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Quizes > examen 2 > Flashcards

examen 2 Flashcards

1
Q

U.S. President

A
  • the expectation is higher than the resources and powers they have
    -campaign promises
    -public assumptions and expectations
    -expectation steadily grown over U.S. political history and can vary according to political capitol
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2
Q

political capital

A

1- election mandate
2- approval rating
-power to set agendas and persuade others within and outside the government

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3
Q

president political capital

A

1- honeymoon period (short lived) -public + media + congressional benefit of doubt
2- national security- crisis events- rally around the flag effect
(“two presidencies”- domestic vs foreign policy)
3- scandal
4- state of the economy
5- presidential crisis

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4
Q

presidential power

A

historical- limited resources- cabinet, more advisors than administrators- execute the law

vs

modern presidency- larger bureaucracy and more policies to execute

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5
Q

presidential role 1
head of state

A
  • national figure head, diplomatic (includes foreign policy advisor), ceremonial
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6
Q

presidential role 2
chief executive

A
  • president is atop of the bureaucracy to execute the law, managerial, politicized implementation of the law (includes presidential memorandum and execution orders)
    -vesting clause and take care clause
    -EOS are not necessarily permanent
    -can be overturned by courts
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7
Q

Dream Act

A

-failed bill in congress
-intended to build upon 1996 immigration act
-can be overturned by subservient EOS

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8
Q

presidential role 3
commanding chief

A

-C-in- C clause (C-in-C role over the military “when called into the actual service of the U.S.)
-congressional delegation of national security authority to the president since WWII
-ex. War Powers Act of 1973 (enabled congressional authorizations of the use of force (AUF)

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9
Q

presidential role 4
Legislator- in- chief

A

-President has no vote in congress, except to sign or veto bills
-veto threats and campaign promises and presidential communication give president a first-move advantage (SOTO)

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10
Q

presidential role 5
head of party

A

-president as focal point of power in U.S. gov
-political responsibilities, which affect other politicians in their party
-double-edge sword (president’s party’s fortunes depend on presidential political capital)

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11
Q

U.S. elections

A
  1. presidential years
    -coattails (surge and decline)
    -presidential and congressional elections
  2. midterm years
    -congressional but not presidential election
    -were likely in the house
  3. odd-numbered-years
    some states and local elections but no congressional or presidential elections
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12
Q

presidential leadership strategies 1
bargaining

A

-“presidential power is the power to persuade”
-without others in government, often behind closed doors

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13
Q

presidential leadership strategies 2
going public

A

-using modern mass communications (radio) to engage with the public and media and try to assert power over the others in government
-double-edge-sword
-FDR (radio, fireside act)
-JFK (TV)

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14
Q

presidential leadership strategies 3
unilateralism

A

-power with persuasion
-heavily reliance on EOS to accomplish goals
-“presidential action”

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15
Q

partisan context of presidential leadership and power

A
  1. unified government: partisan trifecta
  2. divided government: the president’s party doesn’t have majority in either or both the house (majority rule) and senate
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16
Q

bureaucracy

A

-federal departments, agencies, and commissions
-appointees and unpointed civil servants in the executive branch (civilian and military bureaucracy)

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17
Q

bureaucratic hierarchy

A
  1. president
  2. appointees (temporary appointment at the pleasure of the president- presidential/nomination and senate confirmation)
  3. career civil servants (unpointed through merit-based civil service)
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18
Q

career civil service

A

-merit based hiring
-tenure protections
-grade/rank

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19
Q

civil service reform

A

-Pendleton act of 1883
-reformed the spoils system (political loyalty)

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20
Q

spoils system

A

-civil service reform
-Pendleton Act of 1883
-merit-based bureaucracy
-range jobs

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21
Q

politics-administration dichotomy ideal

A

execution, implementation and enforcement of laws

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22
Q

government shutdown

A

-failure to renew federal appropiations
-“deep state conspiracy”

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23
Q

president appointment criteria

A

-senate confirmability
-experience (expertise in policy jurisdiction, managerial competence)
-loyalty (personal, partisan vs “team of rivals ideal)

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24
Q

who controls de bureaucracy 1

A

president
-appointment powers
-budgetary powers (appropriations flexibility) {budget act of 1921: OMB, central clearance, annual budget plan (first mover advantage), executive orders, veto powers}

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25
Q

who controls de bureaucracy 2
congress

A

-senate confirmation of appointments
-budgetary resolutions/powers {congressional budget and impoundment act of 1974 (nixon watergate scandal): CBO, budget resolutions reconciliations, house senate budget committees, president can’t impound appropriated money}
-congressional oversight of the executive branch (includes oversight hearings and red tape)

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26
Q

Types of bureaus 1
executive departments and agency

A

-cabinet-level with one head who serves in the discretion of the president

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27
Q

types of bureaus 2
independent executive agencies

A

-not part of the cabinet
-one head who serves at the discretion of the president

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28
Q

types of bureaus 3
independent regulatory commissions and board

A

-intended to be independent of political pressure
-more than one head who serve long staggered terms

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29
Q

public opinion

A

-those opinions held by private persons which the government finds prudent to heed
-the public vs publics
-ex: issue publics partisan publics (desegregate: separate into smaller groups)

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30
Q

representation

A

2 ideals: delegate vs trustee ideal

31
Q

town hall meeting

A

-opened meeting to the public
-public meeting of a community
-anyone can attend
-protesters
-NIMBY (opponents policy change)
-politically knowledgable activists
-interest at state
-political awareness and knowledge

32
Q

survey research

A

-scientific tools to measure public opinion
-random sampling to avoid selection
-polling
-aims for objectivity

33
Q

polling

A

attitudes/mental
-vs non-attitudes
-preference with or without intensity/strength of preference

vs

opinions/expressed
-thoughts (cognition), feelings (affect), values, beliefs, ideologies: organized belief system

34
Q

party identification

A

-information filter
-cognitive shorten
-party preference or lack there of
-strength of preference

35
Q

opinion leadership

A

-trusted and knowledgeable
-deference to an opinion, leaders opinions to overcome rational ignorance

36
Q

rational ignorance

A

-cost>benefits of information

37
Q

issue salience

A

-publics priorities
-political groups, specially partisan
-agenda setting (government official’s priorities)

38
Q

close ended vs open ended

A

-limited response options
-responses categorized afterwards

39
Q

framing vs priming

A

framing of a question or message that elicits an evaluation of political figures or groups

40
Q

candidate centered voting

A

ballots with office, candidate name, and party label

41
Q

types of voting behavior

A

-party voting
-performance voting
-issue voting
-ideological voting
-valence voting

42
Q

party voting

A

partisan votes vs partisan detectors

43
Q

performance voting

A

-retrospective voting
-evaluations of the party in power (presidential approval rating, state of the national economy)

44
Q

issue voting

A

-prospective voting
-based on campaigning promises
-single issue vs multi issue voters
-issue ownership/advantage
-campaign message emphasis

45
Q

ideological voting

A

organized political belief system with issue constants

46
Q

valence voting

A

-voting by personal characteristics of candidate
-candidate personal qualities

47
Q

beliefs about the role of the government

A

laissez fair
vs
regulatory state
vs
social welfare state

48
Q

exit polls

A

fielded at election locations after the respondent vites

49
Q

voter turnout

A

-individual decision to vote or not
-collective participation of an electorate
-free rider problem with voting in representative government
-presidential vs midterm election years

P x B - C + D > O

50
Q

P

A

probability that one’s vote will make a difference in who wins

51
Q

B

A

candidate or party differential in benefits to the voter

52
Q

C

A

costs to voting
-registration regulations
-voting regulations

53
Q

D

A

sense of civic duty or personal satisfaction from voting regardless of who’s running or likely to win
-age education level
-developed through political solicitation (childhood vs adult)

54
Q

presidential electoral college

A

-electors cast votes
-states and DC pass laws to chose the method of electing electors
-winner take all popular plurality vote in 48 states and DC, Maine and Nebraska split electors by congressional district
-majority rule vote of electors to win >270
-if no candidate receives a majority of elector’s votes then a contingent election is held in the US House, where each state delegation gets 1 vote. las occurred in 1824-1825 “Era of good feelings”

55
Q

electors 535

A

each state has a number of electors equivalent to the # of reps and senators (DC has 3)

56
Q

political parties

A

-a group that seeks to control the government
-often through participation in elections (candidate recruitment, candidate nomination)
-power goals> policy goals

57
Q

types of party nomination of candidate 1

A

caucus
-small gathering of party leaders and/or activities
-“king caucus”: presidential nomination, members of congress of a party in a “smoke-filled room (secret)”
-1790s-1820s

58
Q

types of party nomination of candidate 2

A

convention
-large gathering of party leaders and/or activists
-small smoke filled room from 1850s-1960s vs national political party rally

59
Q

types of party nomination of candidate 3

A

primary election
-direct primary reform of the Progressive Era 1880s-1920s
-closed, open, jungle

60
Q

party machine

A

-relied on the spoils system
-hierarchical power led by party basses that was locally extracted

61
Q

party systems

A

varied by the content of issue conflict, relative predominance of one major party over the other and by relatives importance of any component of the structure of the parties

62
Q

party system 1

A

federalists vs democratic republicans 1790s - 1820s
-slavery minimized as a source issue conflict

63
Q

party system 2

A

democrats vs national republicans/whigs 1830s-1850s
-universal free male suffrage (poor white male voters)
-challenged antislavery 1840 + 50 (liberty and free soil party)
-national party convention
-slavery minimized as a source issue conflict

64
Q

party system 3

A

democrats vs republicans 1850s-1890s
-conflict over slavery (civil war)

65
Q

party system 4

A

democratic vs republican 1890s-1930s
-panic of 1893
-progressive era

66
Q

party system 5

A

democratic vs republican 1932-1968
-great depression
-economic issue conflict

67
Q

party system 6

A

democrat vs republican 1970s-present
-economic and social issue conflicts

68
Q

structure of political parties

A
  1. party-in-gov: nomination and election
  2. party-as-organization
  3. party in the electorate
69
Q

progressive era reforms

A

-civil service reform
-direct primary
-australian ballot
-direct election of senators by registered voters
-woman’s suffrage

70
Q

australian ballot

A

secret ballot administered by loval government that enables split ticket voting

71
Q

presidential primaries

A

from beauty pageants to means of selecting national party convections

72
Q

why does the US have a 2-party-system?

A
  1. institutional factors (elections institutions, duverger’s law)
  2. issue conflict
73
Q

duverger’s law

A

-single membered districts with plurality rule voting tends towards 2 party system
-alternative system with majority rule runoff elections or party list proportional representation result in > 2 parties

Quizes (4 decks)

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