examples/case studies/figures Flashcards
amount of carbon stored in soils
20-30% of global carbon
energy security in the UK
-domestic source - North Sea oil (depleting)
-committed to 40% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030
-broadening energy mix eg. Chapel Lane Solar Farm - provides energy for 60,000 homes
energy security in Norway
-domestic source - 90% of energy comes from HEP due to mountainous physical landscape
-also has access to North Sea oil
-committed to 40% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030
-target of carbon neutral by 2050
energy pathways
-East Siberian Pacific Ocean Pipeline (ESPO) - from Russia to China, S Korea and Japan
-Straight of Hormuz - from middle east - 30% of world’s oil passes through
tar sands canada - unconventional fossil fuels
-open cast oil mine
-largest emitter of CO2 in world + production set to double
-provides employment for 400,000 people
-3 million gallons of toxic runoff into water/day
biofuels in brazil
-produces 34 billion litres of biofuel/year
-production grown rapidly since the Brazilian economy has grown
-at peak production, over 500,000 people were employed by the biofuel industry
nuclear power in the UK
-Hinckley point
-provides energy for 60yrs
-$18 billion project
wind power in the UK
-Hornsea project
-provide power for 1 million homes
-provide 2000 construction jobs
solar power in UK
-Chapel Lane Solar Farm
-UK’s largest solar farm
-provides energy for 60,000 homes
forest services
-provide 80% of global diversity
-1.6 billion ppl rely on forests for their livelihoods
deforestation % in amazon
17-18%
-13 million hectares lost between 2000 and 2010
forest conservation %
18%
-mainly in Brazil and the USA by protective legislation and community involvement in planning and developing policies
ocean and human welfare
-520 million ppl rely on fishing industries for food and income
-rising sea levels threaten low-lying land such as Kiribati (most islands only 0.5m above sea level) and South of England
coastal flooding in bangladesh (storm surge)- impacts
-21% of the country is flooded each year
-2007 - 15,000 ppl killed, 1.6 million homes destroyed, $1.5 billion in damages
coastal flooding in bangladesh - causes
-71% of mangrove forests removed
-land subsidence from creation of embankments that prevent natural deposition
-deforestation of Himalayas causing increased runoff
-monsoon climate causing frequent cyclones and storm surge events
-lack of development = lack of sea defences
kyoto protocol
-countries that participated met or exceeded their targets eg. EU reduced emissions by 12%
-NEEs such as China, India and Brazil didnt have to make emissions reductions
-by the time the first commitment period ended, global emissions were higher than in 1997 when it began
paris agreement
-195 countries promised to reduce GHG emissions to almost 0 by 2065, keep global temps below 2 degrees above pre-industrial levels and be net zero (balance)
-rich countries pledged $100 billion to support developing nations
haff coastline example
polish coastline on the baltic sea
examples of igneous rock
-granite
-basalt
example of metamorphic rock
marble
examples of sedimentary rock
-sandstone
-limestone
-chalk
example of unconsolidated material
-boulder clay eg. on Holderness coastline
example of cave, arch, stack, stump
-old harry, dorset coastline
example of cove
Lulworth cove - dorset coastline
example of arch
durdle door - dorset coastline
example of fold
lulworth crumple - dorset coastline
example of spit
spurn point spit, holderness
example of bar
slapton bar, devon
example of cuspate foreland
dungeness, kent
impacts of sea level change - kiribati
-most islands only 0.5m above sea level
-rising sea levels could cause groundwater contamination, decreasing ability to grow crops so increasing food insecurity
-ppl may become environmental refugees so have ‘migration w dignity’ policy - ppl temporarily migrate to Aus/NZ to gain skills so not dependent on state support
-purchased land in Fiji for agriculture and fish farming
-planting mangrove forests
1953 storm surge - netherlands and uk
-caused by high spring tide, low pressure system and funnelling shape and shallowness of north sea
-over 1800 killed in netherlands and 300 killed in uk
-lack of warning systems and emergency planning
skipsea, holderness
-village of 400 ppl
-undergoes highest rates of erosion in europe at over 10m of erosion in 9 months
-no active intervention policy
-terminal groyne syndrome
reasons for coastal management in netherlands
-50% of netherlands 1m or less above sea level
-extremely large coastline due to many islands and peninsulas
-major flooding problems eg. 1953 storm surge that caused 1800 deaths
coastal management in netherlands
-zuider zee - 30km barrier, created reclaimed land used for agriculture and urban expansion
-delta works - series of dams that seal off channels between islands, storm surge barriers that can be closed when sea rises above 3m
-sand dune stabilisation - beach nourishment, planting vegetation, groynes
coastal management - lyme regis
-390m recurved sea wall
-nails pinned into cliffs
-stone groynes
-beach nourishment
-rip rap
-£60 million project
coastal management - medmerry managed retreat
-110m breach in existing defences to create intertidal zone, saltmarsh and 180 acre nature reserve
-embankments built 2km inland to defend local towns
-attracts green tourism
-protects over 300 homes, caravan park, sewage works and main toad
china open door policy 1978
-introduced 4 special economic zones w separate tax rules that encourage TNCs and businesses to set up there
-joined WTO
-increased exports dramatically, improving economy and creating jobs, reducing poverty
-large counterfeit product market
lack of globalisation in N Korea
-corrupt gov
-censorship
-political and economic isolation - 60% living below poverty line, very little trade, not part of int organisation
-citizens not allowed to leave and very few allowed in, so little influence from other cultures
offshoring example
-whatsapp (american) offshored services to developers in Russia
-TNCs building new factories in china
outsourcing example
amazon outsource call centre services to the Philippines and S Africa
costs of global shift for china
-pollution - 70% of lakes and rivers polluted
-over-exploitation of natural resources eg. clearing forests and oil fields developed in venezuela for chinese use
benefits of global shift for china
-investment in infrastructure - motorways, high-speed railways and airports
-reduction in poverty - 500 million escaped poverty
citarum river, indonesia
-most polluted river
-filled w chemicals, sewage, dead animals and heavy metals
-caused by unregulated disposal by textile industries, population explosion and corruption of environment/health inspectors
china air pollution
-over reliance on coal-fired power stations
-air 6.5x more polluted than WHO guidelines
-responsible for around 2 million deaths in china per year
rural-urban migration, Mumbai india
-1 person migrates per minute
-average age of migrants is 20/21
-mostly male
-economic migrants
challenges of urban growth - mumbai
-air pollution from traffic - vehicle ownership increased 60% in 8 yrs
-dharavi slums - 1 million ppl in 1 square mile
-limited job opportunities and low wages = high crime and poverty
elite migration - russian oligarchs in london
-purchased over £1.5 billion in property (homes/businesses eg. Chelsea FC)
-gave them access to local markets, economies, schools and influence in local govs/politics
low wage migration - qatar world cup
-large nos of migrants moved to qatar to build stadiums to host world cup
cultural diffusion - cuba
-was under communist rule but opened doors
-now has many different religions, influx of tourism and migration, media and diets
cultural diffusion - changing diets in asia
-meat consumption increase due to growing middle class
-spread of western, fast food diets - linked to rising obesity and diabetes in emerging economies
cultural diffusion - representation for disadvantaged groups
-western culture improved opportunities for disadvantaged groups
-eg. global media coverage of paralympics, gay pride and sex discrimination
cultural erosion - korowai tribe, papua new guinea
-small tribe of 3000 ppl
-originally valued forest/jungle life and ecosystems, but were introduced to western cultures and lifestyle
-now many place value on wealth, have modern western clothing and foods and moved to houses built by local govs
transition town - totnes, devon
-town that encourage sustainability, local production and reduction in consumption
-schemes such as garden sharing, e-bikes, seed swaps and co-housing
-reduce waste and pollution
ethical consumption NGOs - fair trade
-guaranteed higher income for farmers
-lobbies govs
-create Women’s schools of leadership
-drives public awareness
ethical consumption NGOs - FSC
-Forest Stewardship Council
-promotes sustainable management of worlds forests - covers 160 million hectares
ethical consumption NGOs - Rainforest Alliance
-solves urgent environmental and social challenges for rural ppl eg. fighting deforestation and climate change
-conserve and restore nature, biodiversity and help ppl become more resilient to the impacts of climate change
% of earth’s water that is freshwater
2.5%
% of freshwater available to humans
0.9%
-69% locked in cryosphere
-30% groundwater
yukon, alaska river regime
-very high seasonal variability
-high flow in spring and summer due to snowmelt
-low flow in winter as water is locked up as ice
australia millenium drought - causes
-very strong el nino event causing lack of rainfall
-climate change causing increased evaporation
-years of over-abstraction of groundwater sources
australia millenium drought - impacts
-crop failure causing yield to fall, increasing food prices as more had to be imported
-less energy generated through HEP, increasing energy costs and increased use of fossil fuels
-wildfires
somalia drought - causes
-5 consecutive failed rainy seasons caused by climate change
-deforestation
-overgrazing and soil erosion reducing its ability to retain moisture
somalia drought - impacts
-43,000 people died due to famine - 1/2 of them children under 5
-migration from rural villages to border towns (300-400 arriving per day)
-1.2 million displaced
% of land covered by forest
30%
somerset levels flood - causes
-low-lying, reclaimed land
-rivers hadnt been dredged
-unusually high precipitation
-valley surrounded by areas of high relief
somerset levels floods - impacts
-600 homes flooded
-£200 million loss for tourism industry
-soil degradation due to leaching, reducing fertility
bangladesh flooding (not storm surge) - causes
-low-lying land, meltwater and deforestation from the Himalayas
-heavy monsoon rains
-increasing urbanisation
bangladesh flooding (not storm surge) - impacts
-30 million made homeless
-750 deaths
-airports, schools and major roads flooded, reducing ability to receive and distribute int aid
-2.2 million acres damaged cropland
-$290 million worth of crops damaged
-increase in water-borne diseases
aral sea overabstraction %
shrunk to 10% of its original size
due to irrigation and climate change increasing evaporation
% of freshwater used for agriculture
70%
% of schools globally that didnt have access to clean water (2021)
30%
% reduction in deaths due to having access to clean water
65%
number of ppl worldwide that didnt have access to clean water supply close to their home (2021)
800 million
three gorges dam - benefits
-HEP generates 15% of chinas energy
-controlled flooding downstream
-dam became a tourist attraction (multiplier effect)
-thousands of construction jobs created
three gorges dam - negatives
-several large towns flooded - 1.3 million relocated
-pressure of water behind dam can cause earthquakes
-expensive - $26 billion
-landslides are now more common
chinas SNWTP - benefits
-provides clean water to estimated 100 million ppl
-essential for continued growth of industry
-provides water for irrigation to ensure food security
-prevents overabstraction in the north
chinas SNWTP - negatives
-water stress in south
-water supplied in beijing is expensive due to high cost of infrastructure
-forced 300,000 to be relocated
desalination in qatar - benefits
-provides 48% of countrys potable water
-uses a plentiful, renewable source (oceans)
desalination in qatar - negatives
-release of highly concentrated salt brine (waste product) can cause harm to marine ecosystems
nile river conflict
-ethiopia built GERD which concerns Egypt and Sudan downstream as gives Ethiopia too much power over water supply (95% of egypts water needs come from nile)
-increased evaporation of water due to large reservoir behind GERD reducing supply
colorado river management plan
-new way developed to manage water by allocating water according to size of deficit in each state, rather than dividing equally (which led to some taking more than others)
helsinki rules - water agreement
-all states containing river basins have the right to receive a fair share of water resources that cross their boundaries
-all countries involved should prevent pollution of the water
-every country has a duty to ensure that no users actions can harm another user
water framework directive - water agreements
-promotes sustainable practices in HEP generation
united nations water convention - water agreement
-set of guidelines that encourages collaborative management and conservation of shared water resources
cape town drought - water conservation
-at risk of taps being turned off so gov educated abt water conservation methods such as planting drought-tolerant plants, taking showers instead of baths and replacing grass with astroturf
water management in singapore
-5 desalination plants that can meet 40% of country’s water demands
-using scaled water pricing system where higher consumers get charged more
-water trade agreement w Malaysia
-produce ‘NEWater’ from greywater using UV treatment which is potable
Bolivia’s alternative approach to western development
-nationalised bolivias oil and gas resources
-redistributed ownership of land
-caused % of bolivians living below the int poverty line to decrease from 16% to 2%
inequality in education - % of each gender that dont attend schools in Pakistan
26% of girls
19% of boys
% of infant deaths prevented if had access to clean water
20%
life expectancy in Kensington and Chelsea vs Blackpool
kensington and chelsea - 83
blackpool - 75
world bank - Global partnership for education
-founding member of the GPE
-invests money in developing countries to provide early years education for all children
-particular focus on poorest and most disadvantaged children (eg girls, ethnic minorities, disabled, children in areas affected by conflict)
no of countries that still reportedly use torture
150
india prioritising economic development over human rights
-exploitation of natural resources has threatened human rights as the development of coal mines has involved evicting indigenous communities
-protesters were imprisoned
china - authoritarian system
-election: only high-ranking officials can vote in presidential elections
-freedom of speech: limited - laws against criticising government and restricted access to internet/social media
-criticised for its treatment of ethnic and religious minorities eg. Tibetans
corruption in venezuela
-election rigging and embezzlement led to economic collapse, hyperinflation and shortages of basic goods forcing citizens to flee the country
-resulted in human rights violations such as censorship of social media, restriction of travel, murder or exile of political opponents, and protests resulting in murder and arrests
gender inequality in afghanistan
-imposed bans on girls attending secondary schools
-freedom of expression is severely limited (eg. women have to be covered from head to toe)
-increases in child and forced marriages
ethnic inequality in australia
-aboriginal people have experienced discrimination from non-indigenous people for decades
-life expectancy is 8yrs lower than non-indigenous
-15x more likely to be imprisoned
-forced resettlement and loss of their cultural lands
development aid - china belt and road initiative
-china invests in infrastructure worldwide to expand its economic and political influence
-lots of investment in africa (creating neocolonial relationship)
trade embargo - UN on South Africa
-UN imposed embargo on oil and military supplies to South Africa to pressurise its gov to stop racial segregation
military action - NATO in Libya
-NATO intervened in the civil war in Libya by carrying out bombing and missile strikes in support of rebel groups trying to overthrow the oppressive government
human rights NGOs examples
-amnesty international
-Human Rights Watch
USAs invasion of Iraq and afghanistan after 9/11
-USA launched direct military intervention in afghanistan and iraq which the usa justified by the need to defend the USA and protect human rights of people (women in afghanistan and kurdish ethnic group in iraq)
-invasion wasnt approved by the UN security council
-criticised as US soldiers tortured and humiliated prisoners in iraq, undermining their justification for the invasions
military aid leading to human rights abuses - uk sending military aid to saudi arabia
-UK sent military aid to saudi arabia which was then used in saudi arabia’s military intervention in Yemen (bombing attacks on civilians which killed 8000)
-some believe uk hasnt stopped military aid as it would threaten economic ties which europe relies on for energy security
successes of humanitarian aid in Haiti
-IGOs and NGOs developed their disaster response eg. training for emergency services and resistant building designs
-UNICEF provided school supplies and teacher training to improve human development
challenges of humanitarian aid in haiti
-aid dependency - became reliant on external assistance instead of building self-sufficient systems, making long-term development slower
-corruption and mismanagement of aid - led to aid not being distributed to where it was needed most, slowing recovery period
oil exploitation in nigeria causing human rights abuses
-indigenous communities in the niger delta have lost land due to oil drilling and spills, leading to pollution of wells and rivers, threatening food and water supplies
-protesters who disagreed w new oil pipeline were attacked by military police and 1000 killed and villages destroyed
land acquisition in senegal
12% of arable land in senegal is under foreign ownership and around 20% of senegals population is under-nourished
