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Clinical Chemistry > Exam3 > Flashcards

Exam3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the normal glucose concentration of serum?

A

80-100 mg/dL

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2
Q

What are some of the requirements that must be adhered to during an oral GTT?

A

fasting at least 10 hours, not more than 16 hours; done in the morning; refrain from eating, drinking, smoking, and exercise, normal to high carb intake for 3 days

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3
Q

What is the order of motility of serum proteins during an electrophoresis?

A

albumin (fastest), alpha-1, alpha-2, beta fractions, gamma

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4
Q

Why can the biuret method not be used for determining CSF or urine protein?

A

lacks sensitivity, cannot detect low concentrations of protein

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5
Q

What does the biuret reagent specifically react with?

A

tripeptides or larger

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6
Q

What is the reference method for total protein determination?

A

Kjeldahl

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7
Q

Which method for measuring albumin is most commonly used in automated instruments?

A

dye binding method

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8
Q

What SPE abnormality is seen in multiple myeloma?

A

gamma globulin is increased

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9
Q

What SPE abnormality is seen in nephrotic syndrome?

A

alpha-2 globulin and beta are increased

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10
Q

Glucose in CSF is approximately what fraction of the amount of glucose in the blood?

A

2/3

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11
Q

In bacterial meningitis, what would be the expected results for CSF protein?

A

increased

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12
Q

In bacterial meningitis, what would be the expected results for CSF glucose?

A

decreased

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13
Q

What anticoagulant is used to prevent glycolysis?

A

sodium fluoride

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14
Q

What is the action of ACTH on blood glucose levels?

A

increases

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15
Q

What is the action of glucagon on blood glucose level?

A

increases

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16
Q

What is the action of glucocorticoids on blood glucose level?

A

increases

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17
Q

What is the action of insulin on blood glucose level?

A

decreases

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18
Q

What is the action of epinephrine on blood glucose level?

A

increases

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19
Q

What is the action of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase?

A

removes hydrogen from glucose-6-phosphate, gives it to NADP

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20
Q

What technique is used to identify patients with familial hyperlipoproteinemia?

A

electrophoresis

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21
Q

What is the normal value for albumin?

A

3.5-5.0

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22
Q

What is the normal value for globulin?

A

2.5-3.5

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23
Q

What is the normal value for total protein?

A

6.0-8.5

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24
Q

What phenomenon causes the gamma globulins to move toward the cathode in SPE, even though they are negatively charged?

A

electroendosmosis (EEO)

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25
Q

What specific form of hemoglobin is used to monitor patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A

A1c

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26
Q

How is globulin in serum routinely determined?

A

(total protein) - (albumin)

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27
Q

Which fraction of lipoprotein contains the highest percentage of protein?

A

HDL

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28
Q

What is the order of migration, beginning at the origin, of lipoproteins?

A

chylomicrons, prebeta, beta, alpha

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29
Q

What is the desirable level of total cholesterol in serum?

A

less than 200 mg/dL

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30
Q

What would be the most likely explanation if a patient’s laboratory results indicated elevated total cholesterol and triglyceride levels but a normal lipoprotein pattern?

A

patient is not fasting

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31
Q

Which lipoprotein fraction is responsible for post-prandial lipemia?

A

chylomicrons

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32
Q

If plasma is used instead of serum for electrophoresis, what change will be observed?

A

fibrinogen spike in beta gamma region

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33
Q

What dyes can be used for the detection of albumin?

A

bromocresol green, bromocresol purple, methyl orange, HABA

34
Q

What does HABA stand for?

A

2,4’-hydroxyazobenzenebenzoic acid

35
Q

What is considered to be the desirable level of HDL?

A

> 40 mg/dL

36
Q

What is the value for a normal two-hour post prandial glucose?

A

less than 140 mg/dL

37
Q

In a normal glucose tolerance curve, the glucose level returns to a normal fasting level in how many hours?

A

3 hours

38
Q

Name four blood constituents that can produce a falsely decreased cholesterol level due to interference with the enzymatic cholesterol assay.

A

uric acid, ascorbic acid, bilirubin, glutathione

39
Q

What is the electrophoretic classification of HDL?

A

alpha

40
Q

What is the electrophoretic classification of LDL?

A

beta

41
Q

What is the electrophoretic classification of VLDL?

A

prebeta

42
Q

Which lipoprotein has a protective effect against coronary artery disease?

A

HDL

43
Q

A protein isolated from a lipoprotein which is also affiliated with certain lipoproteins is referred to as a?

A

apoprotein

44
Q

What is the main function of lipoproteins in the body?

A

transport of body lipids throughout blood stream

45
Q

Describe the glucose tolerance test results for diabetes mellitus

A

elevated after 3 hours, starts high, stays high, takes longer to return to normal

46
Q

Describe the glucose tolerance test results for hypoglycemia

A

lower than normal after three hours, then normal, then falls below fasting levels

47
Q

Describe the normal glucose tolerance test results

A

at one hour may be slightly elevated, starts to decrease at 2 hour mark, and back to normal fasting levels at hour 3

48
Q

Why is the performance of electrophoresis on CSF more difficult than SPE?

A

protein concentration is low; concentrate it 100X

49
Q

Patients with borderline blood glucose levels are most often further tested by performing what test?

A

3 hours oral GTT

50
Q

What is actually measured in the hexokinase method for glucose?

A

NADPH

51
Q

What is the normal range for spinal fluid glucose?

A

40-70 mg/dL

52
Q

What period of fasting is required for patients for whom the doctor has ordered lipid panels?

A

12 hours minimm

53
Q

What is the reaction that takes place during the biuret procedure?

A

cupric ions with peptides bonds (violet color)

54
Q

What precautions must be taken prior to collecting a specimen for lipid analysis?

A

12 hours fasting; 2 week normal diet; no medications that affect lipids; defer 2 months after surgery, AMI, or serious illness

55
Q

What is the most specific method for determining plasma cholesterol?

A

cholesterol oxidase enzymatic reaction

56
Q

What protein, when found in increased amounts, lowered the risk of coronary heart disease?

A

apolipoprotein A1

57
Q

What is the only diagnostic purpose for performing a phospholipid measurement?

A

Riemann Pick disease

58
Q

What unusual electrophoretic serum protein pattern is seen in cirrhosis of the liver?

A

beta gamma bridge

59
Q

What would be the expected shape of a GTT curve if the patient has malabsorption syndrome?

A

no change in curve resulting in a flatline

60
Q

What test should be done if a patient has malabsorption syndrome?

A

IV GTT test

61
Q

What test may be used to assess the average plasma glucose level that a patient has maintained during a previous 2-3 month period?

A

glycosulated hemoglobin (to which A1c belongs)

62
Q

What is the enzyme that causes the release of hydrogen peroxide when it reacts with glucose?

A

glucose oxidase

63
Q

What would happen to the glucose in a blood specimen if it was drawn in a clot tube and was left uncentrifuged at room temperature?

A

decreased by 7 mg/dL per hour

64
Q

How much glucose is used in an adult GTT test?

A

75 g

65
Q

What reagent is used for color development in the Libermann-Burchard reaction?

A

combination of acetic anhydride sulfuric acid and acetic acid

66
Q

What adjustment is made to an OGTT if hypoglycemia is suspected?

A

additional testing at 4 and 5 hours

67
Q

β-lipoproteins contain a high percentage of?

A

cholesterol

68
Q

pre-β-lipoproteins contain high percentage of?

A

triglycerides

69
Q

How would a physician view the prognosis of a patient with an elevated HDL level?

A

good, not at high risk; patient is protected from arthrosclerosis

70
Q

What is the most likely explanation of a milky serum?

A

increased chylomicrons

71
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides?

A

lipase (LPL)

72
Q

What is the normal range for spinal fluid protein?

A

15-45

73
Q

What compound is used to stimulate the pancreas to produce insulin?

A

tolbudamide

74
Q

Ultracentrifugation separates lipoproteins into various categories based on what physical property?

A

density

75
Q

What stains can be used to stain the protein bands obtained from SPE?

A

ponceau S, amino black 10 B, bromphenol blue, lissamine green

76
Q

At what pH is routine SPE performed?

A

8.6

77
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

diabetes during pregnancy

78
Q

What is meant by the term renal threshold?

A

the glucose levels in the blood above which glucose spills over into the urine

79
Q

What is the renal threshold for glucose?

A

160-180 mg/dL

80
Q

What type of diabetes generally occurs in adults?

A

type 2

81
Q

Name a test that can be used to determine the risk of RDS in newborns

A

L/S ratio

Clinical Chemistry (5 decks)

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