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exam2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the average depth of oceans?

A

12,000 FEET

4,000 METERS

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2
Q

What are continental margins?

A

shallow areas close to continents

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3
Q

What are ocean basins?

A

deep water areas far from land

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4
Q

What are mid ocean ridges?

A

underwater mountain ranges far from land

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5
Q

Mid Ocean Ridges are controlled by…

A

plate tectonics and rocks…

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6
Q

What are active continental margins?

A

Narrow, steep, rocky, pacific oceaan, west coast of N. America, convergent, transform plate boundary….

Next to continental shelf & steeeeeepy

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7
Q

What are passive continental margins?

A

Broad, flat, sandy, Atlantic ocean, divergent, no plate boundary, East coast of N. America

Next to continental shelf & broaaaad flat

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8
Q

Where would you find an active continental margin?

A

W coast N America

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9
Q

Where would you find a passive continental margin?

A

E coast N America

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10
Q

What type of plate boundary is @ w coast of N America where there is an active continental margin?

A

TRANSFORM AND CONVERGENT

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11
Q

What type of plate boundary is @ e Coast of N America where there is a passive continental margin?

A

DIVERGENT AND NO PLATE BOUNDARY!!!!!!!

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12
Q

How would you describe a continental shelf that is next to an active continental margin?

A

NARROW

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13
Q

how would you describe a continental shelf that is next to a passive continental margin?

A

WIDE

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14
Q

REVIEW PAGE 80

A

REVIEW PAGE 80

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15
Q

ocean with passive continental margin?

A

atlantic

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16
Q

occean with active continental margin?

A

pacific

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17
Q

what is a submarine canyon

A

under water canyon

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18
Q

what is submarine fan

A

pile of underwater sediments

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19
Q

rock type of continental crust

A

granite

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20
Q

thickness of continental crust

A

thick

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21
Q

density of continental crust

A

low

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22
Q

is continental crust land or ocean

A

land

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23
Q

rock type of oceanic crust

A

basalt

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24
Q

thickness of oceanic crust

A

thin

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25
Q

density of oceanic crust

A

high

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26
Q

oceanic crust is land or ocean?

A

ocean

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27
Q

pelagic sediment from surface waters =????

A

microscopic clay, AKA shells of plankton

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28
Q

what is at top, what is at bottom for sediments

A

YOUNG , TOP

OLD, BOTTOM

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29
Q

pelagic =

A

“of the sea” book says deep sea

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30
Q

microscopic organisms =

A

plankton

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31
Q

why do deep ocean trenches exist?

A

plate tectonics

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32
Q

in what plain is the titanic @

A

sohm abyssal plain 17000 ft deep

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33
Q

cross-sections of MOR in boook, comparing speed of the two MOR’s which is faster & why

A

EPR SPREADS FASTER than MAR, assuming because plate activity

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34
Q

4 things i need to know about fracture zones

A

a - faults moving in the same direction

b- @divergent plate boundaries

c- offset break the M.O.R.

d - EXIST because earth is a sphere

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35
Q

what is a seamount

A

comical peak ( volcano) seems to be underwater

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36
Q

what is a guyot

A

flat-top eroded flat by waves

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37
Q

sediment of the deep ocean…

A

pelagic

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38
Q

canyon near PV?

A

redondo beach canyon

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39
Q

rock of the ocean?

A

basalt

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40
Q

WEST COAST = ______ MARGIN?

A

ACTIVE!

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41
Q

what is the deepest part of the ocean?

A

TRENCH

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42
Q

animals at the black smokers are called?

A

TUBEWORMS

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43
Q

escarpment near palos verdes = ???

A

SAN PEDRO ESCARPMENT

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44
Q

what is edge of continent that is under water????

A

continental margin

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45
Q

what are hot seawater @ divergent vents

A

hydrothermal

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46
Q

rock of continent?

A

GRANITE

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47
Q

eAST coast = what type of margin?

A

PASSIVE

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48
Q

volcano beneath the waves???

A

seamount

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49
Q

% of earth’s surface = ____ curve

A

hydrographic

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50
Q

LARGEST AND FLATTEST PLAINS

A

ABYSSAL

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51
Q

divergent in atlantic

A

MAR

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52
Q

divergent in pacific

A

EPR

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53
Q

inACTIVE volcano ERODED ERODED by waves???

A

guyot

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54
Q

submarine fans are formed by….

A

turbidity currents!!!

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55
Q

study page 82

A

study page 82

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56
Q

what is the source of a terrigenous sediment?

A

land

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57
Q

what are some examples of terrigenous sediments?

A

sand, clay , mud

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58
Q

where do terrigenous sediments occur?

A

continental margins and abyssal plains

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59
Q

percentage of the ocean that is terrigenous

A

45 %

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60
Q

true of false lithogenous and terrigenous are the same

A

from what i was told, yah it is

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61
Q

what is the source of biogenous sediments

A

plankton

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62
Q

where do biogenous sediments occur

A

deep ocean + abyssal plains

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63
Q

what are some examples of biogenous sediments?

A

ooze

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64
Q

percentage of ocean that is biogenous

A

55 %

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65
Q

what is the source of authigenic sediments

A

dissolved elements

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66
Q

what is an example of authigenic sediments

A

manganese nodules AKA MG-Nodules

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67
Q

where do authigenic sediments occur

A

deep ocean, abyssal plain

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68
Q

percentage of the ocean that is authigenic

A

LESS THAN THAN 1

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69
Q

what is the source of cosmogenic sediments

A

space junk

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70
Q

what are some examples of cosmogenic sediments

A

glass, nodules

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71
Q

where do cosmogenic sediments occur

A

everywhere

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72
Q

percentage of ocean that is cosmogenic

A

Less than 1 percent

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73
Q

how much percentage of ocean floors is the shelf

A

9 % ocean floor

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74
Q

how much percentage of volume sediments is shelf

A

15 %

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75
Q

the average thickness of a shelf is….

A

2.5 km

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76
Q

percent of ocean floor that is slope and rise

A

12 percent

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77
Q

percent of total volume sediments for slope and rise…

A

72

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78
Q

average thickness of slope and rise is…

A

8.5km

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79
Q

percentage of ocean floor that is the deep ocean floor…

A

78

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80
Q

total volume of sediments in the deep ocean floor

A

13

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81
Q

average thickness of the deep ocean floor is…

A

0.6 km

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82
Q

submarine fans are formed by….

A

turbidity currents!

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83
Q

5 things about turbidity currents written in the book…

A

moved by gravity

mixture of water and sediment

underwater avalanche

triggered by earthquakes

move terrigenous sediments ( sand mud) to the deep ocean ( pelagic)

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84
Q

pelagic is mostly….

A

biogenous

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85
Q

can you see lithogenous sediments to the deep sea?

A

ya

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86
Q

soooo pelagic ocean is mostly biogenous and you can still see lithogenous to the deep sea, true or false?

A

true…

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87
Q

RADIOLARIANS LOVE WHAT

A

COLD WATTAAAH

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88
Q

radolarians can only existin what kindof water???

A

cold water

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89
Q

radiolarians by the equator , YAH OR NAH

A

YAH1

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90
Q

what are the two types of ooze categorized under biogenous sediments??

A

calcareous ooze ( CACA)

&&&

siliceous ooze ( Siciliy)

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91
Q

What are the two type of microscopic organisms that form calcareous ooze?

A

foraminfera&&&

coccolithophones aka e.hux

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92
Q

what are the two types of microscopic organisms that form siliceous ooze?

A

radiolarians &&&

diatoms

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93
Q

CALCAREOUS OOZE EXAMPLE?

A

calcium carbonate = Ca Co3 (LOCK UP DAT CO2 )

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94
Q

Siliceous ooze example?

A

silica, amorphous glass

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95
Q

t or f siliceous fragile glass

A

true

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96
Q

4 things to know about authigenic ( hydrogenous ) sediments - Mn nodules

A

1 - precipitate directly from sea water

2 - dissolved elements

3 - Mn(manganese), Ni (nickel) , Co (cobalt), Fe,(iron) Zn (zinc), Mo (molybdenum)

4 - industrial uses = air craft

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97
Q

name the 6 resources provided by marine sediments

A

1 - petroleum

2- gas hydrates

3 - sand & gravel = construction

4 - evaporative salts = halite

5 - phosphate minerals = fertilizer

6 - Mn - Nodules

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98
Q

flat area next to coast

A

shelf

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99
Q

sediments in the deep sea

A

pelagic

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100
Q

sediments that grow in place

A

authigenic

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101
Q

sediments from biology

A

biogenous

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102
Q

diatom ooze type

A

siliceous

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103
Q

formed by turbidity currents

A

submarine fan

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104
Q

diatom ooze water temperature

A

cold

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105
Q

formed by turbidity currents

A

submarine fans

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106
Q

radiolarian ooze - location

A

equator

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107
Q

sediments from the land

A

terrigenous

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108
Q

driving force of turbidity currents

A

gravity

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109
Q

sediments of the land

A

neritic

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110
Q

forams - ooze type

A

calcareous

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111
Q

dissolved below ccd

A

foraminifera

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112
Q

underwater avalanche - currents

A

turbidity

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113
Q

how much co2 above ccd

A

LESS

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114
Q

how much co2 below ccd

A

MORE

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115
Q

ccd depth at equator =?

A

deep

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116
Q

review page 100 pink book

A

review page 100

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117
Q

t or f , h2o is a strong solvent

A

true

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118
Q

atomic # =

A

of electrons OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR # of protons

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119
Q

atomic WT =

A

of protons AND AND AND AND # of neutrons

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120
Q

nucleus =

A

protons ( pos charge) and neutrons ( no charge/ neutral charge )

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121
Q

what about electrons

A

electrons have a negative charge and orbit the nucleus

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122
Q

Water = H20 = Molecule = __________

A

atoms held together by chemical bonds

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123
Q

what shares or transfers electrons between atoms

A

chemical bonds

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124
Q

name the 3 types of chemical bonds

A

covalent, ionic, hydrogen

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125
Q

what is a covalent bond

A

share electrons, strongest bond, hold water MOLECULE together

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126
Q

what is ionic bond

A

transfer electron, Na Cl ( sodium chloride) - nalite (salt)

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127
Q

what is a hydrogen bond

A

weakest , hold h2o moleculeSSSSSS together

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128
Q

remember hydroGen and covalent

A

HYDROGEN MULTIPLE MOLECULES

COVALENT SINGLE WATER MOLECULE

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129
Q

WHAT KIND OF BONDS HOLD CL AND NA TOGETHER

A

IONIC

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130
Q

TYPE OF BOND THAT HOLDS MUTIPLE BONDS OF NA AND O TOGETHER

A

HYDROGEN BOND

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131
Q

the most important physical property of ocean is how it interacts with….

A

HEAT

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132
Q

name 3 characteristics of oceans

A

1 - prevent large temperature changes from day - night, summer - winter

2 - allow heat to flow from EQUATOR - POLES

3 - provide energy for hurricanes, waves, currents

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133
Q

name 4 heat sou8rces that influence oceans

A

1 - Sun
2 - Radioactive elements inside the earth
3 - volcanic activity
4 - human activity

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134
Q

what is heat

A

energy of random vibration of atoms or molecules. Heat measures # of molecules vibrating, how fast.

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135
Q

TRUE OR FALSE, cold water molecules vibe higher than hot water molecules

A

false homie

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136
Q

Ocean water = ????

A

water heat capacity = high = small temp. change

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137
Q

land =

A

heat capacity = low = Large Temp Change

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138
Q

what is heat

A

energy of random vibration of atoms or molecules. Heat measures # of molecules vibrating, how fast.

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139
Q

TRUE OR FALSE HOT WATER MOLECULES ARE SLOWER THAN COLD WATER MOLECULES

A

FALSSSe

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140
Q

what is temperature

A

objects response to input/ output of heat

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141
Q

according to the celsius scale, what is the freezing point of PURE water

A

0 degrees celsius

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142
Q

according to the celsius scale what is the boiling point of PURE WATER

A

100 degrees celsius

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143
Q

SO IMPORtant, what is heat capacity???

A

measure of heat required to raise temp of 1 gram (0.035 ounces) of a substance by 1 degree celsiuss aka 1.8 degree farenheit

144
Q

what is a calorie

A

amt of heat required to raise temperature of 1 gram of h20 by 1 degree celsisus

145
Q

what is a nutritional calorie

A

1k calories, aka kilocalorie

146
Q

latent =

A

hidden

147
Q

latent heat of evaporation occurs at ???

A

540 cal/gm @ 100 degrees celsius

148
Q

no temperature change in water until…

A

all water changes state

149
Q

energy =

A

latent heat of evaporation ( used as work to make hurricanes)

150
Q

what is the average salinity of water?

A

35 parts per thousand AKA 3.5 %

151
Q

what is latent heat of fusion

A

@ 80 calories/ gm ( 0 degrees celsius )

amount of heat energy that must be removed per gram of pure water to form ice no temperature change, just heat energy change

152
Q

true or false removing 1 calorie of heat from water does not cause temperature change @ 0 degrees celisus, and must use 80 calories per gram

A

true

153
Q

saltier water =

A

lower freezing temperature

154
Q

finish the second part of the phrase

dissolved solids ( salts) lower_______

A

freezing point (anti freeze)

155
Q

by weight what is the average composition of seawater

A
  1. 5 percent water

3. 5 percent (avg) dissolved substances

156
Q

review page 106 latent heat cycle

A

review page 106 latent heat cycle

157
Q

From Ice to Water, how much heat capacity is needed

A

80 calories/ gm for both in the absorbing and freezing process

158
Q

From water to gad how much heat capacity is needed

A

540 cal/gm for both evaporation and condensation

159
Q

540 cal/gm is referred to as

A

latent heat of evaporation

160
Q

80 cal/gm is referred to as

A

latent heat of fusion

161
Q

true or false 3.5% = 35 parts per thousand

A

true

162
Q

what makes up the % total of 96.5 in weight of water

A

oxygen (85.8 %)
hydrogren (10.7 %)

total is 96.5 %

163
Q

what makes up the % total of 3.5 weight of salts in water

labeled as most abundant ions in the book

Chloe kardashian
Sold
Soul
Magazines
Calculated
Poootasos
BYEEEE CABRON!!!!!!
A

Chloride (1.9)

Sodium (1.1)

Sulfate (0.3)

Magnesium ( 0.1 )

Calcium ( 0.04 )

Potassium ( 0.04 )

Bicarbonate (0.04)

164
Q

listed under the the label , major components of seawater at 35 parts per thousand salinity

RECALL ALL MINOR ELEMENTS (PPM) !!!!!

They all got minor elements aka MINOR PEEPEES

Bros
Strong
Bored
Silly
Flowing
A

minor elements (ppm) =

Bromine (Br)

Strontium(Sr)

Boron (B)

Silicon (Si)

Fluorine (F)

165
Q

trace elements listed under major components of seawater

RECALL TRACE ELEMENTS (PPB) !!!!!!!!!

A 
Lithium (Li)
Iodine ( I)
Phosphorous (P)
Zinc (Zn)
Iron (Fe)
Aluminum (Al)
Magnesium (Mg)
Lead (Pb )
gold (Au)
Mercurcy (Hg)
166
Q

ions (salts) in seawater interact with each other & what else to modify physical properties of water

A

interact with each other and water molecules

167
Q

IONS are AKA ______

A

Salts!!

168
Q

physical properties of water are also known as

A

colligative properties

169
Q

t or f , salts in seawater interact with each other & water molecules to modify colligative properties of pure water

A

duhhhhh true

colligative properties = physical properties of pure water

170
Q

does pure water even have colligative properties??

A

NAHAAAA

171
Q

higher concentration of salts in water =

A

increased effect of colligative properties

172
Q

true or false less heat is necessary to raise temperature of seawater by 1 degree celisius in compared to pure water

A

truuuu

173
Q

as salinity increases, freezing temperature of water decreases. TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

174
Q

do salts act as an anti-freeze????

A

YAAA

175
Q

SOOOO does that mean colder temperatures to freeze pure wataaaah instead of sea wataaaaaah

A

TRUEEEE

176
Q

fresh water evaporates more slowly than sea water, true or falseee?

A

NAAAAH sea water faster

177
Q

what is sticky feeeling on skin after swimming

A

lingering sea water

178
Q

explain osmotic pressure

A

pressure exerted on biological membrane when salinity

179
Q

osmotic pressure increases with?

A

increasing salinity

180
Q

what is osmotic pressure important for

A

water movement in & out of cells

181
Q

what brings ions and salts to oceans via rivers??

A

weathering & erosion

182
Q

are rivers ( continental crust rocks) the only source of salts in the oceans

A

nope they are not

183
Q

if rivers were the only source of salts then they would = the amt of salts in the oceans, agree?

A

YES I AGREE BITCH

184
Q

other salts and elements are called what

A

excess volatiles

185
Q

what are the source of excess volatiles

A

earth’s interior

186
Q

earth’s interior =

A

outgassing at Mid ocean ridges

187
Q

Excess volatiles =

A

CO2

Cl -

S 2 -

H+

Fl -

N2

H20 vaporrrr

188
Q

where does Na + come from? IMPORTANT!!!

A

weathering of continental crustal rocks

189
Q

Where does Cl - come from ?? IMPORTANT

A

mantle by outgrassing at vents at mid ocean ridges

190
Q

if outgassing of mid-ocean ridges & transport by rivers to oceans continue - should oceans become saltier with time???

A

nopeeee , proportions & amounts of dissolved salts per unit volume are nearly CONSTANT

191
Q

What goes into ocean must come out some where else, what does this equal?

A

steady- state ocean

192
Q

ion addition rate is equiavalent to what?

A

ion removal rate

193
Q

who quantified concept of residence time with the ion addition rate = ion removal rate

when did he do it

A

Barth 1952

194
Q

residence time =

A

average length of time element or ion spends in the ocean

195
Q

What is residence time

A

average length of time element or ion spends in the ocean

196
Q

what does residence time of an element or ion depend on what?

A

its chemical activity

197
Q

examples of long residence time

A

Cl

Na

100 million years

198
Q

examples of short residence time

A

Al

Fe

O

CO2

E. Hux

200 - 600 yrs

199
Q

Residence time =

A

Amount of element in ocean/rate @ which is added to (removed from) ocean

200
Q

input of rivers and outgassing is = to what

A

is = to output of sediments for each element / ion

201
Q

what is the residence time of seawater molecules

A

3,500 years

202
Q

finish the phrase

% of salts in seawater is same,

A

regardless of how salty water is

203
Q

constant ratio =

A

forchhammer’s principles of principle of constant proportions

204
Q

can you determine salinity by evaporating seawater & weighing what is left behind due to complex behavior of ions, WHY or WHY not?

A

You cannot since some ions become a gas.

205
Q

How is salinity determined?

A

By determining the chlorinity of a sample

206
Q

Chlorinity =

A

total weight of chlorine , bromine, iodine ionsin seawater

207
Q

long residence times of most ions assure what?

A

thorough mixing

this is what makes the principle of constant proportions work

208
Q

conservative constitutents =

A

constintuents of seawater that occur in constant proportion of change slowly through time….. LONGGG RESIDENCE TIME

209
Q

most abundant dissolved constituents in seawater are what??

A

conservative constituents

210
Q

Examples of gases that are conservative constituents

A

Ar, Kr,

ALSO N2

211
Q

Explain the principle of constatnt proportions:

A

by georg forchhammer,

he observered that although total amount of dissolved solids ( salinity ) varies in seawater samples; RATIO of major salts in samples is constant

212
Q

what is the formula to determine salinity?

A

salinity (parts per thousand ) = 1.80655 x chlorinity ( parts per thousand )

213
Q

what is an example of a calculation to determine salinity?

A

Chlorinity = 19.2 parts per thousand = Salinity 34.7 parts per thousand

214
Q

what do plants and animals in surface ocean waters need to survive

A

gases

215
Q

where do gases come from

A

atmosphere

216
Q

do gases come from breakdown water

A

no

217
Q

where are gases mor readily dissolved

A

cold water

218
Q

cold soda has more fizz due to ???

A

c02 gas dissolved in soda

219
Q

warm soda is flat

A
  • no dissolved co2
220
Q

nitrogen in seawater

A

48 percent sea water
will not dissolve
organisms use nitrogen compounds for biological activity

221
Q

oxygen in seawater

A

36 percent seawater
very small amt in ocean, more in atmosphere

COMES FROM PHOTOSYNTHETIC PLANTS

important for biological activities

222
Q

what does photosynthesis require?

A

sun, so most oxygen available @ surface

223
Q

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in seawater

A

mostly dissolved in oceans because co2 very soluble in water

combines with water to form weak carbonic acid known as (h2CO3)… this is why it can hold 1000x more CO2 than n2 & o2 @ saturation

224
Q

in sea water, co2 is used by ???

A

marine plants

225
Q

co2 becomes locked in ???

A

shells of animals

226
Q

more c02 moves from atmosphere to….

A

oceans & VICE VERSA

then deposited as sediment

227
Q

is there a large sink of c02 in bottom of ocean

A

fuk yaa

228
Q

surface of oceans REVIEW

A

pLANts, Sunlight, Photosynthesis

THIS MEANS HIGH O2, LESS CO2

229
Q

deep ocean REVIEW

A

Dark, no photosynthesis, no plants

THIS MEANS HIGH CO2, LESS O2

230
Q

animals take in??? and take out what

A

Take in 02, out CO2

231
Q

what is the ph of pure water?

A

7.0

232
Q

what is the ph of pure water?

A

7.0

233
Q

what is the ph of acid

what is the symbol associated with it?

A

H+ < 7.0

H+ LESS THAN 7.0

234
Q

what is the ph of acid

what is the symbol associated with it?

A

H+ < 7.0

H+ LESS THAN 7.0

235
Q

what is the ph of a base

what is the symbol associated with it?

A

Alkaline (OH- ) > 7.0

OH- GREATER THAN 7.0

236
Q

high ph means

A

BASICCCCCC BITCH, more OH-

to remember, “ HIGH OH- MG YOU IS BASIC”

237
Q

low ph means

A

ACID more H+

to remember, “low key she toxic, H+ NAAAAAHHHH”

238
Q

seawater is overall….

A

slightly alkaline

239
Q

what is the average ph of seawater

A

7.8

240
Q

ph of pure water?

A

7.0

241
Q

depth of cold waters makes co2 more acidic, true or false?

A

true

242
Q

what odes the deep ocean water below ccd do?

A

dissolves calcareous ooze

243
Q

what odes the deep ocean water below ccd do?

A

dissolves calcareous ooze

244
Q

what does the behavior of carbon dioxide in the sea water do?

A

buffer the water, prevents large changes in the pH of seawater when acids or bases are added

245
Q

what happens when acid is added to seawater and the ph of ocean water is lowered

A

it becomes more acidic

the reaction moves upward and raises the ph by removing hydrogren ions

246
Q

what happens when alkaline is added to sea water

A

ph of water increases

reaction moves downward lowering the ph by releasing the hydrogen ions

247
Q

what is the density of pure water

A

1.000 gm/cc

248
Q

what is the density of granite

A

2.7 gm/cc

249
Q

what is the density of basalt

A

3.0 gm/cc

250
Q

what is the density of ocean IMPORTANT

A

1.020 - 1.030 gm/cc

251
Q

substance denser with….

A

decreasing temperature

252
Q

cold air sinks &

A

warm air rises

253
Q

warm air rises &

A

cold air sinks

254
Q

does water ever freeze solid

A

nope

255
Q

what happens to pure water with decreasing temperature

A

denser

256
Q

what is more dense, ice or water

A

ice is

257
Q

what is the density of the whole earth

A

5.5 gm/cc

258
Q

density of air =

A

0.0012 gm/cc

259
Q

what is the density of water controlled by?

A

temperature and salinity

260
Q

sea water is about how much percent denser than freshwater

A

2 - 3 %

261
Q

density of seawater increases with….

A

decreasing temp, this increases salinity and increases pressure

262
Q

3 factors that affect salinity

A

change amt of dissolved solids, change amt of h20 molecules

increasing salinity decreases freezing point of seawater

seawater @ 35 parts per thousand freezes @ -1.91 degrees celsisus

263
Q

how does salinity of the ocean change due to evaporation of seawater?

A

increases

264
Q

how does salinity of the ocean change due to rainfall

A

decreases

265
Q

how does salinity of the ocean change due to freezing of seawater to form ice

A

increases

266
Q

how does salinity of the ocean change due to melting of sea-ice in the ocean

A

decrease

267
Q

how does salinity of the ocean change due to melting of glacial ice (greenland)

A

decrease

268
Q

how does salinity of the ocean change due to rivers adding water to the ocean

A

decrease

269
Q

how does salinity of the ocean change due to climate change - global warming

A

increase

270
Q

freezoing point of seawater at 35 parts per thousand?

A

-1.91 degrees celsius (28.6 degrees farenheit)

271
Q

boiling point of seawater?

A

same temperature as pure water, but more slowly!!!!!!!

272
Q

left over cool salty water is very dense and …

A

sinks toward bottom

273
Q

what is thermocline

A

change in temperature

274
Q

what is halocline

A

change in salinity

275
Q

what is pyncocline

A

change in density

276
Q

changes in density in the ocean are controlled by changes in….

A

salinity and temperature

277
Q

thermocline is high in beginning and

A

low @ end

278
Q

salinity is low beginning and

A

high end

279
Q

density starts low

A

ends high

280
Q

halocline =

A

rapid salinity increase with depth.

281
Q

what usually has same depth

A

halocline and thermocline

282
Q

review surface zone (mixed layer)

A

upper layer.

constant temp & salinity because of wind and waves

low density & warm water

surface zone = -2% of ocean volume.

surface zone to 1k meters deep

283
Q

Pycnocline (stronggg slope)

A

density increases with depth

separates surface water from deep water

18% volume of oceans

284
Q

rapid drop in temperature with depth =

A

thermocline: controls drop in density

285
Q

review deep zone

A

below 1k m. @ mid latittudes

little change in density with depth

very cold, stable water

286
Q

layers =

A

distinct water masses

287
Q

distinct water masses =

A

characteristic temperature salinity , density

288
Q

according to density, what does layering do

A

traps dense cold water in deep

separated from warm surface waters by pycnocline

289
Q

Thermoclines vary according to…

A

latitude

290
Q

tropical & temperate waters have..

A

warm surface layer underlain by thermocline

291
Q

polar waters have no thermocline because….

A

surface waters arent warmed by sun

292
Q

water below thermocline =

A

very cold, -1 degrees celsius to 3 degrees celsius

293
Q

what is photic zone:

A

zone of light, plants = photosynthesis

294
Q

what is aphotic zone

A

zone of darkness ,no plants, no photosynthesis

295
Q

why does clear ocean water appear blue?

A

blue light travels far enough through water to be scattered back to surface to our eyes.

296
Q

why cant we see red underwater

A

red light absorbed

297
Q

what happens to light as it gets deeper

A

light becomes dimmer and bluer with depth because red, yellow, orange wave lengths absorbed

298
Q

is sound faster in the air or in the ocean?

A

sound is faster in the ocean

299
Q

is sound fast in the air?

A

sound is slow in air compared to ocean

300
Q

is light faster in the air or ocean?

A

air

301
Q

is light slow in the air or ocean?

A

slower in the ocean

302
Q

what is the salinity of sea water

A

0.000

303
Q

what is the salinity of seawater

A

35 parts per thousand

304
Q

what is the density of pure water

A

1.000 grams per cc

305
Q

what is the density of sea water

A

1.020 - 1.030 grams per cc

306
Q

what is the ph of pure water

A

7.0

307
Q

what is the ph of sea water

A

7.8

308
Q

what is the freezing point of pure water

A

0 degrees celsius

309
Q

what is the freezing point of sea water

A
  • 1.91 degrees celsius, or 286 degrees farenheit
310
Q

what is the boiling point of pure water

A

100 degrees celcisus, 212 degrees farenheit

311
Q

what is the boiling point of seawater

A

100 degrees celsius or 212 degrees farenheit jussst more slowly

312
Q

true or false???

the water molecule is polarized because it has a plus end and a minus end caused by the angular distribution of the oxygen atoms around the central hydrogen atom

A

FALSEEE

313
Q

when water molecules dissolve a salt crystal, the negative hydrogens surround the chlorin ion

A

false

314
Q

sodium and chlorine have a long residence time in the ocean of about 100 thousand years

A

false

315
Q

mixing time in the oceans is about a thousand years

A

turew

316
Q

if an acid is added to sea water, the reaction moves upward to remove hydrogen ions becoming more basic

A

true

317
Q

average pH of seawater is…. 7.0???

A

False

318
Q

sound travels much faster in the ocean in comparison to the air???? t or f

A

TRUW

319
Q

amount of heat required to raise 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celsisus =

A

HEAT CAPACITY

320
Q

energy =

A

heat

321
Q

540 cal/gm is the value for what?

A

heat capacity @ 100 degrees celsius , known as the latent heat of evaportaion

322
Q

t or f the latent heat of evaporation is the heat energy required to change liquid water to a gas, involving the breaking of hydrogen bonds

A

true

323
Q

t or f the latent heat of fusion is the heat energy that must be added to liquid water to form ice

A

true

324
Q

the value for the latent heat of melting of water at the freezing point is 80 cal/ gm

A

truuuu

325
Q

t or f, the latent heat of fusion of water is greater than that of the latent heat of evaporation because we are only rearranging the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules

A

falseee

326
Q

t or f , the density of water decreases when it changes from ice to liquied

A

truew

327
Q

t or f, the heat capacity of water is very high at 100 degrees celsius , this is why it boils so quickly

A

true

328
Q

seawater at 35% has a higher freezing temperature in comparison to pure water

A

true

329
Q

t or f rivers bring sodium into the oceans and chlorine is supplied by rainwater

A

FALSE

330
Q

WHERE DOES CHLORINE COME FROM

A

MANTLE BY OUTGASSING AT VENTS AT MOR

331
Q

charge on oxygen -=

A

negative charge

332
Q

charge on chlorine =

A

negative charge

333
Q

charge on sodium =

A

positive charge

334
Q

charge on hydrogen =

A

positive charge

335
Q

what does it mean that the water molecule is dipolar

A

water molecule has equal and opposite electrical charges

336
Q

name one property of ionic bonds

A

form crystals, are brittle, hard, have high melting and boiling points, conduct electricity, BUT ONly when dissolved in water

337
Q

source of chlorine in the waters is

A

vents

338
Q

water is the best….

A

solvent

339
Q

protons or #electrons =

A

atomic number

340
Q

change in salinity =

A

halocline

341
Q

excess h+ ion

A

acid

342
Q

zone of light

A

photic

343
Q

540 cal gram =

A

heat capacity

344
Q

color of light absorbed by h- bonds

A

red

345
Q

change in density

A

pynocline

346
Q

most abundant element in seawater

A

oxygen

347
Q

change in temperature

A

thermocline

348
Q

water molecule = + end , - end

A

polarized

349
Q

35 parts per thousand =

A

salinity

350
Q

most important heat source =

A

sun

351
Q

bonds that share electrons

A

covalent

352
Q

HCO3-

A

bicarbonate

353
Q

bonds that transfer electrons

A

ionic

354
Q

source of sodium in sea water

A

wathering and erosion of rocks

355
Q

pH > 7

A

Basic

ocean (4 decks)

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