Exam23 Flashcards
Dead-weight loss does take place,
a. If a market operates in as a monopoly
b. If tax is imposed on producers in a market
c. If tax is imposed on consumers in a market
d. If a market operates at the competitive level
a, b or c
Producer’s surplus contains,
a. The gap between total revenue and total costs
b. The gap between total revenue and total variable costs
c. The total profit of the firm
d. The gap between total revenue and the total fixed costs
b
Three principles are followed in the Swedish healthcare system as follows,
a. Principles of gender equality, age-equality and geographic equality
b. Principles of human dignity, cost-effectiveness and women right
c. Principles of human dignity, need and solidarity and cost-effectiveness
d. Principles of poverty alleviation, health right and housing right
c
What is the reason that future costs and health outcomes should be discounted?
a. To account for the tendency to value future events lower than current events
b. To divide the costs into annual investments
c. To diminish the future costs and health outcomes
d. To make sure that cost and health outcomes are included in the analysis
a
Concentration index with a value of -0.4 while assessing the inequality in healthcare utilization, means
a. There is observed inequality only
b. There is observed equality
c. There is observed inequality favouring the poorer people in a society
d. There in observed inequality favouring the richer people in a society
c
The steps for understanding consumer theory are:
a. Budget constraints, income and consumer choices
b. Consumer preferences, consumer choices and satisfaction maximization
c. Consumer choices, price level and income
d. Consumer preferences, budget constraints and consumer choices
d
What is the major disadvantage of disease-specific outcome measures?
a. They do not sum to 1
b. They are not preference-based
c. They are impossible to compare with outcomes from other disease areas
d. They are not expressed as an index
c
Which of the following methods is NOT included in the four working steps of economic evaluations?
a. Adjust for differential timing
b. Identify
c. Report
d. Value
c
For maximising market basket following conditions must be satisfied
a. It is located on the budget-line, and it must give the consumer the most preferred
combination of goods and services
b. It is located on any point of the indifference curve and on the budget-line
c. It is located on isocost line and indifference curve
d. It is located on isoquant line and budget line
a
Profit is maximised for a firm,
a. Where marginal revenue and marginal cost are equal
b. Where total revenue equals the total costs
c. Where marginal revenue is larger than marginal costs
d. Where total revenue is great than total costs
a
Net monetary benefit (NMB) is a calculation that considers:
a. The ICER and budgetary impact
b. The ICER and patient benefits
c. The ICER and a cost-effectiveness threshold
d. Only costs of the comparison alternative
c
What is the reason that it is good practice in economic evaluations to adjust for baseline differences between groups when calculating incremental costs and health outcomes?
a. To consider discount rates
b. To consider that individuals are different over time
c. To consider that baseline costs and health might affect future costs and health
d. To consider that regression analysis might skew the costs and health outcomes
c
What is the difference between a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and a cost-benefit analysis (CBA)?
a. Costs in CBAs are not discounted while they are in CEAs
b. CBAs always have a life-time perspective while CEAs have a two year perspective
c. CBAs value all benefits in monetary terms while CEAs value patient benefits in non-monetary terms
d. In a CBA, costs are measured from a healthcare perspective while in a CEA, costs
are from a societal perspective
c
What does it mean that an intervention is “dominated” in cost-effectiveness terms?
a. The comparator is less costly and more efficient
b. The intervention is too costly
c. The intervention is not appropriate for the target group
d. The comparator is less costly and less efficient
a
What is the cost-effectiveness plane?
a. A picture that shows whether the intervention is cost-effective
b. A four-quadrant figure with the difference in costs and in patient benefits between
alternatives
c. A figure that depicts the results of sensitivity analyses
d. A box diagram with point estimate and 95% confidence intervals
b
