exam2

Question 1

What is cell signaling?

Answer 1

• When cells communicate:
• with their environment:
  Phagocytosis.
  Eat and get rid of waste
  Share Plasmids
  Etc.

Question 2

What are the types of cell communication?

Answer 2

1.) - When cells communicate:
- with their environment:
Phagocytosis.
Eat and get rid of waste
Share Plasmids
Etc.
———————————————
2.) With each other:
- Multicellular organisms
- Microbial communities
—————————————–

Question 3

Why study cell signaling?

Answer 3

*.) - Fundamental to living organisms:
- Essential to life, homeostasis
-Development
- Immunity
- Movement
-etc.
———————————————————
*.) Diseases occur when signaling is faulty:
- Cystic fibrosis
- paralysis
- cancer
- Diabetes
- Etc.
—————————————————————
*.) Drug development:
- 40% of all medicinal drugs block GPCR
Superfamily alone

Question 4

What are the general steps in cell signaling?

Answer 4

1. ) Signal reception
2. ) Singal processings
   * with amplification
3. ) Signal Response
4. ) Signal deactivation

Question 5

What is the driving force of cell signaling?

Answer 5

Conformation changes propagate signaling pathways.

Question 6

T/F cells can have different signals inside and outside the membrane?

Answer 6

T, depending on the area of the cell the signal is trying to reach will dictate the make of that signaler.
- sometimes they need to bind to a receptor and other times they can just enter.

Question 7

What dictates whether or not a signal needs to bind to a receptor or not?

Answer 7

• Polarity
• Small polar (maybe) hydrophobic molecules enter the cell without a receptor
• hydrophilic molecules bind to a receptor to enter.

Question 8

Parts of signaling pathway?

Answer 8

• initiates change of state of the pathway
• Turn on/off
• Can be lipids, proteins, small molecules, even gases
• Downstream mediators
• Often are proteins
• Change the shape or alter to propagate signals
• Second messengers
• small molecules
• Signal amplification
• Final response
• Often a transcription factor, metabolic protein, or cytoskeleton

Question 9

t/f: one molecule affects the next in cell signaling?

Answer 9

• True, like dominos

Question 10

How does each molecule affect the next?

Answer 10

• Conformation changes!!
• changes in shape make proteins more attractive to binding partners
• .. or open and close a gate to change location

Question 11

What do second messengers do?

Answer 11

Amplification

- They are small, and hundreds can be released at once.

Question 12

Describe the pathway in the virtual lab?

Answer 12

1. ) Signal binds to the receptor
2. ) Receptor activates G Protein
3. ) G protein recruits/activates adenylyl/cyclase protein
4. ) Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
5. ) cAMP activates PKA protein
6. ) PKA activates a second kinase protein
7. ) The kinase activates glycogen phosphorylase enzyme
8. ) glycogen phosphorylase helps us break down glycogen to release stored energy between meals

Question 13

t/f each signal can have multiple effects?

Answer 13

true

Question 14

Adrenaline is known as….?

Answer 14

epinephrine

Question 15

What are the effects of epinephrine?

Answer 15

• Sugar breakdown
• increased heart rate
• hypertension
• expanding blood pressure
• expanding the lungs
• enlarging the pupil in the eye
• redistributing blood to the muscle

Question 16

what are the cell signaling techniques?

Answer 16

• Blocking kinases with inhibitors
• Reporter assays:
• the dye used on bacteria in the lab
• Cell behavior assays
• example differences in cytoskeletal elements, shape, matrix,etc.
• Biochemistry
• look for a specific protein and study what happened

Question 17

Western blot analysis:

Answer 17

Separates proteins via size, and detects via antibodies

Question 18

Calcium assay:

Answer 18

The use of fluorescence to defect calcium ( secondary messenger) in the pathway

Question 19

Migration Assay:

Answer 19

Detects the gap and then how cells move to fill the gap.

- scratch is made via a micropipettes