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Clinical Medicine > exam3vocab > Flashcards

exam3vocab Flashcards

1
Q

accommodation

A

adjustment of the eye for various distances through modification of the lens curvature

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2
Q

Amsler grid

A

A set of charts with various geometric shapes in black and white, used for detecting defects of the cornea

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3
Q

aniscoria

A

inequality of the diameter of the pupils; may be normal or congenital. often normal if inequality is within 1 mm

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4
Q

aphakia

A

a condition in which part or all of the crystalline lens of the eye is absent, usually because of surgical removal for the treatment of cataracts

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5
Q

aqueous humor

A

a watery transparent liquid containing trace albumin and small amount of salts produced by the iris, ciliary body, and cornea

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6
Q

astigmatism

A

an abnormal condition in which the light rays cannot be focused clearly in a point on the retina because of an irregular curvature of the cornea or lens

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7
Q

cataracts

A

opacity of the lens; most commonly resulting from denaturation of the lens protein caused by aging.

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8
Q

corneal arcus

A

opaque white ring about corneal periphery, seen in many individuals older than 60 years of age. this is due to deposit of lipids in the cornea of to hyaline degeneration. may indicate a lipid disorder, most commonly type II hyperlipidemia if present before the 40 years of age (seen in younger people is called arcus juvenilis)

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9
Q

chalazion

A

small, hard tumor analogous to sebaceous cyst developing on the eye lids, formed by the distention of a meibomian gland with secretion.

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10
Q

choroid

A

the middle vascular tunic of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. Dark brown vascular coat of the eye between the sclera and retina, extending from ora serrata to optic nerve. Consists of blood vessels united by connective tissue containing pigmented cells and is made up of five layers.

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11
Q

ciliary body

A

the thickened part of the vascular tunic of the eye that joins the iris with the anterior portion of the choroid. Consist of three zones: ciliary disk, ciliary crown, and ciliary muscle.

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12
Q

cones

A

the photosensitive, outward-directed, conical process of a cone cell essential for sharp vision and color vision; cones are the only photoreceptor in the fovea centralis and become interspersed with increasing numbers of rods toward the periphery of the retina.

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13
Q

confrontation

A

A test for estimating peripheral vision

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14
Q

conjunctiva

A

the mucous membrane investing the anterior surface of the eyeball and the posterior surface of the lids.

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15
Q

conjunctivitis

A

inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by infectious agents or by allergies; commonly called pinkeye.

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16
Q

cornea

A

the clear, transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye comprising about one sixth of its surface. It is the chief refractory structure of the eye.

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17
Q

Cotton wool spot

A

an ill-defined yellow area due to infarction of the nerve layer in the retina

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18
Q

depth perception

A

perception of spatial relationships; three dimensional perception. The visual ability to judge depth or distance.

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19
Q

diabetic retinopathy (background)

A

a condition characterized by dot hemorrhages or microaneurysms and the presence of hard and soft exudates.

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20
Q

diabetic retinopathy (proliferation)

A

a condition characterized by development of new vessels as a result of anoxic stimulation; vessels grow out of the retina toward the vitreous humor.

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21
Q

diopter

A

refractive power of the lens with focal distance of 1 meter, used as unit of measurement in refraction.

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22
Q

diplopia

A

the condition in which a single object is perceived as two objects (double vision).

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23
Q

drusen

A

tiny yellow or white deposits in the retina of the eye or on the optic nerve head.

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24
Q

ectropion

A

eversion (outward rolling) of an edge or margin; as the edge of the eyelid.

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25
Q

entropion

A

inversion (inward rolling) of an edge or margin; especially the margin of the lower eyelid.

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26
Q

episcleritis

A

inflammation of the superficial layers of the sclera located in front of the insertion of the rectus muscle.

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27
Q

exophthalmos

A

an increase in the volume of the orbital content, causing a protrusion of the globes forward. It may be bilateral or unilateral. The most common cause of bilateral is Graves’ disease (thyroid disease), but when unilateral protrusion is noted a retro-orbital tumor must be suspected.

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28
Q

farsightedness

A

an error of refraction in which, with accommodation completely relaxed, parallel rays come to focus behind the retina.

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29
Q

glaucoma

A

a disease of the optic nerve wherein the nerve cells die, producing increased cupping appearance of the optic nerve. An abnormal condition of elevated pressure within an eye resulting from obstruction of the outflow of aqueous humor. Produces defects in the visual field and may result in blindness.

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30
Q

hemianopia

A

blindness for half the field of vision in one or both eyes.

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31
Q

hordeolum (sty)

A

a suppurative inflammation of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid.

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32
Q

hyperopia (farsightedness)

A

a refractive error in which light rays entering the eye are focused behind the retina.

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33
Q

hyphema

A

blood in the anterior chamber of the eye in front of the iris.

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34
Q

iris

A

the colored contractile membrane suspended between the lens and cornea in the aqueous humor of the eye, separating the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyeball and perforated in the center by the pupil. By contraction and dilatation it regulates the entrance of light.

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35
Q

iritis

A

inflammation of the iris.

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36
Q

legal blindness

A

in the United States, a person is usually considered legally blind when vision in the better eye, corrected by glasses, is 20/200 or less, or in the case of a constricted field of vision: 20 degrees or less in the better eye.

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37
Q

miosis

A

abnormal contraction of pupils.

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38
Q

myopia (nearsightedness)

A

a condition resulting from a refractive error in which light rays entering the eye are brought into focus in front of the retina.

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39
Q

mydriasis

A

pupillary dilation

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40
Q

macula (a.k.a fovea)

A

Site of central vision

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41
Q

night blindness

A

decreased ability to see in reduced illumination. Seen in patients with impaired rod function; often associated with a deficiency of vitamin A.

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42
Q

nystagmus

A

involuntary rhythmic movements of the eyes; the oscillations may be horizontal, vertical, rotary, or mixed.

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43
Q

papilledema

A

edema of the optic disc resulting in loss of definition of the disc margin; the cause often is increased intracranial pressure.

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44
Q

peripheral vision

A

vision resulting from retinal stimulation beyond the macula.

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45
Q

pinguecula

A

a harmless yellowish triangular nodule in the bulbar conjunctiva on either side of the iris that stops at the limbus.

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46
Q

presbyopia

A

similar to hyperopia (farsightedness) due to impaired near vision from loss of lens elasticity, generally developing during middle age.

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47
Q

pterygium

A

a triangular (patch like) thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva that grows slowly to the outer surface of the cornea, usually from the nasal side, and may cover a portion of the cornea.

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48
Q

ptosis

A

the drooping of one or both upper eyelids.

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49
Q

punctum

A

the tiny aperture (opening) in the margin of each eyelid that opens to the lacrimal duct.

50
Q

red reflex

A

a response caused by light illuminating the retina.

51
Q

retina

A

the sensory network of the eye that transforms light impulses into electrical impulses, which are transmitted through the optic nerve.

52
Q

retinitis pigmentosa

A

a chronic progressive disease, which may occur in childhood, characterized by degeneration of the retinal neuroepithelium.

53
Q

retinoblastoma

A

an embryonic malignant glioma arising from the retina usually during the first two years of life. Initial diagnostic finding is usually a yellowish or white light reflex seen at the pupil. (Cat’s eye reflex).

54
Q

rods

A

the photosensitive, outward-directed process of a rhodopsin-containing rod cell in the external granular layer of the retina; many millions of such rods, together with the cones, form the photoreceptive layer of rods and cones.

55
Q

sclera

A

a tough white fibrous tissue which covers the so-called white of the eye. It extends from the optic nerve to the cornea.

56
Q

scleritis

A

superficial and deep inflammation of the sclera.

57
Q

strabismus

A

a condition in which both eyes do not focus on the same object simultaneously, however either eye can focus independently.

58
Q

uveitis

A

inflammation of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid, or the entire uvea.

59
Q

vitreous body

A

a transparent jellylike substance that fills the cavity of the eyeball, enclosed by the hyaloid membrane; it is composed of a delicate network (vitreous stroma) enclosing in its meshes a watery fluid (vitreous humor).

60
Q

Xanthelasma

A

Elevated plaque commonly found on the nasal portion of the eyelid due to elevated cholesterol.

61
Q

Adventitious breath sounds

A

Abnormal auscultation breath sounds such as crackles, rhonchi, wheezes and friction rub

62
Q

Apnea

A

A temporary halting to breathing

63
Q

Asthma (reactive airway disease)

A

Small airway obstruction caused by inflammation and hyperactive airways

64
Q

Atelectasis

A

Incomplete expansion of the lung. (due to complete or partial collapse of the lung)

65
Q

Barrel chest

A

Increased anteroposterior diameter of the chest, often with some degree of kyphosis; commonly seen with COPD

66
Q

Biot respirations

A

irregular respirations varying in depth and interrupted by intervals of apnea that lacks repetitive pattern.

67
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

chronic dilation of the bronchi or bronchioles caused by repeated infections or bronchial obstructions.

68
Q

Bronchitis

A

Inflammation of the large airways

69
Q

Bronchophony

A

An exaggeration of the voice resonance emanating from a bronchus surrounded by consolidated lung tissue (greater clarity and increased loudness of the spoken word)

70
Q

Bronchiolitis

A

Inflammation of the bronchioles

71
Q

COPD

A

Disease process which causes decreased ability of the lungs to perform their functions of ventilation (nonspecific diagnosis that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema)

72
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficult and labored breathing. SOB.

73
Q

Egophony

A

The auditory quality associated with an increased intensity of the spoken voice along with a nasal quality (“e” is stuffy, broad “a”). May be present in any condition that consolidates lung tissue.

74
Q

Hemoptysis

A

Coughing up blood or blood stained sputum from respiratory tree

75
Q

Kyphosis

A

Increased convex curvature of the thoracic spine

76
Q

Normal breath sounds - Vesicular

A

Hear over most of the lung fields, low pitch, soft and short respirations

77
Q

Normal breath sounds - Tubular

A

Heard only over trachea, high pitch, loud and long respirations, sometimes a bit longer than inspiration.

78
Q

Normal breath sounds - Bronchovesicular

A

Heard over main bronchus area and over upper right posterior lung field; medium pitch; expiration equals inspiration.

79
Q

Orthopnea

A

SOB when lying down

80
Q

Pectoriloquy

A

A striking transmission of voice sounds through the pulmonary structures, so that they are clearly audile through the stethoscope; commonly occurs from lung consolidation.

81
Q

Pectus carinatum (pigeon chest)

A

Forward protrusion of the sternum

82
Q

Pectus excavatum (funnel chest)

A

Depression of the sternum

83
Q

Resonance

A

Quality of the sound heard on percussion of a hollow structure such as the chest or abdomen.

84
Q

Tachypnea

A

Rapid, usually shallow, breathing

85
Q

Tactile fremitus

A

A tremor or vibration in any part of the body detected on palpation.

86
Q

Whispered pectoriloquy

A

The transmission of a whisper in the same way as that of more readily audible speech, commonly, detected when the lung is consolidated by pneumonia (increased in the volume of voice sounds)

87
Q

Areola

A

Pigmented areas surrounding the nipple

88
Q

Colostrum

A

A clear of milky fluid that is expressed from the breast before milk production

89
Q

Cooper ligaments

A

A band of subcutaneous fibrous tissue that provides support to the breast.

90
Q

Duct ectasia

A

A benign condition of the subareolar ducts that can cause a nipple discharge.

91
Q

Fibroadenoma

A

A bengin tumor of the breast

92
Q

Fibrocystic disease

A

A benign condition that prevents with fluid-filled cyst due to ductal enlargement that is usually bilateral and multiple

93
Q

Galactorrhea

A

Lactation not associated with child bearing

94
Q

Gynecomastia

A

Abnormally large mammary glands in the male; sometimes may excrete milk.

95
Q

Intraductal papillomas

A

Benign tumors of the subareolar ducts that procude a nipple discharge.

96
Q

Lactation

A

The production and secretion of milk from the breast

97
Q

Mastitis

A

Inflammation of the breast

98
Q

Mastodynia

A

Pain in the breast

99
Q

Montgomery follicles

A

Tiny sebaceous glands that appear on the areola

100
Q

Paget disease

A

Skin manifestations that are indicative of ductal carcinoma

101
Q

Peau d’orange

A

Skin changes of the breast due to edema caused by blockage of the lymph drainage associated with inflammatory breast cancer

102
Q

Tail of Spence

A

Area where most malignancies of the breast tissue occurs

103
Q

Thelarche

A

The beginning of female breast development.

104
Q

Angina

A

Severe, often constricting pain; caused by reduced arterial blood to the myocardium, which reduces oxygen supplied to the myocardial cells; causes injury and ischemia and the sharp precordial pain directly related to cardiac ischemia; usually refers to angina pectoris

105
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Loss of rhythm; denotes especially an irregularity of the heartbeat

106
Q

Atherosclerotic heart disease

A

Narrowing of the small blood vessels of the heart

107
Q

Bradycardia

A

Slow beating of the heart; usually at a rate of less than 60 bpm

108
Q

Bruit

A

A harsh or musical intermittent auscultatory sound, especially an abnormal one.

109
Q

Bacterial endocarditis

A

Bacterial infection of the endothelial layer of the heart and valves

110
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

Excess fluid accumulation between the pericardium and the heart

111
Q

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

A failure of the heart to pump effectively resulting in congestion within the pulmonary and systemic circulation of the heart

112
Q

Cor pulmonale

A

Enlargement of the right ventricle secondary to chronic lung disease

113
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Ischemic myocardial necrosis due to decreased blood flow to a segment of the myocardium

114
Q

Myocarditis

A

Inflammation of the myocardium

115
Q

Myocardium

A

Middle layer of the heart

116
Q

Palpitation

A

forcible or irregular pulsations of the heart, perceptible to the patient, usually with an increase in frequency or force, with or without irregularity

117
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium

118
Q

Pericardium

A

Fibrous sac encasing the heart

119
Q

Tachycardia

A

Rapid beating of the heart, conventionally applied to rates over 100 beats per minute

120
Q

Thrill

A

A fine, palpable sensation

Clinical Medicine (9 decks)

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