due to large reservoir behind GERD reducing supply
80
colorado river management plan
-new way developed to manage water by allocating water according to size of deficit in each state, rather than dividing equally (which led to some taking more than others)
81
helsinki rules - water agreement
-all states containing river basins have the right to receive a fair share of water resources that cross their boundaries
-all countries involved should prevent pollution of the water
-every country has a duty to ensure that no users actions can harm another user
82
water framework directive - water agreements
-promotes sustainable practices in HEP generation
83
united nations water convention - water agreement
-set of guidelines that encourages collaborative management and conservation of shared water resources
84
cape town drought - water conservation
-at risk of taps being turned off so gov educated abt water conservation methods such as planting drought-tolerant plants, taking showers instead of baths and replacing grass with astroturf
85
water management in singapore
-5 desalination plants that can meet 40% of country's water demands
-using scaled water pricing system where higher consumers get charged more
-water trade agreement w Malaysia
-produce 'NEWater' from greywater using UV treatment which is potable
86
Bolivia's alternative approach to western development
-nationalised bolivias oil and gas resources
-redistributed ownership of land
-caused % of bolivians living below the int poverty line to decrease from 16% to 2%
87
inequality in education - % of each gender that dont attend schools in Pakistan
26% of girls
19% of boys
88
% of infant deaths prevented if had access to clean water
20%
89
life expectancy in Kensington and Chelsea vs Blackpool
kensington and chelsea - 83
blackpool - 75
90
world bank - Global partnership for education
-founding member of the GPE
-invests money in developing countries to provide early years education for all children
-particular focus on poorest and most disadvantaged children (eg girls, ethnic minorities, disabled, children in areas affected by conflict)
91
no of countries that still reportedly use torture
150
92
india prioritising economic development over human rights
-exploitation of natural resources has threatened human rights as the development of coal mines has involved evicting indigenous communities
-protesters were imprisoned
93
china - authoritarian system
-election: only high-ranking officials can vote in presidential elections
-freedom of speech: limited - laws against criticising government and restricted access to internet/social media
-criticised for its treatment of ethnic and religious minorities eg. Tibetans
94
corruption in venezuela
-election rigging and embezzlement led to economic collapse, hyperinflation and shortages of basic goods forcing citizens to flee the country
-resulted in human rights violations such as censorship of social media, restriction of travel, murder or exile of political opponents, and protests resulting in murder and arrests
95
gender inequality in afghanistan
-imposed bans on girls attending secondary schools
-freedom of expression is severely limited (eg. women have to be covered from head to toe)
-increases in child and forced marriages
96
ethnic inequality in australia
-aboriginal people have experienced discrimination from non-indigenous people for decades
-life expectancy is 8yrs lower than non-indigenous
-15x more likely to be imprisoned
-forced resettlement and loss of their cultural lands
97
development aid - china belt and road initiative
-china invests in infrastructure worldwide to expand its economic and political influence
-lots of investment in africa (creating neocolonial relationship)
98
trade embargo - UN on South Africa
-UN imposed embargo on oil and military supplies to South Africa to pressurise its gov to stop racial segregation
99
military action - NATO in Libya
-NATO intervened in the civil war in Libya by carrying out bombing and missile strikes in support of rebel groups trying to overthrow the oppressive government
100
human rights NGOs examples
-amnesty international
-Human Rights Watch
101
USAs invasion of Iraq and afghanistan after 9/11
-USA launched direct military intervention in afghanistan and iraq which the usa justified by the need to defend the USA and protect human rights of people (women in afghanistan and kurdish ethnic group in iraq)
-invasion wasnt approved by the UN security council
-criticised as US soldiers tortured and humiliated prisoners in iraq, undermining their justification for the invasions
102
military aid leading to human rights abuses - uk sending military aid to saudi arabia
-UK sent military aid to saudi arabia which was then used in saudi arabia's military intervention in Yemen (bombing attacks on civilians which killed 8000)
-some believe uk hasnt stopped military aid as it would threaten economic ties which europe relies on for energy security
103
successes of humanitarian aid in Haiti
-IGOs and NGOs developed their disaster response eg. training for emergency services and resistant building designs
-UNICEF provided school supplies and teacher training to improve human development
104
challenges of humanitarian aid in haiti
-aid dependency - became reliant on external assistance instead of building self-sufficient systems, making long-term development slower
-corruption and mismanagement of aid - led to aid not being distributed to where it was needed most, slowing recovery period
105
oil exploitation in nigeria causing human rights abuses
-indigenous communities in the niger delta have lost land due to oil drilling and spills, leading to pollution of wells and rivers, threatening food and water supplies
-protesters who disagreed w new oil pipeline were attacked by military police and 1000 killed and villages destroyed
106
land acquisition in senegal
12% of arable land in senegal is under foreign ownership and around 20% of senegals population is under-nourished
107
UK military aid to Saudi Arabia being used in Yemen
-Military aid sent by the UK was used by Saudi Arabia in its military intervention in Yemen where bombing attacks on civilians killed at least 8000
-UK hasnt stopped military aid possibly due its economic ties to SA due to its fossil fuel resources
108
Syria civil war - human rights abuses
-the USA justified its military interventions in the Syrian civil war due to the syrian government using chemical weapons to attack civilians
109
vietnam promoting economic success at the expense of human rights
-has followed policies that have limited human rights and the development of a democracy, but promoted economic growth
-eg. citizens can only vote for representatives of the communist party (rather than between other parties), government media censorship and ppl who criticise the gov are intimidated, attacked or imprisoned
110
iraq - improving democracy
-Iraq began to move towards a stronger democracy 2yrs after the USA's military intervention
-eg. elections were held for a national assembly and a new president was elected
-yet, further steps towards democracy were prevented by corruption and threats to national security
111
tackling ebola in western africa
-The WHO co-ordinated the international response to ebola including governments eg. UK pledged support worth £420 million by sending troops to build treatment centres and funding vaccine development, and NGOs such as Doctors without Borders
-criticised as response may have been too slow due to local government's lack of co-operation eg. not sharing their data on the spread of ebola
112
development interventions in Haiti - industrial park
-the USA funded an industrial park in northern haiti which cost $300 million, with the aim of attracting investment in Haitis industry and creating jobs for local people
-didnt live up to donors promises eg. a port development got cancelled
-farmers who had to give up their land for the development have reportedly still not received compensation, meaning these people have been left worse off
113
costs of USA's intervention in Iraq
-Undermined Iraq's sovereignity by creating a new gov dependent on the USA's support
-USA withdrawing in 2011 left Iraq vulnerable to attack eg. by the Islamic State terrorist group started violent rebellion and took over some major cities
-started a long and complex war in which over 200,000 civilians were killed and destroyed the healthcare and education system of Iraq
114
UN peacekeeping missions in Cote d'Ivore
-combined approach of military and non-military interventions to prevent the civil war
-UN troops stayed in Cote d'Ivore until 2017 carrying out peace-building activities, including teaching soldiers about human rights and how to prevent abuses
115
UNICEF in East Timor
-introduced a 'school readiness programme' that prepares children in remote areas without access to preschools for formal education
-increases overall attainment so provides more opportunities for children
116
no intervention in Rwandan genocide
-the international community chose not to intervene in the genocide in Rwanda, where nearly 800,000 people were murdered.
-the president then also restricted human rights and freedom of expression eg. imprisoning his critics, arguing that this was necessary to prevent another genocide
117
no intervention in Zimbabwe
-the hesitancy of the international community to intervene in Zimbabwe (due to its history as a british colony and lack of threat to global peace) led to severe economic and social instability
-eg. human rights abuses occurred regularly eg. violence against and imprisonment of political opponents and 82% of government budget being spent on government salaries despite 72% of the population living below the national poverty line
118
volcano HIC case study - USA 1980
-57 deaths
-19 miles of forest levelled
-$860 million in losses
119
volcano LIC case study - Indonesia 2010
-over 300 deaths
-$700 million in losses
-400,000 made homeless
120
tsunami HIC case study - Japan 2011
-16,000 deaths
-122,000 homes destroyed
-Fukushima nuclear power plant damaged leading to radiation levels 8x normal
121
tsunami LIC case study - Boxing day tsunami in Indian Ocean
-over 200,000 deaths
-$10 billion in losses
-freshwater supplies contaminated w salt water and mangrove forests flattened
122
earthquake HIC case study - Japan 2011
-16,000 deaths
-$235 billion in losses
-damage to Fukushima nuclear power plant led to radiation levels 8x normal
123
earthquake LIC case study - Haiti 2010
-over 200,000 deaths
-over 1 million made homeless
-$3.5 billion in losses
-outbreaks of looting and disease eg. Cholera
124
liquefaction example
-2011 earthquake in New Zealand, creating some areas that were so severely damaged that no future rebuilding can take place
125
tectonics - landslide example
-2015 earthquake in Nepal
-landslides and avalanches killed over 20 climbers of Mount Everest and caused large-scale mass movement for months after the earthquake
126
governance in Japan
- Have annual earthquake education days that create community preparedness by informing public of what to do in event of an earthquake, distribute emergency equipment, run evacuation drills and revise plans.
- Have earthquake-resistant buildings and land-use planning.
- Have emergency warning systems that send messages to public’s phones to allow them to prepare for earthquakes minutes before they occur.
- Government work with insurance companies to ensure coverage for majority of economic losses, even if people normally wouldn’t be able to afford coverage – only achievable as they’re a high-income country.
127
megadisasters - Iceland volcanic eruption
-caused european airspaces to close, affecting tourism and airline industries eg. caused $1 billion in losses
128
megadisasters - Japan earthquake and tsunami
-caused global economic impacts as disruption to ports, factories and power supplies meant global car-production chains and exportation of Boeing jets was interrupted
129
role of NGOs in managing loss (tectonics) - Pakistan earthquake
-immediate - provided safe water for 700,000 ppl
-short term - re-established water supplies and re-built roads closed by landslides
-long-term - provided seeds, tools, cooking kits and building supplies to locals, built new schools and medical centres and developed disaster risk reduction programme
130
role of local communities in managing loss (tectonics) - afghanistan
-villagers in mountainous communities set up small search and rescue groups and travelled to remote areas after earthquake
131
