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Clinical Chemistry > Clinical Final > Flashcards

Clinical Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of centrifugal force in centrifugal analyzers?

A

Mix sample and reagents, transfer reagents into separate analyzing chambers

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2
Q

What do the etched ring on the top of a pipet mean?

A

pipet should be blown out

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3
Q

What does TC on the top of a pipet mean?

A

to contain, to be blown out with diluting fluid

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4
Q

Why is CO toxic?

A

has a high affinity with hemoglobin, 250x stronger than oxygen

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5
Q

What are some precautions for bilirubin specimen handling?

A

protect from light, analyze no later than 2-3 hours after blood clotted

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6
Q

What enzyme test cannot be preserved by freezing?

A

lactate dehydrogenase

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7
Q

What is the cause of postprandial lipemia?

A

chylomicrons

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8
Q

How does the electrophoresis pattern of plasma differ from that of serum?

A

fibrinogen spike in the gamma region

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9
Q

What is the order of migration of proteins on electrophoresis at pH 8.6?

A

a1, a2, B, and gamma

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10
Q

What is the principle enzyme in saliva?

A

amylase

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11
Q

The immunoglobulins migrate with what protein on electrophoresis at pH 8.6?

A

albumin

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12
Q

How do contraceptives affect total T4 and TBG in competitive binding assays?

A

affects the glycosylation of TBG and delays its clearance leading to an increased serum concentration of TBG and sits on T4 causing a decrease in free T4. This causes an increase in total T4, appearing as hyperthyroidism

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13
Q

Creatinine is the breakdown product of what substance?

A

creatine

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14
Q

With are some clinically significant metabolites of some hormones?

A

VMA, 5-HIAA, HVA, metanephrine, normetanephrine, estrone, estradiol-17B, estriol

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15
Q

What tests are affected by hemolysis?

A

potassium

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16
Q

What is the normal bicarbonate to dissolved CO2 ratio?

A

20:1

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17
Q

What is the anticoagulant of choice for blood gas analysis?

A

sodium heparin

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18
Q

How is serum globulin usually determined?

A

(total protein) - (albumin)

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19
Q

What is the predominant form of thyroid hormone in the circulation?

A

T4

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20
Q

How is a bloody CSF handled in the chemistry lab?

A

Centrifuged and ran as normal

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21
Q

What is the unique value of enzymes as reagents?

A

act as natural catalytic substances

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22
Q

What are the major intracellular and extracellular cations and anions?

A

Na, K, Cl

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23
Q

What is the normal pH of blood?

A

7.4

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24
Q

What does the PCO2 electrode actually measure?

A

transfer of hydrogen ions

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25
Q

Describe transudate

A

clear, no clots, SG

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26
Q

Describe exudate

A

cloudy, clots, SG >1.015, TP >30 g/L, cellular

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27
Q

What protein is a contributing factor in edema formation?

28
Q

How is the blood glucose level affected in the serum is left sitting on the clot for several hours

A

metabolism of the RBCs can significantly reduce blood glucose level

29
Q

What is the most accurate pipet for measuring a 1 mL volume?

A

volumetric

30
Q

What typ elf fast does the patient undergo for lipid studies?

A

12 hour fast, normal diet for 2 weeks prior

31
Q

What is the principle of the Kjeldahl protein technique?

A

involves the conversion of protein nitrogen into ammonium ion using acid digestion

32
Q

What is the principle of iron binding capacity?

A

saturation of transferrin with excess iron then removal of unbound iron

33
Q

What is the principle of the Biuret method?

A

cupric ions react with peptide bonds to form a violet color the intensity of which is directly proportional to the number of peptide bonds present

34
Q

What is the principle of the nephlometry?

A

measuring concentration in terms of the light energy that is scattered in a forward direction by small particles in solution

35
Q

What is the principle of the fluorometry?

A

photometric measurement of the ability of a molecule to become excited and absorb light at one wavelength, but to emit light at another wavelength

36
Q

What is the principle of the oral GTT?

A

evaluates the insulin response to a glucose challenge

37
Q

What is glycosylated hemoglobin?

A

tests patients compliance with insulin therapy in the last 8-12 weeks

38
Q

What is intrinsic factor?

A

Promotes vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestine

39
Q

What is the Jaffe reaction?

A

most common method for creatinine determinations

40
Q

What is kernicterus?

A

infiltration of the brain & spinal cord with unconjugated bili which causes permanent damage to CNS

41
Q

What is Beer’s Law?

A

concentration (C) of a substance is directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed by the solution or inversely proportional to the logarithm of transmitted light

42
Q

What is the hollow cathode lamp?

A

the light source in the atomic absorption spectrophotometry

43
Q

What is a pheochromocytoma?

A

tumors of the adrenal medullary chromaffin tissue

44
Q

What is VMA?

A

metabolite of epinephrine and norepinephrine

45
Q

What is 5-HIAA?

A

metabolite of serotonin

46
Q

What is the Berthelot reaction?

A

hydrolysis urea to ammonium carbonate by the enzyme urease

47
Q

What is the reagent used in prostatic acid phosphatase?

A

thymolphthalein monophosphate

48
Q

What is the reagent used in urobilinogen determinations?

A

p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde

49
Q

What are urinary 17-ketosteroids?

A

products from the breakdown of androgens

50
Q

What is the significance of duodenal fluid testing?

A

useful in the detection of chronic parcreatits, pancreatic insufficiencies, and cystic fibrosis

51
Q

What is the clinical significance of HDL cholesterol?

A

risk of artherosclerosis

52
Q

What is the clinical significance of AFP?

A

tumor marker used in the detection of cancers of the testes, ovaries, and liver

53
Q

What is the clinical significance of LD?

A

diagnosis of cardiac, hepatic, skeletal muscle, and renal disease

54
Q

What is the clinical significance of uric acid?

A

waste product derived from purines in the diet and the breakdown of nucleic acid

55
Q

What is the clinical significance of SGOT/AST?

A

elevated in MI, viral hepatitis, and skeletal muscle disease

56
Q

What is the clinical significance of amylase?

A

for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis

57
Q

What is the clinical significance of creatinine?

A

Disorders of kidney function prevent maximum excretion of creatinine and its levels increase in the blood

58
Q

What is the clinical significance of ALT?

A

diagnosis and evaluation of hepatocellular disease

59
Q

What is the clinical significance of anion gap?

A

body normally exists in a state of electroneutrality in which the sum of the cations equals the sum of the anions

60
Q

Patients with an increased catabolism of purines most likely have an increased serum concentration of what substance?

61
Q

The serum protein electrophoresis pattern in multiple myeloma shows what abnormality?

A

fibrinogen spike in the gamma region

62
Q

What are the normal values of LDL?

A

50-130 mg/dL

63
Q

What are the normal values of HDL?

A

40-75 mg/dL

64
Q

What are the normal values of cholesterol?

A

140-200 mg/dL

65
Q

What are the normal values of triglycerides?

A

60-150 mg/dL

66
Q

What substance in the intestines is required for the absorption of vitamin B12?

A

intrinsic factor

67
Q

List three enzymes whose clinical significance is related to the detection of a MI?

A

AST, CK, LD

Clinical Chemistry (5 decks)

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