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BIOCHEMISTRY > Exam1_L4_Carbs_Lipids > Flashcards

Exam1_L4_Carbs_Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Enantiomers-

A

Mirror images- same chemical characteristics (sweetness)
NATURE ONLY D SUGARS
NATURE ONLY L (AMINO ACIDS)

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2
Q

UDP-glucose C4 epimerase

A

galactose can be made from glucose using this epimerase. (glucose/galactose are c4 epimers)

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3
Q

Mutarotation

A

spontaneous, no-enzyme, reversible action where straight sugars form rings.
99% of mono sugars exist in ring structure
(good b/c aldehyde/ketones are usually very reactive)

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4
Q

6 membered ring- 5 membered ring

A

Pyranose 6 membered ring

Furanose 5 membered ring

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5
Q

Alpha and Beta anomers. How do you find anomeric carbon?

A 
Count from last non-ring carbon
Alpha Anomer- (OH groups on same side )(restricted)
Beta anomer (OH opposite sides) (less hindered)
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6
Q

Glycation

A

NON ENZYMATIC- reaction of ALDEHYDE or KETONE group in a sugar with AMINO group in proteins and makes a SCHIFF BASE –> oxidized to “AGES”
(advanced glycation end products)

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7
Q

Effects of Protein glycation?

A
  • Decreased function
  • Damages collagen in BV walls
  • form AGE’s (advanced glycation end products)
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8
Q

Why is Chronic Hyperglycemia a concern?

A

CHglyC-> AGE’s> Major contributor to diabetic pathology.

  • nephropathy
  • Peripheral vascular/cardiovascular complications
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9
Q

How do you measure glycation of Hb? Why?

A

HbA1C test-

-Tests how adequate diabetic patient is regulating blood sugar

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10
Q

What is Glycosylation?

A

Adding Polysaccharide (>20) or Oligosaccharide (3-12 component sugars) to proteins, lipids, or other organic molecules in an ENZYMATIC REGULATED manner

-Process of making glycolipids and glycoproteins

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11
Q

Is it oxidation or reduction-
Acid to aldehyde? Alcohol to acid? Alcohol to aldehyde?
Acid to alcohol?, aldehyde to alcohol?, aldehyde to acid?

A

ALCOHOL ALDEHYDE ACID OX>

RED

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12
Q

Where is glucuronic acid from? Where is Iduronic acid form? What charge at physiological pH

A

Glucuronic acid is oxidized form of glucose

Iduronic acid is oxidized form of Galactose

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13
Q

Why is oxidation of sugars important physiologically?

A

Glucuronate is charged and added to hydrophobic molecules in the liver so that they can be more soluble and excretable from the body.

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14
Q

What are Amino and N-acetylated amino SUGARS?

A

Amino (N containing) Sugars reacts with lipids, proteins, or sugars OH group to make Glycosaminoglycans GAG’s , Glycolipids, or GlycoProteins

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15
Q

REDUCED SUGARS
C2 Epimers
C4 Epimers

A

Sugar ALCOHOLS

  • Galactitol > galactose> Iduronic acid
  • Sorbitol > Glucose > Glucuronic acid
  • Mannitol > Mannose > multiple compounds
C2 epimers (Glucose Mannose)
C4 epimers (Glucose Galactose)
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16
Q

GAG’s

A

LINEAR
POLYMERS of repeating DISACCHARIDES (50-150 repeats)
NEGATIVE CHARGE Attracts Water

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17
Q

Glycosides

A

Enzymatic reaction when a sugar molecule is COVALENTLY bound to the functional group of another molecule (not sugar) and is O or N linked

18
Q

Glycosidases

A

Enzymes specific for glycosidic bonds; ie: alpha glucose configurations can be broken down by humans alpha glycosidases but we aren’t able to break down the Beta configuration of glucose (CELLULOSE) with it’s b1,4 glycosidic bonds.

19
Q

18:3delta9,12,15

A

18 carbon lipid w/ 3 double bonds at carbons 9,12,15. Starting with carbon 1 at COOH end.

20
Q

Name a lipid with 12 carbons and double bonds at 4,3,2.

A

12:3delta4,3,2

21
Q

Omega system naming

A

start from carbon opposite COOH as carbon 1. name OMEGA then number of carbons until you get to first double bond.

22
Q

What are the two essential fatty acids? Why?

A

Y-linoleic (w-6), and a-linolenic acids (w-3). Because we can’t make FA’s with double bonds past the carbon 9 position.

23
Q

What is the precursor for arachidonic acid C20:4? what is arachidonic acid a major precursor for?

A

Linoleic w-6.

Arachidonic acid is MAJOR for EICOSANOID SYNTHESIS

24
Q

What precursor for FA’s needed in growth and development?

A

Linolenic w3 for w3 FA’s

25
Q

disease caused by deficiency in a-hydroxylase

A

REFSUM Disease
accumulation of phytanic acid in the blood and tissues causing neuronal damage. Treatment is diet low in phytanic acid and it’s precursors

26
Q

Branched chain FA’s go through ______ _______ because it’s ___________ on the _______carbon.

A

Alpha oxidation because its methylated on the beta carbon (3rd carbon from cooh) . Alpha hydroxylase is used but causes rufsum disease if there is a deficiency or if phytanic acid is built up in blood and tissues.

27
Q

what happens to FA when hydrogenated?

A

trans configuration - Straight chains

nature is all cis configuration-

28
Q

Steroids-

A

derived from cholesterol (membrane lipid, amphipathic),

-animal origin

29
Q

Cholesterol Esters

A

Polar group of cholesterol is esterified into a Fatty Acid

-NOT in membrane, but non-polar

30
Q

Ceramide

A

One long chain FA attached to sphingosine

31
Q

3 types of amphipathic membrane lipids

A
  1. Glycerolphospholipids, (choline, serine, inositol)
  2. Spingolipids (sphinomyleins, glycosphingolipids; cerebrosides/gangliosides )
  3. Cholesterol (steroids)
32
Q

Choline, Serine, Inositol are what ?

A

Glycerolphospholipids- Amphipathic membrane lipids.
Choline- PC
Serine-PS (phosphatidylserine)
Inositol- PI (phosphatidylinositol)

33
Q

What are the non membrane lipids?

A

FA’s, Steroids, TAGS, Cholesterol esters

34
Q

Sphingolipids- How is its derivative formed?

A
  • Localized in WHITE MATTER of CNS
  • derivatives of Ceramide (formed by esterification of a FA w/ amino group of Sphingosine)
  • functional group attached to terminal OH of ceramide determines function
35
Q

Lysosomal storage diseases

A

hereditary defects of lysosomal enzymes that degrade sphingolipids cause sphingolipidoses ie; Tay-Sachs & Gaucher’s disease.

36
Q

Sphingomyelins

A

phosphorylcholine attached to ceramide

  • membranes of nerve tissue & blood cells
  • Signal transduction
37
Q

Cerebrosides

A

One GALACTOSE or GLUCOSE unit joined in B-glycosidic linkage to ceramide
-found in MYELIN SHEATH

38
Q

Gangliosides

A

Oligosaccharide w/ one Sialic acid (N-acetyl neuraminic acid) residue linked to ceramide
-found in MYELIN SHEATH

39
Q

Steroids

A

Lipids w/ rigid flat ring system w. OH or Keto group on C3.

Cholesterol- most abundant steroid in tissue- membrane fluidity- precursor of hormones (VitD, bile acids)

40
Q

Gangliosides, cerebrosides are examples of what kind of lipids? Choline, Serine, and Inositol are ex of what lipids?

A

Sphingolipids.

glycerolphospholipids

41
Q

Where does glycosylation take place?

A

ER and golgi. makes glycolipids and glycoproteins

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