Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Drugs and Behavior > exam3physiological > Flashcards

exam3physiological Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory receptor

A

A specialized neuron that detects a particular category of pysical events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sensory transduction

A

the process by which sensory stimuli are transduced into slow, graded receptor potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Receptor potential

A

a slow, graded electrical potential produced by a receptor cell in response to a physical stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the range of the visible light spectrum

A

380nm (violet)- 760nm (red)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three dimensions of perceived color and their corresponding physcial dimensions?

A

Hue (wavelength); Saturation (purity of the light); brightness (intensity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Saccadic movement

A

the rapid, jerky movement of the eyes used in scanning a visual scene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pursuity movement

A

the movement that the eyes make to maintain an image of a moving object on the fovea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Orbits

A

bony pockets in the fornt of the skull where the eyes are suspended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

sclera

A

tough, white outer coat of the eye that is opaque and prevents entry of light into the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

conjunctiva

A

mucous membranes that line the eyelid and fold back to attach to the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The anatomy as light travels through the eye

A

cornea, iris/pupil, lens/ciliary muscles, vitreous humor,retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ciliary muscles

A

the muscle fibers that attach to the outer edge of the lens and changes its shape; used for accomodation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

accomodation

A

changes in the thickness of the lens of the eye, accomplished by the ciliary muscles, that focus images of near or distant objects on the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

vitreous humor

A

a clear gelatinous substance inside the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

retina

A

the neural tissue and photoreceptive cells located on the inner surface of the posterior portion of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

rods

A

one of the recepotr cells of the retina; sensitive to light of low intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cones

A

one of the recepotr cells of the retina; maximally sensitive to one of three different wavelengths of light and hence encodes color vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

photoreceptor

A

one of the receptor cells of the retina; transduces photic energy into electrical potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

fovea

A

the region of the retina that mediates the most acute vision of birds and higher mammals. Color-sensitive cones constitute the only type of photoreceptor found in the fovea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

optic disk

A

the location of the exit point form the retina of the fibers of he ganglion cells that form the optic nerve; responsible for the blind spot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

bipolar cell

A

a bipolar neuron located in the middle layer of the retina, conveying information from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

horizontal cell

A

a neuron in the retina that interconnects adjacent photoreceptors and the outer processes of the bipolar cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

amacrine cell

A

a neuron in the retina that interconnects adjacent ganglion cells and the inner processes of the bipolar cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

lamella

A

a layer of membrane containing photopigments; found in rods and cones of the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

photopigment

A

a protein dye bonded to retinal, a substance derived from vitamin A; responsible for transduction of visual information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

opsin

A

a class of protein that, together with retinal, constitutes the photopigments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

retinal

A

a chemical synthesized from vitamin A; joins with an opsin to form a photopigment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

rhodopsin

A

a particular opsin found in rods; consists of rod opsin and retinal; splits apart when exposed to light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus

A

a group of cell bodies within the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus; receives inputs from the retina and projects to the primary visual cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

magnocellular layer

A

one of the inner two layers of neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus; transmits information necssary for the perception of form, movement, depth, and small differnces in brightness to the primary visual cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

parvocellular layer

A

one of the four outer layers of neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus; transmits information necessary for perception of (red and green cones) color and fine details to the primary visual cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

koniocellular sublayer

A

one of the sublayerso f neurons in the dorsal lateral genicualte nucleus found ventral to each of the magnocellular and parvocellular layers; transmits information from short-wavelength (“blue”) cones to the priamry visual cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

retinal disparity

A

the fact that points on objects located at different distances from the observer will fall on slightly different locations on the two retinas; provides the basis for stereopsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

cytochrome oxidase blobs

A

the central region of a module of the prmary visual cortex, revealed by a stain for cytochrome oxidase; contains wavelength-sensitive neurons; part of the parvocellular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what features of a visual stimulus does the striate cortex respond to?

A

orientation (simple, complex, and hypercomplex cells), movement, spatial frequency (sine-wave grating and spatial frequency), retinal disparity, color (cytochrome oxidase blobs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

extrastriate cortex

A

a region of the visual association cortex; receives fibers from the striate cortex and from the superior colliculi and projects to the inferior temporal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

dorsal stream

A

a system of interconnected regions of visual cortex involved in the perception of spatial location, beginning with the striate cortex and ending with the posterior parietal cortex; recognizes where the object is and speed and direction of movement

38
Q

ventral stream

A

a system of interconnected regions of visual cortex involved in the perception of form, beginning with the striate cortex and ending with the inferior temporal cortex; recognizes what an object is

39
Q

V4

A

analysis of form in interglob regions; processing of color constancy; glob regions associated with color processing

40
Q

V8

A

found in lateral occipital complex; color perception and color memories

41
Q

cerebral achromatopsia

A

inability to discriminate among different hues; caused by damage to area v8 of the visual association cortex

42
Q

visual agnosia

A

deficits in visual form perception in the absence of blindness; caused by brain damage to the ventral stream of the visual association cortex

43
Q

lateral occipital complex

A

a region of the extrastriate cortex, involved in perception of objects other than people’s bodies and faces

44
Q

fusiform face area

A

a region of the visual association cortex located in the inferior temporal area; involved in perception of faces; when damaged results in prosopagnosia

45
Q

extrastriate body area

A

a region of the visual association cortex located in the lateral occipitotemporal cortex; involved in perception of the human body and body parts other than faces

46
Q

parahippocampal place area

A

a region of the medial temporal cortex; involved in perception of particular places

47
Q

V5 or medial temporal

A

perception of moving stimuli;

48
Q

V5a or medial superior temporal

A

responds to complex patters of movement like radial, circular, or spiral motion

49
Q

dorsolateral medial superior temporal (MSTd)

A

perception of optic flow (complex motion of points in the isual field caused by relative movmenet between the oberver and environment)

50
Q

akinetopsia

A

inability to perceive movement, caused by damage to area v5 (MST) of the visual association cortex

51
Q

intraparietal suclus

A

the end of the dorsal stream of the visual association cortex; involved in perception of location, visual attention, and control of eye and hand movements

52
Q

what is the range of perceivable sounds for humans?

A

30-20,000 vibrations per second

53
Q

What are the three physical dimensions and corresponding perceptual dimensions of sound?

A

pitch and frequency; loudness and amplitude; timbre and complexity

54
Q

hertz

A

cycles per second

55
Q

anatomical steps of the auditory system

A

pinna, ear canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, vestibule, cochlea, auditory nerve, round window

56
Q

anatomical parts of the cochlea

A

scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani; organ of corti (vasilar membrane, outer hair cells, deiters’s cells, inner hair cells, cilia of hair cells, tectorial membrane, axons of auditory nerve

57
Q

deiters’s cell

A

a supporting cell found in the organ of corti; sustains the auditory hair cells

58
Q

cilium

A

a hairlike appendage of a cell involved in movement or in transducing sensory information; found on the receptors in the auditory and vestibular system

59
Q

tip link

A

an elastic filament that attaches the tip of one cilium to the side of the adjacent cilium

60
Q

insertional plaque

A

the point of attachment of a tip link to a cilium

61
Q

nerve pathway for auditory information

A

auditory nerve, ventral cochlear nucleus or dorsal cochlear nucleus in the medulla, superior olivary complex of the opposite side of the medulla, lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate nucleus, auditory cortex of the temporal lobe

62
Q

cochlear nucleus

A

one of a group of nuclei in the medulla that receive audtitory information from the cochlea

63
Q

superior olivary complex

A

a group of nuclei in the medulla; involved with auditory functions, including localization of the source of sounds

64
Q

lateral lemniscus

A

a band of fibers running rostrally through the medulla and pons; carries fibers of the auditory system

65
Q

tonotopic representation

A

a topographically organized mapping of different frequencies of sound that are represented in a particular region of the brain

66
Q

place code

A

the system by which information about moderate to high frequencies is coded by different locations on the basilar membrane; higher frequencies closer to stapes- lower frequencies at the end; outer hair cells contract to amplify the vibrations of the basilar membranes and enhance the signal received by the inner hair cells

67
Q

rate coding

A

the system by which information about different frequencies is coded by the rate of firing of neurons in the auditory system; used for frequencies lower than 200 Hz

68
Q

fundamental frequency

A

the lowest and usually most intense, frequency of a complex sound; most often perceived as the sound’s basic pitch

69
Q

overtone

A

the frequency of complex tones that occurs at multiples of the fundamental frequency

70
Q

methods of localization for auditory system

A

detection of different arrival times to each ear by the superior olivary complex of the medulla; for continuous low-pitched sounds use phase differences; sonic shadow is used for high-pitched continuous frequencies (ear closest receives most intense stimulation; analysis of timbre using pinna

71
Q

vestibular sac

A

one of a set of two receptor organs in each inner ear that detects changes in the tilt of the head

72
Q

Semicircular canal

A

one of the three ringlike structures of the vestibular apparatus that detect changes in read rotation.

73
Q

Utricle

A

one of the vestibular sacs; receptive tissue is located on the floor; otoconia shifts against the cilia of the hair cell embedded in the filamentous base upon which the otoconia rests

74
Q

Saccule

A

one of the vestibular sacs; receptive tissue is located on the walls; otoconia shifts against the cilia of the hair cell embedded in the filamentous base upon which the otoconia rests

75
Q

Ampulla

A

an enlargement in a semicrcular canal; contains the cupula and the crista

76
Q

Cupula

A

a gelatinous mass found in the ampulla of the semicircular canals; moves in response to the flow of the fluid in the canals

77
Q

vestibular ganglion

A

a nodule on the vestibular nerve that contains the cell bodies of the bipolar neurons that convey vestibular information to the brain

78
Q

cutaneous sense

A

one of the somatosenses; includes sensitivity to stimuli that involve the skin (pressure, vibration, heating, cooling, and events that cause tissue damage/pain)

79
Q

proprioception

A

perception of the body’s position and posture

80
Q

kinesthesia

A

perception of the body’s own movements

81
Q

organic sense

A

a sense modality that arises from receptors located within the inner organs of the body

82
Q

glabrous skin

A

skin that does not contain hair; found on the palms and the soles of the feet; contain meissner’s corpuscles and merkel’s disks

83
Q

ruffini corpuscle

A

a vibration-sensitive organ in hair skin; responds to indentations of the skin

84
Q

pacinian corpuscle

A

a specialized, encapsulated somatosensory nerve ending that detects mechanical stimuli, especially rapid vibrations

85
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A

the touch-sensitive end organs located in the papillae, small elevations of the dermis that project up into the epidermis

86
Q

what is the somatosensory pathway for precise touch and kinesthesia?

A

dorsal root ganglion, dorsal columns, nuclei of the dorsal columns, medial lemniscus, ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus, primary somatosensory cortex

87
Q

what is the somatosensory pathway for pain and temperature?

A

dorsal root ganglion, spinothalamic tract, medial lemniscus, ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus, primary somatosensory cortex

88
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

the epithelial tissue of the nasal sinus that covers the cribriform plate; contains the cilia of the olfactory receptors

89
Q

olfactry bulb

A

the protrusion at the end of the olfactory tract; receives input from the olfactory receptors

90
Q

mitral cell

A

a neuron located in the olfactory bulb that receives information from olfactory receptors; axons of mitral cells bring information to the rest of the brain

91
Q

olfactory glomerulus

A

a bundle of dendrites of mitral cells and the assoicated terminal buttons of the axons of olfactory receptors

Drugs and Behavior (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions