Exam2Drugsand Behavior Flashcards
History of cocaine
1859 Alfred Nieman isolated cocaine from coca leaves, 1863 Angelo Mariani markets Vin Mariani with coca/wine mixture, 1884 Sigmund Freud praises cocaine use; 1914 Harrison Act Prohibits cocaine, 1980 crack cocaine abuse rampant in US
What were some of Cocaine’s early uses?
morphine addiction; used to numb peripheral nerves in eye surgeries
What is the route from coca leaves to crack?
coca leaves, coca paste, cocaine hydrochloride (powder form), free-base cocaine, crack cocaine
history of amphetamines
5000 years ago chinese herb ma huang used to treat asthma; 1887 ephredrine isolated as active ingredient; 1927 Gordon Alles develops synthetic ephredrine called amphetamine; 1932 benzedrine introduced for treatment of asthma; WWII used to keep soldiers alert; 1967-1970 abuse reaches peak; mid 90s meth abuse re-emerges in the US
What are the different synthetic compounds of amphetamine called?
amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, methamphetamine
What are the uses of amphetamines?
benzedrine used to treat cold and sinus symptoms; weight loss; narcolepsy; ADHD; wakefulness and alertness
What are formication symptoms?
the feeling that bugs are crawling under the skin; amphetamines
What is the 1996 Meth Control Act?
increases penalties for production and transport of meth; tracking of ingredients used to make meth
What are the effects of meth use?
high dose users risk seizures, convulsions, and cardiovascular collapse; stimulant psychosis is associated with violent behaivor; depression is a common withdrawal symptom; meth mouth
What are the common routes of administration of stimulants?
oral (10-15 min. to act); intranasal (10-15 min. to act); intravenous injection (30 sec/higher peak/higher reinforcement of euphoria); inhalation (30 sec)
What is the duration of action of cocaine and amphetamine?
cocaine effects last 20-80 min; amphetamine effects last 4-12 hours
What is the mechanism of stimulant action?
cocaine and amphetamine block reuptake of monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin); amphetamine and methylphenidate also increase the release of dopamine
What are the long term effects of stimulant use on NT activity?
the resulting inc. NT activity and prolonged expsure of NT to enzymes leads to depletion of monoamines; depression and reduced ability to feel normal pleasure; “cocaine blues”
acute effects of stimulants at low doses
sympathetic nervous system activity; appetite suppressant
behavioral effects of stimulants
increased elation and mood; more talkativeness and sociability; alertness and arousal; insomnia; enhanced endurance and strength
Effects of stimulants on learning
stimulants may impair performance in complex tasks and complex reasoning
acute effects of stimulants at high doses
stimulant psychosis (paranoid delusions, hallucinations, formication); overdose and death
What are the effects of chronic stimulant use?
acute tolerance to cocaine develops but disapperas after 24 hours; protracted tolerance may occur although is uncommon; tolerance develops to the positive subjective effects of methamphetamine use after 4th or 5th day of use;
Long abstinence syndrome for stimulant dependence
crash (several days of intense craving and exhaustion); withdrawal (several weeks of intense craving, depression, and inability to feel normal pleasure); extinction (months or years of cued craving)
Effects of cocaine or crack use on fetus
lower birth weight and higher mortality; poor performance on intellectual tasks but no worse than other babies from similar backgrounds of malnourishment in the womb
Effects of stimulant treatment of ADHD
insomnia, loss of appetite, weight loss; delayed growth; boys with ADHD not treated have a higher chance of developing drug problems
Cocaine treatment options
cocaine anonymous, CBT; pharmacological treatments; contingency management; therapeutic workplace
Which behavioral therapies are the most effective for cocaine users?
contingency management (vouchers contingent on drug abstinence); therapeutic workplace (urine sample each day/pay increases with continuous drug free days)
History of marijuana use
2800 BC used medicinally in china; one of five sacred plants in India; 10th century arabs used hashish; 1800 medical use explored in GB and France; 1960s Marijuana becomes popular in Europe as rec. drug
Is Marijuana a gateway drug?
the majority of people (54%) who use marijuana do not go on to use a different illicit substance
What are the two arguments in the causation question for the Gateway hypothesis of marijuana?
the intrinsic argument (some inherent property of marijuana exposure itself leads to physical or psychological dependence on other illicit drugs/not supported); the sociocultural argument (the relationship exists because of the activities, friends, and acquaintances that are associated with marijuana smoking; problem behaivor theory)
What is the natural ligand for cannabinoid receptors?
anandamide
What are the mechanisms of action of THC?
Ach in the hippocampus; I-glutamate; GABA; Noradrenalin; dopamine; serotonin
What receptors do anandamide and THC bind to? Describe these receptors
cannabinoid receptors; G-protein receptors; results in hyperpolarization/inhibitory response
Do marijuana users develop tolerance?
yes at high doses over a long period of time (this was shown in animal studies)
marijuana withdrawal syndrome for DSM V
similar to caffeine and nicotine withdrawal; most likely to occur following sustained, heavy use
medical uses of marijuana
nausea and vomiting due to cancer therapy; cachexia (wasting away from HIV or cancer); glaucoma (increased pressure inside the eye); non-THC medicines exist for most of these
long-term physiological effects of marijuana use
reversible airway obstruction; delivers more tar and carcinogens than tobacco (may be confounded); no damaging effects on heart or immune system in healthy users
Effects of marijuana use on fetus
decreased sperm and motility; nonovulatory menstrual cycles; inc. risk of premature birth; lower birth weight; increased risk of childhood cancer and symptoms of ADHD
Cognitive effects of marijuana
impaired short term memory; skewed perception of time; flight of ideas
What are AMP/dank and Fry?
AMP/dank is marijuana soaked in formaldehyde, dried, and smoked; fry is PCP in addition to the formaldehyde before soaking the marijuana
What did the US supreme court 2005 Gonzales vs. Raich ruling do?
federal prohibition of possession and use of marijuana for medical purposes remains in force, even in those states that permit it
What is decriminalization with relation to marijuana?
it is the policy of making individuals possessing small amounts of a drug subject to a small fine but not criminal prosecution
History of opium
cultivated 6000 yrs ago; used medically by ancient egypt, greece, and rome; use spread by arab traders to India and China; opium wars; 1803 morphine isolated from opium; 1853 hypodermic needle invented; soldier’s disease; 1874 Wright invents diacetylmorphine; 1898 Dreser names diacetylmorphine heroin; 1914 harrison narcotics act restricts opiates to medical use; 1917 no prescriptions for addicts; 1924 no prescriptions for heroin
where are the current suppliers for opium
afghanistan; pakistan-golden crest; golden triangle (laos, myanmar, thailand); south and central america
What is fentanyl?
synthetic opiate; “china white” 10-1000 times more potent than heroin
What is MPTP?
accidentally made; causes parkinson’s disease symptoms; meant to make MPPP
Acute effects of opiate use?
euphoria, drowsiness, body warmth, heavy limbs, reduced sexual interest, impaired social intreraction, vivid dreamlike experiences; cognitive impairment; respiratory depression; nausea vomiting; pinpoint pupils
Withdrawal symptoms in opiate users
first 8-12 hours after last dose (flu like symptoms); after 48-72 hours (pupil dilation, anorexia, piloerection, bone and joint pain, spontaneous erections
Treatments for opiate withdrawal
cold turkey; methadone maintenance; LAAM maintenance (long duration); buprenorphine maintanence (only needed 3 times a week); therapeutic communities (daytop village, samaritan village, phoenix house); multimodality programs
What are the four subgroups of hallucinogens?
serotonergic hallucinogens; methylated amphetamines; anticholinergic hallucinogens; dissociative anesthetics
History of serotonergic hallucinogens
1938 LSD invented in switzerland; 1950s LSD tried in psychotherapy; early 1960s celebrities endorsed LSD, harvard professor Leary; late 1960s negative publicity; 1970s and 80s usage declined but increased again in 1990s and declined deeply since then
Mechanisms of action of serotonergic hallucinogens
LSD and others bind to 5HT2A recptors; antagonize serotonin
Tolerance and serotonergic hallucinations
tolerance develops rapidly to most serotonergic hallucinogens; several show cross-tolerance
Duration of action of serotonergic hallucinogens
most have a duration of action of 8-14 hrs, except for DMT 60min
effects of serotonergic hallucinations
pupil dilation, inc in heart rate, blood pressure, temp. sweating, synesthesia, mood changes, bizarre thoughts, magical thinking, good/bad trips, swirling/spiraling vortex pattern hallucinations
adverse effects of serotonergic hallucinations
at extremely high doses can cause fetal damage; panic or paranoid reactions; flashbacks; may precipitate psychosis or emotional disturbance in vulnerable people
History of methylated amphetamines
developed in early 1900s; street use of DOM in late 1960s; 1980s MDA and MDMA used as psychotherapy; 1985 MDMA placed in schedule I; MDMA popular in raves
Which NTs do methylated amphetamines affect?
increase serotonin and dopamine and block their reuptake
physical effects of methylated amphetamines
increased heart rate and blood pressure; pupil dilation; muscle tension and teeth grinding; inc in body temperature; appetite suppression; insomnia
Psychological effects of methylated amphetamines
claimed: euphoria, emotional warmth and empathy; research suggests similar to amphetamines
