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Immunology > Exam2 > Flashcards

Exam2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do T Cells mature?

A

Thymus

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2
Q

What are the “antibody-like” receptors found on T Cell surface?

A

T Cell Receptor (TCR)

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3
Q

What MHC do killer T cells scan?

A

MHC 1 presented by all cells

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4
Q

MHC 2 are scanned by what cells?

A

Helper T cells

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5
Q

Helper T Cells secrete what 2 cytokines?

A

IL-2, INF-gamma

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6
Q

What are the three antigen presenting cells that helper t cells need for activation?

A

Dendritic cells, Macrophages, B Cells

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7
Q

What happens if the TCR recognizes the cognate antigen on MHC but isn’t co-stimulated?

A

The T-Cell is anergized (inactivated)

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8
Q

T/F: There are thousands of different TCR’s on a given mature T-Cell

A

False: all TCR on a given T Cell are identical

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9
Q

What are the two types of TCR?

A

alpha-beta (traditional and most common)

gamma-delta (non-traditional)

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10
Q

Where are T-cells with gamma-delta TCR most common?

A

Intestine, uterus, tongue

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11
Q

What is the co-stimulatory molecule found on the T-Cell?

A

CD28

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12
Q

What does the CD28 on a T-Cell bind to?

A

B7 molecule on APC

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13
Q

What is the group of proteins needed for signaling?

A

CD3 Proteins

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14
Q

T/F: CD8 is the co receptor found on killer T-cells

A

True

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15
Q

What is the function of cholesterol lipid rafts?

A

Contain large # of signaling molecules, making signaling process easier

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16
Q

T/F: Naïve T-cells have more lipid rafts

A

False: more experience=more rafts

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17
Q

How many dendritic cells does one helper t-cell scan per hour?

A

1000 dendritic cells

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18
Q

What does the CD40L and CD40 binding lead to?

A

Lengthens the life of the dendritic cell involved

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19
Q

How long does the complete activation of a helper T-cell take?

A

4-10 hours

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20
Q

What receptor is absent from naïve T-cell surface?

A

IL-2

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21
Q

What are the two jobs of T-helper cell?

A

1) Stay in blood/lymph to help B-Cells and Killer T Cells

2) Enter battle sites to help reactivate other cells there

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22
Q

What do T-helpers secrete as a form of help?

A

Cytokines

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23
Q

What are the three major types of T-helper cells?

A

Th1, Th2, Th17

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24
Q

TLR4 recognizes which 2 pathogens?

A

Gram-negative bacteria, viruses

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25
Q

TLR3 recognizes what?

A

double stranded RNA

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26
Q

Gram-positive bacteria are recognized by what toll-like-receptor?

A

TLR2

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27
Q

Th1 Helper T Cells are needed in what kind of attack?

A

Th1=viral or bacterial attack

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28
Q

T/F: Th2 Helper T Cells are needed in parasitic attacks

A

True: Th2=parasitic/food-borne bacteria

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29
Q

What are the classical cytokines put off by Th1?

A

TNF, INF-gamma, IL2

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30
Q

What cytokines are put off in a parasitic attack?

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

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31
Q

What is the goal of Th1 Cells?

A

Activate infected macrophages (INF-gamma) and NK cells (IL-2)

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32
Q

T/F: IL-5 causes B-cells to make IgG?

A

False: IL-5–> IgA

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33
Q

What does IL-13 stimulate?

A

mucus in the intestine to protect from food-born bacteria

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34
Q

T/F: IL-4 stimulates B-cells to make IgG?

A

False: IL-4 –> IgE

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35
Q

Th17 Helper T Cells are needed under what kind of attack?

A

Th17=Fungal attacks

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36
Q

What is dendritic cells response following Th17 Helper T Cell stimulation?

A

Dendritic Cells make TGF-beta and IL-6

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37
Q

What are the two interleukins associated with Th17 helper T cells stimulation?

A

IL-17 and IL-21

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38
Q

What are Th0 Helper T Cells?

A

Unbiased cells that move to the battle site where they’ll commit to one of the 3 major types (Th1, Th2, Th17)

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39
Q

What signals is needed for Th0 to commit to Th1? Th2? Th17?

A

IL-12–>Th1
IL-4–>Th2
IL-6 & TGF-beta–>Th17

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40
Q

T/F: CTL’s only need an activated dendritic cell to be activated

A

True

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41
Q

What interleukin put off by T-helper cells is needed for CTL proliferation?

A

IL-2

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42
Q

T/F: The Fas Ligand is found on the CTL and the Fas protein is found on the infected cell

A

True

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43
Q

What are the 2 enzymes CTL’s use to kill infected cells?

A

Perforin to poke holes in bad guy, and Granzyme B to initiate apoptosis

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44
Q

What disposes of the remnants leftover from apoptotic cells?

A

Macrophages

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45
Q

T/F: T Cells can only look at protein fragment antigens

A

True

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46
Q

What are the 2 primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone Marrow and Thymus

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47
Q

What are the 3 secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes, Spleen, Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

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48
Q

Specifically, where are follicular dendritic cells (FDC) found?

A

Primary Lymphoid Follicle of Secondary Lymphoid Organ

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49
Q

What is the purpose of follicular dendritic cells?

A

Catch and opsonize antigen for B Cells to see

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50
Q

T/F: FDC are exclusive to secondary lymphoid organs

A

False

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51
Q

T/F: FDC’s make clustering of B-Cell Receptors more likely

A

True

52
Q

What is a germinal center?

A

A mass of proliferating B Cells that create a darker zone and produce swelling in the lymph nodes

53
Q

In individuals deficient in T Cells, B Cells can only make which type of antibodies?

A

IgM

54
Q

In a lymph node, where are B Cells found? T Cells? Macrophages?

A

B Cells–>cortex
T Cells–>paracortex
Macrophages–>subcapsular sinus

55
Q

How may a lymphocyte enter a lymph node?

A

An arteriole or incoming lymph

56
Q

What is unique about high endothelial venules?

A

Columnar cells that offer room for the passage of cells in and out

57
Q

How long does it take the spleen to filter all the blood in your body?

A

30 min

58
Q

How may a lymphocyte enter the spleen?

A

Blood only, no lymph traffic

59
Q

Where do efferent lymphatic vessels from the spleen drain into?

A

pancreaticosplenic lymph nodes

60
Q

In the spleen, where are T Cells found? B Cells? Macrophages? Resident Dendritic Cells (RDC)?

A

T Cells=periarteriolar lymphocyte sheath (PALS)
B Cells=area between PALS and marginal sinuses
Macrophages and RDC=marginal sinuses

61
Q

What is the purpose of the red pulp in the spleen?

A

removes old RBC’s and recycles iron

62
Q

T/F: Macrophages mediate inflammatory response via release INF-gamma

A

False: macrophages release TNF

63
Q

What are M Cells?

A

“bouncers of Peyer’s Patches” encloses selective antigens in vesicles (view microbiota as self)

64
Q

What types of T helper cells are found in Peyer’s Patches?

A

Th2 cells that stimulate B Cells to make IgA

65
Q

What cytokines are put off by activated Thelper cells?

A

TNF, INF-gamma, IL-2

66
Q

What cytokines are put off by activated T reg cells?

A

IL-10, TGF-beta

67
Q

What is the function of T-regs TGF-beta cytokine?

A

reduce proliferation and reduce CTL killing

68
Q

T/F: IL-10 reduces proliferation and blocks co-stimulatory signals

A

True

69
Q

Under battle conditions, epithelial cells of the intestine produce ___, and dendritic cells produce ___.

A

Epith=TGF-beta

DC=IL-6

70
Q

What two cytokines are needed for Th0 to commit to being Th17?

A

TGF-beta, IL-6

71
Q

Regarding co-stimulation, virgin T-cells express ___ and experienced T-cells express __, both of which bind B7.

A

Virgin=CD28

Experienced=CTLA-4

72
Q

T/F: B7 more likely to bind CTLA-4

A

True: prevents experienced T cells from constantly being re-stimulated

73
Q

What is the result when CD28 binds with B7?

A

Amplifies signal and lowers # of TCR crosslinks needed for activation

74
Q

Which of the following lives the longest: Macrophages, Neutrophils, Dendritic Cells?

A

Macrophages

75
Q

T/F: Once T-cell is activated, this binding extends lifetime

A

False: once activated, longevity reduced

76
Q

What is AICD and who is most vulnerable to it?

A

Activation-Induced Cell Death, experienced T-cells Fas proteins more and more sensitive to ligation with continual reactivation

77
Q

What occurs when the Fas ligand on the NK cell/CTL binds with the Fas protein?

A

induces apoptosis

78
Q

What is the major Ab class found in the intestines?

A

IgA found in mucosa

79
Q

What is an inducible regulatory T cell (iTreg)?

A

CD4+ cell that produces cytokines that restrain immune system

80
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of iTreg?

A

Tr1 and Th3

81
Q

What are nTregs and where do they develop?

A

Develop in thymus, protect against T-cells that would recognizes self and lead to autoimmune dz

82
Q

T/F: When NK cells die off, INF-gamma levels decrease, allowing macrophages to go into resting state

A

True

83
Q

Which Ab has the longest lifespan?

A

IgG

84
Q

What is the name of the zinc-dependent hormone produced by the thymus?

A

Thymulin

85
Q

T/F: Central tolerance induction occurs in the thymus

A

True

86
Q

T/F: Cells enter thymus from blood via high endothelial venules (HEV)

A

False, no HEV present in thymus

87
Q

What do nude T-cells express in high amounts that protects it from apoptosis?

A

Bcl-2

88
Q

T/F: Double-positive (DP) cells in thymus have both CD4 and CD8 receptors, little Fas protein, and little Bcl-2.

A

False: DP cells have both CD4 and CD8, A LOT of Fas protein and little Bcl-2.

89
Q

What has very little Fas protein, and a lot of Bcl-2?

A

Nude T-cells

90
Q

What is the most common lymphocyte in the thymus?

A

Double Positive (DP) cells

91
Q

What 2 tests must DP cells pass to survive?

A

MHC Restriction

Tolerance to Self

92
Q

MHC Restriction is a ___ selection test, whereas Tolerance to Self is a ___ selection test.

A

positive (cells answer should be yes), negative (cells answer should be no)

93
Q

Where does the positive selection test occur?

A

MHC restriction occurs in the cortex of the thymus

94
Q

What is the MHC Restriction test?

A

Determining whether T-cells recognize self MHC molecules (they should, if not–>apoptosis)

95
Q

What types of MHC’s are presented in the cortical epithelial cells of the thymus?

A

Both MHC1 and MHC2

96
Q

When do DP cells commit to becoming either CD4 or CD8 cells?

A

After MHC Restriction test but before Tolerance for Self test

97
Q

Which 2 cells give the Tolerance for Self test?

A

Thymic Dendritic Cells and Medullary Thymus Epithelial Cells

98
Q

What is the thymic dendritic cells purpose?

A

Check whether single-positive T-cells recognize self peptides as foreign, if they do recognize–>apoptosis

99
Q

Why do thymic dendritic cells have such a short lifespan?

A

Constantly having an updated ‘self’ peptide so single-positive T-cells get up-to-date training

100
Q

What is the medullary thymic epithelial cell’s purpose?

A

Test single-positive T-cells for tissue-specific proteins to ensure they don’t recognize these proteins as foreign and cause autoimmune dz

101
Q

How do medullary thymic epithelial cells get these tissue-specific proteins?

A

Utilize autophagy to engulf and present these proteins on MHC2 molecule for Tolerance of Self testing

102
Q

What is the pass rate for both MHC Restriction and Tolerance for Self tests?

A

1/30, the rest are apoptized and eaten by macrophages

103
Q

How long does the testing process for DP cells take?

A

2 wks

104
Q

Positive selection results from a ___interaction between TCR and MHC whereas Negative selection results from a ___ interaction.

A

+=weak

-=strong

105
Q

What protection is offered if a T-cell that may bind with a rare self antigen gets thru the 2 tests?

A

Limited circulation thru secondary lymph organs limits likelihood of T-cell encountering rare self antigen.

106
Q

People who lack ___protein expressed on nTregs tend to die young of autoimmune dz.

A

Foxp3 protein

107
Q

What protection is provided if a naïve T cell strays into tissues where it could potentially bind to a rare self Ag?

A

Peripheral Tolerance; this naïve cell lacks co-stimulatory molecules–>it’s anergization (neutering)

108
Q

What is the final layer of protection if there’s a self-binding T-cell that escapes and starts going nuts in your tissues?

A

Activation-Induced Cell Death (AICD) if it keeps binding it becomes more sensitive to the Fas ligand-protein binding that would lead to cell death

109
Q

Where does B-Cell tolerance occur?

A

Bone marrow

110
Q

T/F: B Cells that recognize self are sentenced to apoptosis

A

False: have the chance to change via “receptor editing”

111
Q

What % of B-cells can “receptor edit”?

A

25%

112
Q

What is another term for “receptor editing”?

A

Somatic Hypermutation

113
Q

What is the source for testing B-Cells for Tolerance of Self?

A

Follicular Dendritic Cells (FDC)

114
Q

When a B-cell is activated what three types of cells are made?

A

Short-lived Plasma Cells, Long-lived Plasma Cells, Central Memory B Cells

115
Q

Where are both types of plasma cells made?

A

Lymphoid follicles of secondary lymphoid organs

116
Q

What are the 3 differences between short lived and long lived plasma cells?

A
  1. Short lived travels to bone marrow and spleen (LL only to bone marrow
  2. Short lived=Ab factories, LL only modest amts of Ab
  3. LL provide life-long Ab protection (SL die after a few days)
117
Q

T/F: Memory stem cells proliferate slowly and replace long-lived plasma cells that die from old age

A

True

118
Q

If we encounter the invader again, central memory cells do what?

A

proliferate and make more short-lived plasma B cells

119
Q

Upon activation, what 3 cells do T cells make?

A

Effector T Cells, Memory Effector T Cells, Central Memory T Cells

120
Q

Which T cell type travels to the battle sit to fight and dies a few days later?

A

Effector T Cells

121
Q

___travel to battle site and can stay there for years whereas ___ stay in the 2ndary lymphoid organs and bone marrow.

A

Memory Effector Tcells, Central Memory T Cells

122
Q

Which T Cell type goes dormant?

A

Memory Effector T Cells

123
Q

T/F: Only T helper cells can make memory cells

A

False T helpers and T killers can make memory cells via same process

124
Q

T/F: innate memory is static

A

True, it doesn’t update

125
Q

T/F: If 2 people encounter the same Ag, they will develop the same adaptive memory

A

False, no two humans have the exact same adaptive memory

Immunology (2 decks)

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