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Drugs and Behavior > Exam2Drugsand Behavior > Flashcards

Exam2Drugsand Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

History of cocaine

A

1859 Alfred Nieman isolated cocaine from coca leaves, 1863 Angelo Mariani markets Vin Mariani with coca/wine mixture, 1884 Sigmund Freud praises cocaine use; 1914 Harrison Act Prohibits cocaine, 1980 crack cocaine abuse rampant in US

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2
Q

What were some of Cocaine’s early uses?

A

morphine addiction; used to numb peripheral nerves in eye surgeries

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3
Q

What is the route from coca leaves to crack?

A

coca leaves, coca paste, cocaine hydrochloride (powder form), free-base cocaine, crack cocaine

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4
Q

history of amphetamines

A

5000 years ago chinese herb ma huang used to treat asthma; 1887 ephredrine isolated as active ingredient; 1927 Gordon Alles develops synthetic ephredrine called amphetamine; 1932 benzedrine introduced for treatment of asthma; WWII used to keep soldiers alert; 1967-1970 abuse reaches peak; mid 90s meth abuse re-emerges in the US

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5
Q

What are the different synthetic compounds of amphetamine called?

A

amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, methamphetamine

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6
Q

What are the uses of amphetamines?

A

benzedrine used to treat cold and sinus symptoms; weight loss; narcolepsy; ADHD; wakefulness and alertness

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7
Q

What are formication symptoms?

A

the feeling that bugs are crawling under the skin; amphetamines

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8
Q

What is the 1996 Meth Control Act?

A

increases penalties for production and transport of meth; tracking of ingredients used to make meth

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9
Q

What are the effects of meth use?

A

high dose users risk seizures, convulsions, and cardiovascular collapse; stimulant psychosis is associated with violent behaivor; depression is a common withdrawal symptom; meth mouth

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10
Q

What are the common routes of administration of stimulants?

A

oral (10-15 min. to act); intranasal (10-15 min. to act); intravenous injection (30 sec/higher peak/higher reinforcement of euphoria); inhalation (30 sec)

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11
Q

What is the duration of action of cocaine and amphetamine?

A

cocaine effects last 20-80 min; amphetamine effects last 4-12 hours

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12
Q

What is the mechanism of stimulant action?

A

cocaine and amphetamine block reuptake of monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin); amphetamine and methylphenidate also increase the release of dopamine

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13
Q

What are the long term effects of stimulant use on NT activity?

A

the resulting inc. NT activity and prolonged expsure of NT to enzymes leads to depletion of monoamines; depression and reduced ability to feel normal pleasure; “cocaine blues”

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14
Q

acute effects of stimulants at low doses

A

sympathetic nervous system activity; appetite suppressant

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15
Q

behavioral effects of stimulants

A

increased elation and mood; more talkativeness and sociability; alertness and arousal; insomnia; enhanced endurance and strength

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16
Q

Effects of stimulants on learning

A

stimulants may impair performance in complex tasks and complex reasoning

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17
Q

acute effects of stimulants at high doses

A

stimulant psychosis (paranoid delusions, hallucinations, formication); overdose and death

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18
Q

What are the effects of chronic stimulant use?

A

acute tolerance to cocaine develops but disapperas after 24 hours; protracted tolerance may occur although is uncommon; tolerance develops to the positive subjective effects of methamphetamine use after 4th or 5th day of use;

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19
Q

Long abstinence syndrome for stimulant dependence

A

crash (several days of intense craving and exhaustion); withdrawal (several weeks of intense craving, depression, and inability to feel normal pleasure); extinction (months or years of cued craving)

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20
Q

Effects of cocaine or crack use on fetus

A

lower birth weight and higher mortality; poor performance on intellectual tasks but no worse than other babies from similar backgrounds of malnourishment in the womb

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21
Q

Effects of stimulant treatment of ADHD

A

insomnia, loss of appetite, weight loss; delayed growth; boys with ADHD not treated have a higher chance of developing drug problems

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22
Q

Cocaine treatment options

A

cocaine anonymous, CBT; pharmacological treatments; contingency management; therapeutic workplace

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23
Q

Which behavioral therapies are the most effective for cocaine users?

A

contingency management (vouchers contingent on drug abstinence); therapeutic workplace (urine sample each day/pay increases with continuous drug free days)

24
Q

History of marijuana use

A

2800 BC used medicinally in china; one of five sacred plants in India; 10th century arabs used hashish; 1800 medical use explored in GB and France; 1960s Marijuana becomes popular in Europe as rec. drug

25
Q

Is Marijuana a gateway drug?

A

the majority of people (54%) who use marijuana do not go on to use a different illicit substance

26
Q

What are the two arguments in the causation question for the Gateway hypothesis of marijuana?

A

the intrinsic argument (some inherent property of marijuana exposure itself leads to physical or psychological dependence on other illicit drugs/not supported); the sociocultural argument (the relationship exists because of the activities, friends, and acquaintances that are associated with marijuana smoking; problem behaivor theory)

27
Q

What is the natural ligand for cannabinoid receptors?

A

anandamide

28
Q

What are the mechanisms of action of THC?

A

Ach in the hippocampus; I-glutamate; GABA; Noradrenalin; dopamine; serotonin

29
Q

What receptors do anandamide and THC bind to? Describe these receptors

A

cannabinoid receptors; G-protein receptors; results in hyperpolarization/inhibitory response

30
Q

Do marijuana users develop tolerance?

A

yes at high doses over a long period of time (this was shown in animal studies)

31
Q

marijuana withdrawal syndrome for DSM V

A

similar to caffeine and nicotine withdrawal; most likely to occur following sustained, heavy use

32
Q

medical uses of marijuana

A

nausea and vomiting due to cancer therapy; cachexia (wasting away from HIV or cancer); glaucoma (increased pressure inside the eye); non-THC medicines exist for most of these

33
Q

long-term physiological effects of marijuana use

A

reversible airway obstruction; delivers more tar and carcinogens than tobacco (may be confounded); no damaging effects on heart or immune system in healthy users

34
Q

Effects of marijuana use on fetus

A

decreased sperm and motility; nonovulatory menstrual cycles; inc. risk of premature birth; lower birth weight; increased risk of childhood cancer and symptoms of ADHD

35
Q

Cognitive effects of marijuana

A

impaired short term memory; skewed perception of time; flight of ideas

36
Q

What are AMP/dank and Fry?

A

AMP/dank is marijuana soaked in formaldehyde, dried, and smoked; fry is PCP in addition to the formaldehyde before soaking the marijuana

37
Q

What did the US supreme court 2005 Gonzales vs. Raich ruling do?

A

federal prohibition of possession and use of marijuana for medical purposes remains in force, even in those states that permit it

38
Q

What is decriminalization with relation to marijuana?

A

it is the policy of making individuals possessing small amounts of a drug subject to a small fine but not criminal prosecution

39
Q

History of opium

A

cultivated 6000 yrs ago; used medically by ancient egypt, greece, and rome; use spread by arab traders to India and China; opium wars; 1803 morphine isolated from opium; 1853 hypodermic needle invented; soldier’s disease; 1874 Wright invents diacetylmorphine; 1898 Dreser names diacetylmorphine heroin; 1914 harrison narcotics act restricts opiates to medical use; 1917 no prescriptions for addicts; 1924 no prescriptions for heroin

40
Q

where are the current suppliers for opium

A

afghanistan; pakistan-golden crest; golden triangle (laos, myanmar, thailand); south and central america

41
Q

What is fentanyl?

A

synthetic opiate; “china white” 10-1000 times more potent than heroin

42
Q

What is MPTP?

A

accidentally made; causes parkinson’s disease symptoms; meant to make MPPP

43
Q

Acute effects of opiate use?

A

euphoria, drowsiness, body warmth, heavy limbs, reduced sexual interest, impaired social intreraction, vivid dreamlike experiences; cognitive impairment; respiratory depression; nausea vomiting; pinpoint pupils

44
Q

Withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

A

first 8-12 hours after last dose (flu like symptoms); after 48-72 hours (pupil dilation, anorexia, piloerection, bone and joint pain, spontaneous erections

45
Q

Treatments for opiate withdrawal

A

cold turkey; methadone maintenance; LAAM maintenance (long duration); buprenorphine maintanence (only needed 3 times a week); therapeutic communities (daytop village, samaritan village, phoenix house); multimodality programs

46
Q

What are the four subgroups of hallucinogens?

A

serotonergic hallucinogens; methylated amphetamines; anticholinergic hallucinogens; dissociative anesthetics

47
Q

History of serotonergic hallucinogens

A

1938 LSD invented in switzerland; 1950s LSD tried in psychotherapy; early 1960s celebrities endorsed LSD, harvard professor Leary; late 1960s negative publicity; 1970s and 80s usage declined but increased again in 1990s and declined deeply since then

48
Q

Mechanisms of action of serotonergic hallucinogens

A

LSD and others bind to 5HT2A recptors; antagonize serotonin

49
Q

Tolerance and serotonergic hallucinations

A

tolerance develops rapidly to most serotonergic hallucinogens; several show cross-tolerance

50
Q

Duration of action of serotonergic hallucinogens

A

most have a duration of action of 8-14 hrs, except for DMT 60min

51
Q

effects of serotonergic hallucinations

A

pupil dilation, inc in heart rate, blood pressure, temp. sweating, synesthesia, mood changes, bizarre thoughts, magical thinking, good/bad trips, swirling/spiraling vortex pattern hallucinations

52
Q

adverse effects of serotonergic hallucinations

A

at extremely high doses can cause fetal damage; panic or paranoid reactions; flashbacks; may precipitate psychosis or emotional disturbance in vulnerable people

53
Q

History of methylated amphetamines

A

developed in early 1900s; street use of DOM in late 1960s; 1980s MDA and MDMA used as psychotherapy; 1985 MDMA placed in schedule I; MDMA popular in raves

54
Q

Which NTs do methylated amphetamines affect?

A

increase serotonin and dopamine and block their reuptake

55
Q

physical effects of methylated amphetamines

A

increased heart rate and blood pressure; pupil dilation; muscle tension and teeth grinding; inc in body temperature; appetite suppression; insomnia

56
Q

Psychological effects of methylated amphetamines

A

claimed: euphoria, emotional warmth and empathy; research suggests similar to amphetamines

Drugs and Behavior (2 decks)

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