exam2 Flashcards
what is the average depth of oceans?
12,000 FEET
4,000 METERS
What are continental margins?
shallow areas close to continents
What are ocean basins?
deep water areas far from land
What are mid ocean ridges?
underwater mountain ranges far from land
Mid Ocean Ridges are controlled by…
plate tectonics and rocks…
What are active continental margins?
Narrow, steep, rocky, pacific oceaan, west coast of N. America, convergent, transform plate boundary….
Next to continental shelf & steeeeeepy
What are passive continental margins?
Broad, flat, sandy, Atlantic ocean, divergent, no plate boundary, East coast of N. America
Next to continental shelf & broaaaad flat
Where would you find an active continental margin?
W coast N America
Where would you find a passive continental margin?
E coast N America
What type of plate boundary is @ w coast of N America where there is an active continental margin?
TRANSFORM AND CONVERGENT
What type of plate boundary is @ e Coast of N America where there is a passive continental margin?
DIVERGENT AND NO PLATE BOUNDARY!!!!!!!
How would you describe a continental shelf that is next to an active continental margin?
NARROW
how would you describe a continental shelf that is next to a passive continental margin?
WIDE
REVIEW PAGE 80
REVIEW PAGE 80
ocean with passive continental margin?
atlantic
occean with active continental margin?
pacific
what is a submarine canyon
under water canyon
what is submarine fan
pile of underwater sediments
rock type of continental crust
granite
thickness of continental crust
thick
density of continental crust
low
is continental crust land or ocean
land
rock type of oceanic crust
basalt
thickness of oceanic crust
thin
density of oceanic crust
high
oceanic crust is land or ocean?
ocean
pelagic sediment from surface waters =????
microscopic clay, AKA shells of plankton
what is at top, what is at bottom for sediments
YOUNG , TOP
OLD, BOTTOM
pelagic =
“of the sea” book says deep sea
microscopic organisms =
plankton
why do deep ocean trenches exist?
plate tectonics
in what plain is the titanic @
sohm abyssal plain 17000 ft deep
cross-sections of MOR in boook, comparing speed of the two MOR’s which is faster & why
EPR SPREADS FASTER than MAR, assuming because plate activity
4 things i need to know about fracture zones
a - faults moving in the same direction
b- @divergent plate boundaries
c- offset break the M.O.R.
d - EXIST because earth is a sphere
what is a seamount
comical peak ( volcano) seems to be underwater
what is a guyot
flat-top eroded flat by waves
sediment of the deep ocean…
pelagic
canyon near PV?
redondo beach canyon
rock of the ocean?
basalt
WEST COAST = ______ MARGIN?
ACTIVE!
what is the deepest part of the ocean?
TRENCH
animals at the black smokers are called?
TUBEWORMS
escarpment near palos verdes = ???
SAN PEDRO ESCARPMENT
what is edge of continent that is under water????
continental margin
what are hot seawater @ divergent vents
hydrothermal
rock of continent?
GRANITE
eAST coast = what type of margin?
PASSIVE
volcano beneath the waves???
seamount
% of earth’s surface = ____ curve
hydrographic
LARGEST AND FLATTEST PLAINS
ABYSSAL
divergent in atlantic
MAR
divergent in pacific
EPR
inACTIVE volcano ERODED ERODED by waves???
guyot
submarine fans are formed by….
turbidity currents!!!
study page 82
study page 82
what is the source of a terrigenous sediment?
land
what are some examples of terrigenous sediments?
sand, clay , mud
where do terrigenous sediments occur?
continental margins and abyssal plains
percentage of the ocean that is terrigenous
45 %
true of false lithogenous and terrigenous are the same
from what i was told, yah it is
what is the source of biogenous sediments
plankton
where do biogenous sediments occur
deep ocean + abyssal plains
what are some examples of biogenous sediments?
ooze
percentage of ocean that is biogenous
55 %
what is the source of authigenic sediments
dissolved elements
what is an example of authigenic sediments
manganese nodules AKA MG-Nodules
where do authigenic sediments occur
deep ocean, abyssal plain
percentage of the ocean that is authigenic
LESS THAN THAN 1
what is the source of cosmogenic sediments
space junk
what are some examples of cosmogenic sediments
glass, nodules
where do cosmogenic sediments occur
everywhere
percentage of ocean that is cosmogenic
Less than 1 percent
how much percentage of ocean floors is the shelf
9 % ocean floor
how much percentage of volume sediments is shelf
15 %
the average thickness of a shelf is….
2.5 km
percent of ocean floor that is slope and rise
12 percent
percent of total volume sediments for slope and rise…
72
average thickness of slope and rise is…
8.5km
percentage of ocean floor that is the deep ocean floor…
78
total volume of sediments in the deep ocean floor
13
average thickness of the deep ocean floor is…
0.6 km
submarine fans are formed by….
turbidity currents!
5 things about turbidity currents written in the book…
moved by gravity
mixture of water and sediment
underwater avalanche
triggered by earthquakes
move terrigenous sediments ( sand mud) to the deep ocean ( pelagic)
pelagic is mostly….
biogenous
can you see lithogenous sediments to the deep sea?
ya
soooo pelagic ocean is mostly biogenous and you can still see lithogenous to the deep sea, true or false?
true…
RADIOLARIANS LOVE WHAT
COLD WATTAAAH
radolarians can only existin what kindof water???
cold water
radiolarians by the equator , YAH OR NAH
YAH1
what are the two types of ooze categorized under biogenous sediments??
calcareous ooze ( CACA)
&&&
siliceous ooze ( Siciliy)
What are the two type of microscopic organisms that form calcareous ooze?
foraminfera&&&
coccolithophones aka e.hux
what are the two types of microscopic organisms that form siliceous ooze?
radiolarians &&&
diatoms
CALCAREOUS OOZE EXAMPLE?
calcium carbonate = Ca Co3 (LOCK UP DAT CO2 )
Siliceous ooze example?
silica, amorphous glass
t or f siliceous fragile glass
true
4 things to know about authigenic ( hydrogenous ) sediments - Mn nodules
1 - precipitate directly from sea water
2 - dissolved elements
3 - Mn(manganese), Ni (nickel) , Co (cobalt), Fe,(iron) Zn (zinc), Mo (molybdenum)
4 - industrial uses = air craft
name the 6 resources provided by marine sediments
1 - petroleum
2- gas hydrates
3 - sand & gravel = construction
4 - evaporative salts = halite
5 - phosphate minerals = fertilizer
6 - Mn - Nodules
flat area next to coast
shelf
sediments in the deep sea
pelagic
sediments that grow in place
authigenic
sediments from biology
biogenous
diatom ooze type
siliceous
formed by turbidity currents
submarine fan
diatom ooze water temperature
cold
formed by turbidity currents
submarine fans
radiolarian ooze - location
equator
sediments from the land
terrigenous
driving force of turbidity currents
gravity
sediments of the land
neritic
forams - ooze type
calcareous
dissolved below ccd
foraminifera
underwater avalanche - currents
turbidity
how much co2 above ccd
LESS
how much co2 below ccd
MORE
ccd depth at equator =?
deep
review page 100 pink book
review page 100
t or f , h2o is a strong solvent
true
atomic # =
of electrons OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR # of protons
atomic WT =
of protons AND AND AND AND # of neutrons
nucleus =
protons ( pos charge) and neutrons ( no charge/ neutral charge )
what about electrons
electrons have a negative charge and orbit the nucleus
Water = H20 = Molecule = __________
atoms held together by chemical bonds
what shares or transfers electrons between atoms
chemical bonds
name the 3 types of chemical bonds
covalent, ionic, hydrogen
what is a covalent bond
share electrons, strongest bond, hold water MOLECULE together
what is ionic bond
transfer electron, Na Cl ( sodium chloride) - nalite (salt)
what is a hydrogen bond
weakest , hold h2o moleculeSSSSSS together
remember hydroGen and covalent
HYDROGEN MULTIPLE MOLECULES
COVALENT SINGLE WATER MOLECULE
WHAT KIND OF BONDS HOLD CL AND NA TOGETHER
IONIC
TYPE OF BOND THAT HOLDS MUTIPLE BONDS OF NA AND O TOGETHER
HYDROGEN BOND
the most important physical property of ocean is how it interacts with….
HEAT
name 3 characteristics of oceans
1 - prevent large temperature changes from day - night, summer - winter
2 - allow heat to flow from EQUATOR - POLES
3 - provide energy for hurricanes, waves, currents
name 4 heat sou8rces that influence oceans
1 - Sun
2 - Radioactive elements inside the earth
3 - volcanic activity
4 - human activity
what is heat
energy of random vibration of atoms or molecules. Heat measures # of molecules vibrating, how fast.
TRUE OR FALSE, cold water molecules vibe higher than hot water molecules
false homie
Ocean water = ????
water heat capacity = high = small temp. change
land =
heat capacity = low = Large Temp Change
what is heat
energy of random vibration of atoms or molecules. Heat measures # of molecules vibrating, how fast.
TRUE OR FALSE HOT WATER MOLECULES ARE SLOWER THAN COLD WATER MOLECULES
FALSSSe
what is temperature
objects response to input/ output of heat
according to the celsius scale, what is the freezing point of PURE water
0 degrees celsius
according to the celsius scale what is the boiling point of PURE WATER
100 degrees celsius
SO IMPORtant, what is heat capacity???
measure of heat required to raise temp of 1 gram (0.035 ounces) of a substance by 1 degree celsiuss aka 1.8 degree farenheit
what is a calorie
amt of heat required to raise temperature of 1 gram of h20 by 1 degree celsisus
what is a nutritional calorie
1k calories, aka kilocalorie
latent =
hidden
latent heat of evaporation occurs at ???
540 cal/gm @ 100 degrees celsius
no temperature change in water until…
all water changes state
energy =
latent heat of evaporation ( used as work to make hurricanes)
what is the average salinity of water?
35 parts per thousand AKA 3.5 %
what is latent heat of fusion
@ 80 calories/ gm ( 0 degrees celsius )
amount of heat energy that must be removed per gram of pure water to form ice no temperature change, just heat energy change
true or false removing 1 calorie of heat from water does not cause temperature change @ 0 degrees celisus, and must use 80 calories per gram
true
saltier water =
lower freezing temperature
finish the second part of the phrase
dissolved solids ( salts) lower_______
freezing point (anti freeze)
by weight what is the average composition of seawater
- 5 percent water
3. 5 percent (avg) dissolved substances
review page 106 latent heat cycle
review page 106 latent heat cycle
From Ice to Water, how much heat capacity is needed
80 calories/ gm for both in the absorbing and freezing process
From water to gad how much heat capacity is needed
540 cal/gm for both evaporation and condensation
540 cal/gm is referred to as
latent heat of evaporation
80 cal/gm is referred to as
latent heat of fusion
true or false 3.5% = 35 parts per thousand
true
what makes up the % total of 96.5 in weight of water
oxygen (85.8 %)
hydrogren (10.7 %)
total is 96.5 %
what makes up the % total of 3.5 weight of salts in water
labeled as most abundant ions in the book
Chloe kardashian Sold Soul Magazines Calculated Poootasos BYEEEE CABRON!!!!!!
Chloride (1.9)
Sodium (1.1)
Sulfate (0.3)
Magnesium ( 0.1 )
Calcium ( 0.04 )
Potassium ( 0.04 )
Bicarbonate (0.04)
listed under the the label , major components of seawater at 35 parts per thousand salinity
RECALL ALL MINOR ELEMENTS (PPM) !!!!!
They all got minor elements aka MINOR PEEPEES
Bros Strong Bored Silly Flowing
minor elements (ppm) =
Bromine (Br)
Strontium(Sr)
Boron (B)
Silicon (Si)
Fluorine (F)
trace elements listed under major components of seawater
RECALL TRACE ELEMENTS (PPB) !!!!!!!!!
Lithium (Li) Iodine ( I) Phosphorous (P) Zinc (Zn) Iron (Fe) Aluminum (Al) Magnesium (Mg) Lead (Pb ) gold (Au) Mercurcy (Hg)
ions (salts) in seawater interact with each other & what else to modify physical properties of water
interact with each other and water molecules
IONS are AKA ______
Salts!!
physical properties of water are also known as
colligative properties
t or f , salts in seawater interact with each other & water molecules to modify colligative properties of pure water
duhhhhh true
colligative properties = physical properties of pure water
does pure water even have colligative properties??
NAHAAAA
higher concentration of salts in water =
increased effect of colligative properties
true or false less heat is necessary to raise temperature of seawater by 1 degree celisius in compared to pure water
truuuu
as salinity increases, freezing temperature of water decreases. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
do salts act as an anti-freeze????
YAAA
SOOOO does that mean colder temperatures to freeze pure wataaaah instead of sea wataaaaaah
TRUEEEE
fresh water evaporates more slowly than sea water, true or falseee?
NAAAAH sea water faster
what is sticky feeeling on skin after swimming
lingering sea water
explain osmotic pressure
pressure exerted on biological membrane when salinity
osmotic pressure increases with?
increasing salinity
what is osmotic pressure important for
water movement in & out of cells
what brings ions and salts to oceans via rivers??
weathering & erosion
are rivers ( continental crust rocks) the only source of salts in the oceans
nope they are not
if rivers were the only source of salts then they would = the amt of salts in the oceans, agree?
YES I AGREE BITCH
other salts and elements are called what
excess volatiles
what are the source of excess volatiles
earth’s interior
earth’s interior =
outgassing at Mid ocean ridges
Excess volatiles =
CO2
Cl -
S 2 -
H+
Fl -
N2
H20 vaporrrr
where does Na + come from? IMPORTANT!!!
weathering of continental crustal rocks
Where does Cl - come from ?? IMPORTANT
mantle by outgrassing at vents at mid ocean ridges
if outgassing of mid-ocean ridges & transport by rivers to oceans continue - should oceans become saltier with time???
nopeeee , proportions & amounts of dissolved salts per unit volume are nearly CONSTANT
What goes into ocean must come out some where else, what does this equal?
steady- state ocean
ion addition rate is equiavalent to what?
ion removal rate
who quantified concept of residence time with the ion addition rate = ion removal rate
when did he do it
Barth 1952
residence time =
average length of time element or ion spends in the ocean
What is residence time
average length of time element or ion spends in the ocean
what does residence time of an element or ion depend on what?
its chemical activity
examples of long residence time
Cl
Na
100 million years
examples of short residence time
Al
Fe
O
CO2
E. Hux
200 - 600 yrs
Residence time =
Amount of element in ocean/rate @ which is added to (removed from) ocean
input of rivers and outgassing is = to what
is = to output of sediments for each element / ion
what is the residence time of seawater molecules
3,500 years
finish the phrase
% of salts in seawater is same,
regardless of how salty water is
constant ratio =
forchhammer’s principles of principle of constant proportions
can you determine salinity by evaporating seawater & weighing what is left behind due to complex behavior of ions, WHY or WHY not?
You cannot since some ions become a gas.
How is salinity determined?
By determining the chlorinity of a sample
Chlorinity =
total weight of chlorine , bromine, iodine ionsin seawater
long residence times of most ions assure what?
thorough mixing
this is what makes the principle of constant proportions work
conservative constitutents =
constintuents of seawater that occur in constant proportion of change slowly through time….. LONGGG RESIDENCE TIME
most abundant dissolved constituents in seawater are what??
conservative constituents
Examples of gases that are conservative constituents
Ar, Kr,
ALSO N2
Explain the principle of constatnt proportions:
by georg forchhammer,
he observered that although total amount of dissolved solids ( salinity ) varies in seawater samples; RATIO of major salts in samples is constant
what is the formula to determine salinity?
salinity (parts per thousand ) = 1.80655 x chlorinity ( parts per thousand )
what is an example of a calculation to determine salinity?
Chlorinity = 19.2 parts per thousand = Salinity 34.7 parts per thousand
what do plants and animals in surface ocean waters need to survive
gases
where do gases come from
atmosphere
do gases come from breakdown water
no
where are gases mor readily dissolved
cold water
cold soda has more fizz due to ???
c02 gas dissolved in soda
warm soda is flat
- no dissolved co2
nitrogen in seawater
48 percent sea water
will not dissolve
organisms use nitrogen compounds for biological activity
oxygen in seawater
36 percent seawater
very small amt in ocean, more in atmosphere
COMES FROM PHOTOSYNTHETIC PLANTS
important for biological activities
what does photosynthesis require?
sun, so most oxygen available @ surface
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in seawater
mostly dissolved in oceans because co2 very soluble in water
combines with water to form weak carbonic acid known as (h2CO3)… this is why it can hold 1000x more CO2 than n2 & o2 @ saturation
in sea water, co2 is used by ???
marine plants
co2 becomes locked in ???
shells of animals
more c02 moves from atmosphere to….
oceans & VICE VERSA
then deposited as sediment
is there a large sink of c02 in bottom of ocean
fuk yaa
surface of oceans REVIEW
pLANts, Sunlight, Photosynthesis
THIS MEANS HIGH O2, LESS CO2
deep ocean REVIEW
Dark, no photosynthesis, no plants
THIS MEANS HIGH CO2, LESS O2
animals take in??? and take out what
Take in 02, out CO2
what is the ph of pure water?
7.0
what is the ph of pure water?
7.0
what is the ph of acid
what is the symbol associated with it?
H+ < 7.0
H+ LESS THAN 7.0
what is the ph of acid
what is the symbol associated with it?
H+ < 7.0
H+ LESS THAN 7.0
what is the ph of a base
what is the symbol associated with it?
Alkaline (OH- ) > 7.0
OH- GREATER THAN 7.0
high ph means
BASICCCCCC BITCH, more OH-
to remember, “ HIGH OH- MG YOU IS BASIC”
low ph means
ACID more H+
to remember, “low key she toxic, H+ NAAAAAHHHH”
seawater is overall….
slightly alkaline
what is the average ph of seawater
7.8
ph of pure water?
7.0
depth of cold waters makes co2 more acidic, true or false?
true
what odes the deep ocean water below ccd do?
dissolves calcareous ooze
what odes the deep ocean water below ccd do?
dissolves calcareous ooze
what does the behavior of carbon dioxide in the sea water do?
buffer the water, prevents large changes in the pH of seawater when acids or bases are added
what happens when acid is added to seawater and the ph of ocean water is lowered
it becomes more acidic
the reaction moves upward and raises the ph by removing hydrogren ions
what happens when alkaline is added to sea water
ph of water increases
reaction moves downward lowering the ph by releasing the hydrogen ions
what is the density of pure water
1.000 gm/cc
what is the density of granite
2.7 gm/cc
what is the density of basalt
3.0 gm/cc
what is the density of ocean IMPORTANT
1.020 - 1.030 gm/cc
substance denser with….
decreasing temperature
cold air sinks &
warm air rises
warm air rises &
cold air sinks
does water ever freeze solid
nope
what happens to pure water with decreasing temperature
denser
what is more dense, ice or water
ice is
what is the density of the whole earth
5.5 gm/cc
density of air =
0.0012 gm/cc
what is the density of water controlled by?
temperature and salinity
sea water is about how much percent denser than freshwater
2 - 3 %
density of seawater increases with….
decreasing temp, this increases salinity and increases pressure
3 factors that affect salinity
change amt of dissolved solids, change amt of h20 molecules
increasing salinity decreases freezing point of seawater
seawater @ 35 parts per thousand freezes @ -1.91 degrees celsisus
how does salinity of the ocean change due to evaporation of seawater?
increases
how does salinity of the ocean change due to rainfall
decreases
how does salinity of the ocean change due to freezing of seawater to form ice
increases
how does salinity of the ocean change due to melting of sea-ice in the ocean
decrease
how does salinity of the ocean change due to melting of glacial ice (greenland)
decrease
how does salinity of the ocean change due to rivers adding water to the ocean
decrease
how does salinity of the ocean change due to climate change - global warming
increase
freezoing point of seawater at 35 parts per thousand?
-1.91 degrees celsius (28.6 degrees farenheit)
boiling point of seawater?
same temperature as pure water, but more slowly!!!!!!!
left over cool salty water is very dense and …
sinks toward bottom
what is thermocline
change in temperature
what is halocline
change in salinity
what is pyncocline
change in density
changes in density in the ocean are controlled by changes in….
salinity and temperature
thermocline is high in beginning and
low @ end
salinity is low beginning and
high end
density starts low
ends high
halocline =
rapid salinity increase with depth.
what usually has same depth
halocline and thermocline
review surface zone (mixed layer)
upper layer.
constant temp & salinity because of wind and waves
low density & warm water
surface zone = -2% of ocean volume.
surface zone to 1k meters deep
Pycnocline (stronggg slope)
density increases with depth
separates surface water from deep water
18% volume of oceans
rapid drop in temperature with depth =
thermocline: controls drop in density
review deep zone
below 1k m. @ mid latittudes
little change in density with depth
very cold, stable water
layers =
distinct water masses
distinct water masses =
characteristic temperature salinity , density
according to density, what does layering do
traps dense cold water in deep
separated from warm surface waters by pycnocline
Thermoclines vary according to…
latitude
tropical & temperate waters have..
warm surface layer underlain by thermocline
polar waters have no thermocline because….
surface waters arent warmed by sun
water below thermocline =
very cold, -1 degrees celsius to 3 degrees celsius
what is photic zone:
zone of light, plants = photosynthesis
what is aphotic zone
zone of darkness ,no plants, no photosynthesis
why does clear ocean water appear blue?
blue light travels far enough through water to be scattered back to surface to our eyes.
why cant we see red underwater
red light absorbed
what happens to light as it gets deeper
light becomes dimmer and bluer with depth because red, yellow, orange wave lengths absorbed
is sound faster in the air or in the ocean?
sound is faster in the ocean
is sound fast in the air?
sound is slow in air compared to ocean
is light faster in the air or ocean?
air
is light slow in the air or ocean?
slower in the ocean
what is the salinity of sea water
0.000
what is the salinity of seawater
35 parts per thousand
what is the density of pure water
1.000 grams per cc
what is the density of sea water
1.020 - 1.030 grams per cc
what is the ph of pure water
7.0
what is the ph of sea water
7.8
what is the freezing point of pure water
0 degrees celsius
what is the freezing point of sea water
- 1.91 degrees celsius, or 286 degrees farenheit
what is the boiling point of pure water
100 degrees celcisus, 212 degrees farenheit
what is the boiling point of seawater
100 degrees celsius or 212 degrees farenheit jussst more slowly
true or false???
the water molecule is polarized because it has a plus end and a minus end caused by the angular distribution of the oxygen atoms around the central hydrogen atom
FALSEEE
when water molecules dissolve a salt crystal, the negative hydrogens surround the chlorin ion
false
sodium and chlorine have a long residence time in the ocean of about 100 thousand years
false
mixing time in the oceans is about a thousand years
turew
if an acid is added to sea water, the reaction moves upward to remove hydrogen ions becoming more basic
true
average pH of seawater is…. 7.0???
False
sound travels much faster in the ocean in comparison to the air???? t or f
TRUW
amount of heat required to raise 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celsisus =
HEAT CAPACITY
energy =
heat
540 cal/gm is the value for what?
heat capacity @ 100 degrees celsius , known as the latent heat of evaportaion
t or f the latent heat of evaporation is the heat energy required to change liquid water to a gas, involving the breaking of hydrogen bonds
true
t or f the latent heat of fusion is the heat energy that must be added to liquid water to form ice
true
the value for the latent heat of melting of water at the freezing point is 80 cal/ gm
truuuu
t or f, the latent heat of fusion of water is greater than that of the latent heat of evaporation because we are only rearranging the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules
falseee
t or f , the density of water decreases when it changes from ice to liquied
truew
t or f, the heat capacity of water is very high at 100 degrees celsius , this is why it boils so quickly
true
seawater at 35% has a higher freezing temperature in comparison to pure water
true
t or f rivers bring sodium into the oceans and chlorine is supplied by rainwater
FALSE
WHERE DOES CHLORINE COME FROM
MANTLE BY OUTGASSING AT VENTS AT MOR
charge on oxygen -=
negative charge
charge on chlorine =
negative charge
charge on sodium =
positive charge
charge on hydrogen =
positive charge
what does it mean that the water molecule is dipolar
water molecule has equal and opposite electrical charges
name one property of ionic bonds
form crystals, are brittle, hard, have high melting and boiling points, conduct electricity, BUT ONly when dissolved in water
source of chlorine in the waters is
vents
water is the best….
solvent
protons or #electrons =
atomic number
change in salinity =
halocline
excess h+ ion
acid
zone of light
photic
540 cal gram =
heat capacity
color of light absorbed by h- bonds
red
change in density
pynocline
most abundant element in seawater
oxygen
change in temperature
thermocline
water molecule = + end , - end
polarized
35 parts per thousand =
salinity
most important heat source =
sun
bonds that share electrons
covalent
HCO3-
bicarbonate
bonds that transfer electrons
ionic
source of sodium in sea water
wathering and erosion of rocks
pH > 7
Basic
