Diverse places

Question 1

what is the rural-urban continuum

Answer 1

-classifies how areas differ based on their proximity to urban areas = pop structure varies according based on placement on rural-urban continuum
-isolated dwelling - village - small town - large town - city - conurbation

Question 2

what is a conurbation

Answer 2

when many towns/cities experience urban spawl as they grow, and eventually merge into one.

Question 3

why have birth rates increased over last CENTURY

Answer 3

-pop growth (no of child-bearing ppl increased)
-gov policy eg. maternity/paternity leave

Question 4

why are birth rates lowest this DECADE

Answer 4

-contraception availability and sex education = family planning
-secularisation
-increased cost of having children
-career-focused women

Question 5

int migration to UK increased due to

Answer 5

-political alliances eg. Commonwealth, EU free movement
-asylum seekers
-employment opp
-lower price of long-distance travel
-perception of better quality of life

Question 6

consequences of pop change - inner city

Answer 6

-high % of rented houses
-high % of one ethnic group
-high unemployment
-lower income
-poor services

Question 7

consequences of pop change - rural-urban fringe

Answer 7

-unaffordable new housing
-increased traffic
-conflict between locals and newcomers
-difficulty maintaining rural identity

Question 8

consequences of pop change - remote rural

Answer 8

-ageing pop, high dependency ratio
-isolation/inaccessibility
-lack of services/transport
-rural deprivation -poorest get left behind
-spiral of decline

Question 9

what is social clustering

Answer 9

ppl of similar/same ethnic group concentrated in certain areas due to preference for living w ppl of similar culture/life experience

Question 10

consequences of social clustering

Answer 10

-urban sprawl
-cultural dilution
-education struggles - english being second lang, more pp and free school meals takes up funding = less resources
-welfare service strain

Question 11

strategies to increase community cohesion in Bham

Answer 11

1. places of welcome - talking groups, 50 sites, create more understanding, welcoming community
2. smart women - training centre for women, offers support for DV victims, teaches abt rights, reduces social isolation
3. Sparkbrook clean up - volunteers clean litter in local area, residents create better relationships.

Question 12

what is the IMD

Answer 12

-index of multiple deprivation
-uses census data to quantify deprivation in England - splits country into 33,000 smaller areas of around 1500 ppl each
-7 domains (indicators) weighted w income and employment most weighted
1.income
2employment
3.health
4.education
5.crime
6.barriers to housing and services
7.living environment

Question 13

definition of cultural assimilation

Answer 13

process where one cultural group begins to take on some of the characteristics and attitudes of another cultural group

Question 14

reasons for uneven population growth over time

Answer 14

-baby boom after 2nd WW
-migration policies - encouraged ppl to move to UK and start families
-changes in women working caused more women to be career-focused, so delay having children
-improvements in health care increase life expectancy

Question 15

perception of victorian london

Answer 15

-population increased rapidly during industrial revolution, causing slum terraces to form close to factories as adequate housing wasnt provided by authorities
-few residents had access to running water or sewage systems, creating high levels of disease
-extreme poverty led to pickpocketing and petty theft, creating high levels of crime

Question 16

cornwall - rural idyll

Answer 16

-attracts ppl of retirement age due to slower pace of life, picturesque landscapes and sense of community
-has minimal media representation and low crime rates (possibly due to low pop density)
-HOWEVER has limited opportunities for younger/working age ppl due to distance from major cities, limited transportation services, limited internet access and coverage, high house costs and lack of education opportunities

Question 17

internal migration affecting diversity - North to South

Answer 17

-closure of manufacturing industries in north after global shift caused influx of young, relatively well-educated ppl moving to south for economic opportunities
-caused pop of london and the south east to be younger and have higher level of educational attainment than north of england (regional disparity)
-however, more recently, regeneration in north slowed rate of internal migration and increasing house prices in london means ppl have to more further north to suburbs to find more affordable housing costs

Question 18

definition of ethnic segregation

Answer 18

where groups of people from the same ethnic background live in the same area

Question 19

russian oligarchs in london

Answer 19

-wealthy russian oligarchs bought properties in areas of london, giving the russian elites access to UK bank accounts and private schools
-these investments led to price inflation and made some parts of london unaffordable, and official struggled to build enough affordable housing for lower income groups to meet demand

Question 20

criteria used to assess cultural assimilation

Answer 20

1. crime data - eg. reduction in no of reported racist attacks and hate crimes
2. engagement in politics - eg. voting turnout
3. development of local community groups - suggests involvement in community topics and issues and show ppl want to work together to resolve these issues

Question 21

aik saath, slough - charity

Answer 21

-charity in slough that works to bring ppl of different faiths together in mutual understanding
-works closely w schools, faith leaders, healthcare workers and the police
-run workshops and community projects (eg. multi-ethnic and generational football teams) aiming to bring different groups of people together and create community cohesion

Question 22

national strategies to manage change in rural locations

Answer 22

1. rural enterprise zones - encourage new business development, bring together farmers unions, tourism executives and rural business owners
2. service providers using mobile services - eg. banks and doctors use mobile services to access rural, remote areas

Question 23

local strategies to manage change in rural locations

Answer 23

1. landowners and farmers diversifying land use - eg. farmers using fields as campsites or setting up farmshops/cafes, creating more economic opportunities for young ppl in the countryside
   2.schools - provide opportunities for celebration of cultural festivals and offer additional english lessons to students and their parents to help them integrate

Question 24

national strategies to manage change in urban locations

Answer 24

1. northern powerhouse initiative - aims to decentralise UK economy away from london by investing in transport infrastructure, new business development, retail space and tourist attractions in the North
2. urban development corporations - large-scale regeneration projects in UK cities to improve attractiveness, create jobs and raising income levels for local ppl

Question 25

local strategy to manage change in urban locations

Answer 25

• local community groups - eg. Aik Saath, Slough