Clinical Final Flashcards by Sarah VanFossen

What is the purpose of centrifugal force in centrifugal analyzers?

Mix sample and reagents, transfer reagents into separate analyzing chambers

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What do the etched ring on the top of a pipet mean?

pipet should be blown out

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What does TC on the top of a pipet mean?

to contain, to be blown out with diluting fluid

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Why is CO toxic?

has a high affinity with hemoglobin, 250x stronger than oxygen

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What are some precautions for bilirubin specimen handling?

protect from light, analyze no later than 2-3 hours after blood clotted

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What enzyme test cannot be preserved by freezing?

lactate dehydrogenase

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What is the cause of postprandial lipemia?

chylomicrons

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How does the electrophoresis pattern of plasma differ from that of serum?

fibrinogen spike in the gamma region

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What is the order of migration of proteins on electrophoresis at pH 8.6?

a1, a2, B, and gamma

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What is the principle enzyme in saliva?

amylase

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The immunoglobulins migrate with what protein on electrophoresis at pH 8.6?

albumin

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How do contraceptives affect total T4 and TBG in competitive binding assays?

affects the glycosylation of TBG and delays its clearance leading to an increased serum concentration of TBG and sits on T4 causing a decrease in free T4. This causes an increase in total T4, appearing as hyperthyroidism

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Creatinine is the breakdown product of what substance?

creatine

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With are some clinically significant metabolites of some hormones?

VMA, 5-HIAA, HVA, metanephrine, normetanephrine, estrone, estradiol-17B, estriol

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What tests are affected by hemolysis?

potassium

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What is the normal bicarbonate to dissolved CO2 ratio?

20:1

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What is the anticoagulant of choice for blood gas analysis?

sodium heparin

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How is serum globulin usually determined?

(total protein) - (albumin)

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What is the predominant form of thyroid hormone in the circulation?

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How is a bloody CSF handled in the chemistry lab?

Centrifuged and ran as normal

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What is the unique value of enzymes as reagents?

act as natural catalytic substances

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What are the major intracellular and extracellular cations and anions?

Na, K, Cl

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What is the normal pH of blood?

7.4

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What does the PCO2 electrode actually measure?

transfer of hydrogen ions

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Describe transudate

clear, no clots, SG

Describe exudate

cloudy, clots, SG >1.015, TP >30 g/L, cellular

What protein is a contributing factor in edema formation?

albumin

How is the blood glucose level affected in the serum is left sitting on the clot for several hours

metabolism of the RBCs can significantly reduce blood glucose level

What is the most accurate pipet for measuring a 1 mL volume?

volumetric

What typ elf fast does the patient undergo for lipid studies?

12 hour fast, normal diet for 2 weeks prior

What is the principle of the Kjeldahl protein technique?

involves the conversion of protein nitrogen into ammonium ion using acid digestion

What is the principle of iron binding capacity?

saturation of transferrin with excess iron then removal of unbound iron

What is the principle of the Biuret method?

cupric ions react with peptide bonds to form a violet color the intensity of which is directly proportional to the number of peptide bonds present

What is the principle of the nephlometry?

measuring concentration in terms of the light energy that is scattered in a forward direction by small particles in solution

What is the principle of the fluorometry?

photometric measurement of the ability of a molecule to become excited and absorb light at one wavelength, but to emit light at another wavelength

What is the principle of the oral GTT?

evaluates the insulin response to a glucose challenge

What is glycosylated hemoglobin?

tests patients compliance with insulin therapy in the last 8-12 weeks

What is intrinsic factor?

Promotes vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestine

What is the Jaffe reaction?

most common method for creatinine determinations

What is kernicterus?

infiltration of the brain & spinal cord with unconjugated bili which causes permanent damage to CNS

What is Beer's Law?

concentration (C) of a substance is directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed by the solution or inversely proportional to the logarithm of transmitted light

What is the hollow cathode lamp?

the light source in the atomic absorption spectrophotometry

What is a pheochromocytoma?

tumors of the adrenal medullary chromaffin tissue

What is VMA?

metabolite of epinephrine and norepinephrine

What is 5-HIAA?

metabolite of serotonin

What is the Berthelot reaction?

hydrolysis urea to ammonium carbonate by the enzyme urease

What is the reagent used in prostatic acid phosphatase?

thymolphthalein monophosphate

What is the reagent used in urobilinogen determinations?

p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde

What are urinary 17-ketosteroids?

products from the breakdown of androgens

What is the significance of duodenal fluid testing?

useful in the detection of chronic parcreatits, pancreatic insufficiencies, and cystic fibrosis

What is the clinical significance of HDL cholesterol?

risk of artherosclerosis

What is the clinical significance of AFP?

tumor marker used in the detection of cancers of the testes, ovaries, and liver

What is the clinical significance of LD?

diagnosis of cardiac, hepatic, skeletal muscle, and renal disease

What is the clinical significance of uric acid?

waste product derived from purines in the diet and the breakdown of nucleic acid

What is the clinical significance of SGOT/AST?

elevated in MI, viral hepatitis, and skeletal muscle disease

What is the clinical significance of amylase?

for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis

What is the clinical significance of creatinine?

Disorders of kidney function prevent maximum excretion of creatinine and its levels increase in the blood

What is the clinical significance of ALT?

diagnosis and evaluation of hepatocellular disease

What is the clinical significance of anion gap?

body normally exists in a state of electroneutrality in which the sum of the cations equals the sum of the anions

Patients with an increased catabolism of purines most likely have an increased serum concentration of what substance?

uric acid

The serum protein electrophoresis pattern in multiple myeloma shows what abnormality?

fibrinogen spike in the gamma region

What are the normal values of LDL?

50-130 mg/dL

What are the normal values of HDL?

40-75 mg/dL

What are the normal values of cholesterol?

140-200 mg/dL

What are the normal values of triglycerides?

60-150 mg/dL

What substance in the intestines is required for the absorption of vitamin B12?

intrinsic factor

List three enzymes whose clinical significance is related to the detection of a MI?

AST, CK, LD