EXAM3_L27_Metabolism

Question 1

What 4 processes inside the mitochondrial matrix?

Answer 1

1. Acetyl CoA Synthesis
2. TCA Cycle
3. Beta Oxidation of FA’s
4. Ketogenesis

Question 2

What process of Inner mitochondrial membrane?

Answer 2

Oxidative phosphorylation

ETC?

Question 3

What are the 7 Processes of the Cytosol

Answer 3

1. Glycolysis
2. Glycogenesis
3. Glycogenolysis
4. Pentose phosphate shunt
5. FA synthesis
6. Steroid Synthesis (SER)
7. Protein Synthesis (RER)

Question 4

What 3 Processes in both the Cytosol and Mitochondria?

Answer 4

1. Gluconeogenesis
2. Urea Cycle
3. Heme Synthesis

Question 5

Why can’t Red Blood Cells oxidize pyruvate or acetyl CoA?

Answer 5

RBC’s and Platelets lack mitochondria

Question 6

What are the 5 vitamin precursors of the TCA Cycle?

Answer 6

1. Niacin –>NAD+
2. Riboflavin (b2) –> FAD
3. Thiamine (b1) –> TPP
4. Pantothenate–> Coenzyme A
5. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) –> Succinyl CoA via FAox

Question 7

Citrate synthase is activated and inhibited by?

Answer 7

Activated by INSULIN

Inhibited by ATP, NADH, Succinyl CoA

Question 8

Isocitrate dehydrogenase Activated and inhibited by?

Answer 8

Activated by ADP

Inhibited by ATP, NADH

Question 9

Alpha ketogluterate dehydrogenase activated by and inhibited by?

Answer 9

NO ACTIVATION
Inhibited by:
1. NADH,
2, Succinyl CoA,
3. ATP
4. GTP

Question 10

What are the two water soluble electron carriers?
(Cytosol and mitochondrial matrix)

What are their precursor?

Which one is CATABOLIC?
WHICH ONE IS ANABOLIC?

Answer 10

NAD+ (ox form) NADH (reduced form) - NIACIN (VitB3)
CATABOLIC 700:1 nad:nadh

NADP+/NADPH - Niacin (VitB3)
ANABOLIC

Question 11

What are the two membrane associated electron carriers? (inner mitochondrial membrane)
what is the precursor?

Answer 11

FAD/FADH2

FMN/FMNH2– (RIBOFLAVIN VitB2)

Question 12

FMN/FMNH2 are a redox pair part of which complex in the ETC?

Answer 12

Complex 1— FMNH2

Question 13

What processes make NADH?

What processes oxidize NADH to NAD+?

Answer 13

Glycolysis
TCA
Beta Oxidation

Mainly ETC oxidizes NADH to NAD but also
Lactate dehydrogenase in anaerobic glycolysis

Question 14

What processes Synthesize NADPH?

What is NADPH used for/oxidized by?

What ratio of NADP+ to NADPH?

Answer 14

Made by HMP Shunt-oxidative (in All cells)
Made by Malic Enzyme (in cells with mitochondria)

Oxidized in ANABOLIC reactions making new molecules

1:10 NADP+ : NADPH

NADPH is used to donate energy to anabolic reactions so the reduced form is preferred

Question 15

What are the 6 active processes of the FED STATE?

(0-4 hours post mixed meal)

Answer 15

1. GLYCOLYSIS (glucose-> Acetyl CoA)
2. TCA (Acetyl CoA -> NADH + FADH2 + GTP)
3. ETC (NADH + FADH2 –> ATP + HEAT)
4. OX PHOS (with above)
5. GLYCOGENESIS (G6P -> Glycogen)
6. FA Synth de novo- (Acetyl CoA cyto –> Fat acyl-CoA)
7. TG synth- (Fat Acyl-CoA + glycerol -> TG)

Question 16

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 16

Service 2 (glucose for export)
- Using precursors that are not from carbohydrates to make glucose

PYRUVATE–> Acetyl coA -> OAA >PEP> Glucose

Question 17

Liver Glycogenolysis

Answer 17

Glycogen –> Glucose (for export)

Question 18

Lipolysis

Answer 18

TG’s –> FA’s + Glycerol

Question 19

Beta oxidation

Answer 19

FA’s –> Acetyl CoA + NADH + FADH2

Question 20

Ketogenesis

Answer 20

Acetyl CoA -> ketones (for export)

Acetyl coa > Acetoacetate> bhydroxybutyrate

Question 21

What is the only organ that can Export or remove glucose from our blood?

What is it dependent upon?

Answer 21

LIVER

Dependent on hepatic portal blood glucose

Question 22

What is Portal Blood Glucose post prandial?

Answer 22

10-20mM

180-360mg/DL

Question 23

What is normal Blood Glucose post prandial?

Answer 23

5-8mM

90-140mg/DL

Question 24

What is FASTING blood glucose?

Answer 24

3-5mM

70-100mg/DL

Question 25

What are the two sources of blood going into the liver?

Where does all the blood drain?

Describe the blood leaving the liver.

Answer 25

Hepatic portal vein (nutrient rich, oxygen poor)
Hepatic Artery (oxygenated blood from general circulation)

they mix

All blood leaves via HEPATIC VEIN
- deoxygenated, detoxified, normal nutrient levels

Question 26

What cells have Insulin receptors?
What type of receptors are they?
When signal activated what happens?

Answer 26

Liver, Adipose, Muscle
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase

Increases phosphatase activity > overall dephosphorylated state for metabolism specific enzyme
altered gene expression

Question 27

What cells have glucagon receptors?

What kind of receptors are they? What effect?

Answer 27

LIVER ONLY!!!!
Gas-coupled receptor

cAMP> INCREASED PKA activity
INCREASED OVERALL PHOSPHORYLATED STATE

Question 28

What cells have Epinephrine receptors?

What kind of receptors are they? What effect?

Answer 28

Liver, Adipose, Muscle

cAMP> INCREASED PKA activity
INCREASED OVERALL PHOSPHORYLATED STATE

Question 29

how is energy stored?

Answer 29

Stored in electrons as reducing equivalents

NADH (reduced- energy rich)
NAD+ (oxidized- energy poor)

Question 30

Does the TCA make ATP?

Answer 30

NO!

Question 31

If there is too much glucose in the TCA what happens?

Answer 31

Fat synthesis pathway!

Question 32

When fasting, where does the pyruvate come from to undergo gluconeogenesis?

Answer 32

MUSCLE BREAKDOWN-

makes glucose and ketone bodies

can’t use the pyruvate form fat