Clinical Final

Question 1

What is the purpose of centrifugal force in centrifugal analyzers?

Answer 1

Mix sample and reagents, transfer reagents into separate analyzing chambers

Question 2

What do the etched ring on the top of a pipet mean?

Answer 2

pipet should be blown out

Question 3

What does TC on the top of a pipet mean?

Answer 3

to contain, to be blown out with diluting fluid

Question 4

Why is CO toxic?

Answer 4

has a high affinity with hemoglobin, 250x stronger than oxygen

Question 5

What are some precautions for bilirubin specimen handling?

Answer 5

protect from light, analyze no later than 2-3 hours after blood clotted

Question 6

What enzyme test cannot be preserved by freezing?

Answer 6

lactate dehydrogenase

Question 7

What is the cause of postprandial lipemia?

Answer 7

chylomicrons

Question 8

How does the electrophoresis pattern of plasma differ from that of serum?

Answer 8

fibrinogen spike in the gamma region

Question 9

What is the order of migration of proteins on electrophoresis at pH 8.6?

Answer 9

a1, a2, B, and gamma

Question 10

What is the principle enzyme in saliva?

Answer 10

amylase

Question 11

The immunoglobulins migrate with what protein on electrophoresis at pH 8.6?

Answer 11

albumin

Question 12

How do contraceptives affect total T4 and TBG in competitive binding assays?

Answer 12

affects the glycosylation of TBG and delays its clearance leading to an increased serum concentration of TBG and sits on T4 causing a decrease in free T4. This causes an increase in total T4, appearing as hyperthyroidism

Question 13

Creatinine is the breakdown product of what substance?

Answer 13

creatine

Question 14

With are some clinically significant metabolites of some hormones?

Answer 14

VMA, 5-HIAA, HVA, metanephrine, normetanephrine, estrone, estradiol-17B, estriol

Question 15

What tests are affected by hemolysis?

Answer 15

potassium

Question 16

What is the normal bicarbonate to dissolved CO2 ratio?

Answer 16

20:1

Question 17

What is the anticoagulant of choice for blood gas analysis?

Answer 17

sodium heparin

Question 18

How is serum globulin usually determined?

Answer 18

(total protein) - (albumin)

Question 19

What is the predominant form of thyroid hormone in the circulation?

Answer 19

T4

Question 20

How is a bloody CSF handled in the chemistry lab?

Answer 20

Centrifuged and ran as normal

Question 21

What is the unique value of enzymes as reagents?

Answer 21

act as natural catalytic substances

Question 22

What are the major intracellular and extracellular cations and anions?

Answer 22

Na, K, Cl

Question 23

What is the normal pH of blood?

Answer 23

7.4

Question 24

What does the PCO2 electrode actually measure?

Answer 24

transfer of hydrogen ions

Question 25

Describe transudate

Answer 25

clear, no clots, SG

Question 26

Describe exudate

Answer 26

cloudy, clots, SG >1.015, TP >30 g/L, cellular

Question 27

What protein is a contributing factor in edema formation?

Answer 27

albumin

Question 28

How is the blood glucose level affected in the serum is left sitting on the clot for several hours

Answer 28

metabolism of the RBCs can significantly reduce blood glucose level

Question 29

What is the most accurate pipet for measuring a 1 mL volume?

Answer 29

volumetric

Question 30

What typ elf fast does the patient undergo for lipid studies?

Answer 30

12 hour fast, normal diet for 2 weeks prior

Question 31

What is the principle of the Kjeldahl protein technique?

Answer 31

involves the conversion of protein nitrogen into ammonium ion using acid digestion

Question 32

What is the principle of iron binding capacity?

Answer 32

saturation of transferrin with excess iron then removal of unbound iron

Question 33

What is the principle of the Biuret method?

Answer 33

cupric ions react with peptide bonds to form a violet color the intensity of which is directly proportional to the number of peptide bonds present

Question 34

What is the principle of the nephlometry?

Answer 34

measuring concentration in terms of the light energy that is scattered in a forward direction by small particles in solution

Question 35

What is the principle of the fluorometry?

Answer 35

photometric measurement of the ability of a molecule to become excited and absorb light at one wavelength, but to emit light at another wavelength

Question 36

What is the principle of the oral GTT?

Answer 36

evaluates the insulin response to a glucose challenge

Question 37

What is glycosylated hemoglobin?

Answer 37

tests patients compliance with insulin therapy in the last 8-12 weeks

Question 38

What is intrinsic factor?

Answer 38

Promotes vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestine

Question 39

What is the Jaffe reaction?

Answer 39

most common method for creatinine determinations

Question 40

What is kernicterus?

Answer 40

infiltration of the brain & spinal cord with unconjugated bili which causes permanent damage to CNS

Question 41

What is Beer's Law?

Answer 41

concentration (C) of a substance is directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed by the solution or inversely proportional to the logarithm of transmitted light

Question 42

What is the hollow cathode lamp?

Answer 42

the light source in the atomic absorption spectrophotometry

Question 43

What is a pheochromocytoma?

Answer 43

tumors of the adrenal medullary chromaffin tissue

Question 44

What is VMA?

Answer 44

metabolite of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 45

What is 5-HIAA?

Answer 45

metabolite of serotonin

Question 46

What is the Berthelot reaction?

Answer 46

hydrolysis urea to ammonium carbonate by the enzyme urease

Question 47

What is the reagent used in prostatic acid phosphatase?

Answer 47

thymolphthalein monophosphate

Question 48

What is the reagent used in urobilinogen determinations?

Answer 48

p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde

Question 49

What are urinary 17-ketosteroids?

Answer 49

products from the breakdown of androgens

Question 50

What is the significance of duodenal fluid testing?

Answer 50

useful in the detection of chronic parcreatits, pancreatic insufficiencies, and cystic fibrosis

Question 51

What is the clinical significance of HDL cholesterol?

Answer 51

risk of artherosclerosis

Question 52

What is the clinical significance of AFP?

Answer 52

tumor marker used in the detection of cancers of the testes, ovaries, and liver

Question 53

What is the clinical significance of LD?

Answer 53

diagnosis of cardiac, hepatic, skeletal muscle, and renal disease

Question 54

What is the clinical significance of uric acid?

Answer 54

waste product derived from purines in the diet and the breakdown of nucleic acid

Question 55

What is the clinical significance of SGOT/AST?

Answer 55

elevated in MI, viral hepatitis, and skeletal muscle disease

Question 56

What is the clinical significance of amylase?

Answer 56

for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis

Question 57

What is the clinical significance of creatinine?

Answer 57

Disorders of kidney function prevent maximum excretion of creatinine and its levels increase in the blood

Question 58

What is the clinical significance of ALT?

Answer 58

diagnosis and evaluation of hepatocellular disease

Question 59

What is the clinical significance of anion gap?

Answer 59

body normally exists in a state of electroneutrality in which the sum of the cations equals the sum of the anions

Question 60

Patients with an increased catabolism of purines most likely have an increased serum concentration of what substance?

Answer 60

uric acid

Question 61

The serum protein electrophoresis pattern in multiple myeloma shows what abnormality?

Answer 61

fibrinogen spike in the gamma region

Question 62

What are the normal values of LDL?

Answer 62

50-130 mg/dL

Question 63

What are the normal values of HDL?

Answer 63

40-75 mg/dL

Question 64

What are the normal values of cholesterol?

Answer 64

140-200 mg/dL

Question 65

What are the normal values of triglycerides?

Answer 65

60-150 mg/dL

Question 66

What substance in the intestines is required for the absorption of vitamin B12?

Answer 66

intrinsic factor

Question 67

List three enzymes whose clinical significance is related to the detection of a MI?

Answer 67

AST, CK, LD