Exam1Lec2BiochemicanicalPropertiesofBloodVessels

Question 1

The blood vessel wall comproses of three main layers, what are they?

Answer 1

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia. Elastic membranes are found in their interfaces

Question 2

Thickness and composition of each layer vary according to what?

Answer 2

Vessel type (artery or vein) and diameter

Question 3

Large arteries have a ____ media layer and ____ amount of elastin.

Answer 3

thick, high

Question 4

Small arteries have a ____ amount of elastin and have ____ smooth muscle cells

Answer 4

lower, more

Question 5

Veins have a ____ media layer and a ____ amount of elastin.

Answer 5

thin, low

Question 6

Explain the pressure change in the left heart during the cardiac cycle

slide 5

Answer 6

explain

Question 7

What is diastolic blood pressure?

Answer 7

lowest arterial pressure measured during a cardiac cycle

Question 8

What is sytolic blood pressure?

Answer 8

highest arterial pressure during a cardiac cycle

Question 9

What is pulse blood pressure?

Answer 9

Difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressue (Ps-Pd)

if all factors are equal, the magnitude of PB reflects the volume of blood ejected form the LV in a single beat

Question 10

What is mean blood pressure? Also what is the equation?

Answer 10

Average pressure during a complete cardiac cycle. Pa=Pd +0.33 (Ps -Pd)

know eq

Question 11

What is mean blood pressure? Also what is the equation?

Answer 11

Average pressure during a complete cardiac cycle. Pa=Pd +0.33 (Ps -Pd)

know eq

Question 12

Mean Bp is ____ throughout aorta and large arteries

Answer 12

similar

Question 13

Mean BP ____ successively from aorta to vena cava

Answer 13

falls

Question 14

____ BP is pulsatile but pulsation ____ in smaller vessels

Answer 14

Aortic, decreases

Question 15

What is laminar flow?

Answer 15

Produces little vibration of arterial wall and no sounds

Question 16

What is turbulent flow?

Answer 16

When an artery is partially constricted, blood flow becomes turbulent causing the artery to vibrate and produce sounds.

Question 17

What are korotkoff sounds?

Answer 17

Tapping sounds associated with the turbulent flow

Question 18

The auscultation method to measure BP is based on ____.

Answer 18

korotkoff sounds

Question 19

The oscillometry
method to measure BP is based on ____.

Answer 19

arterial wall vibration

Question 20

In the oscillometry method, when does turbulent blood flow occur?

Answer 20

When cuff pressure is greater than the diastolic and less then systolic pressure.

Question 21

Using the auscultatory technique for measuring arterial blood pressure, how do you record systolic pressure?

Answer 21

You record the first sound you hear and this is where cuff pressure is equal to systolic pressure.

Question 22

Using the auscultatory technique for measuring arterial blood pressure, how do you record diastolic pressure?

Answer 22

You record the last sound you hear and this is where cuff pressure is equal to diastolic pressure.

Question 23

What is stroke volume?

Answer 23

Volume of blood pumped out from the left ventricle per beat.

Question 24

What is Cardiac output (CO)?

Answer 24

The volume of blood being pumped out by the heart by the left or right ventricle per unit time,

CO=SV x HR

Question 25

# effect of stroke volume on arterial blood pressure If stroke volume increases, what happens to Q Systolic BP PP Diastolic BP Mean BP

Answer 25

Q incr Systolic BP incr PP incr Diastolic BP incr Mean BP incr ## Footnote everything incr

Question 26

# effect of stroke volume on arterial blood pressure If stroke volume decreases what happens to Q Systolic BP PP Diastolic BP Mean BP

Answer 26

Q decr Systolic BP decr PP decr Diastolic BP decr Mean BP decr ## Footnote everything decr

Question 27

# effect of heart rate on arterial blood pressure If heart rate increases what happens to Systolic BP PP Diastolic BP Mean BP

Answer 27

Systolic BP incr PP remains the same (no change in sv) Diastolic BP incr Mean BP incr ## Footnote higher the hr, the higher the BP b/c there is less time for blood to flow from aorta to vascular tissues so they accumulate more blood in actual arteries

Question 28

# effect of heart rate on arterial blood pressure If heart rate decreases what happens to Systolic BP PP Diastolic BP Mean BP

Answer 28

Systolic BP decr PP remains the same (no change in sv) Diastolic BP decr Mean BP decr ## Footnote there is more time to get blood flow from aorta to periph tissues

Question 29

# effect of TPR on arterial blood pressure If TPR increases what happens to Systolic BP PP Diastolic BP Mean BP

Answer 29

Systolic BP incr PP remains the same Diastolic BP incr Mean BP incr ## Footnote more resistnace=heart works harder to move blood from aorta to peripheral arteries

Question 30

# effect of TPR on arterial blood pressure If TPR decreases what happens to Systolic BP PP Diastolic BP Mean BP

Answer 30

Systolic BP decr PP remains the same Diastolic BP decr Mean BP decr

Question 31

Resistance is determined by what 3 things?

Answer 31

viscosity, vessel length, vessel radius, ## Footnote length and viscosity are generally considered constant

Question 32

How does an incr of radius affect resistance?

Answer 32

REDUCES resistance. The change in diameter alters resistance to the 4th power of the change in diamter ## Footnote vessel resistance is very sensitive to diameter and blood flow

Question 33

Aorta and large arteries have the lowest cross-sectional area meaning they have the ____ radius ____ resistance ____ blood pressure

Answer 33

lowest radius highest resistance highest blood pressure

Question 34

From the arteries to arterioles, the cross sectional area (total radius) is gradually increased meaning that we see ____ radius ____ resistance ____ blood pressure

Answer 34

increased radius decreased resistance decreased BP ## Footnote lower resistance-=lower BP=lower velocity=higher bf volume

Question 35

# vascular radius change What is vascular tone?

Answer 35

Degree of constriction experienced by a blood vessel relative to its maximally dilated state. ## Footnote how constricted a vessel is based on extrinisic and intrinsic factors that constrict tissue

Question 36

Vasculaor tone is determined by what?

Answer 36

balance of competing vasoconstrictor and vasodilator influences (extrinsic and intrinsic factors)

Question 37

How do Extrinsic factors regulate arterial blood pressure?

Answer 37

They come from outside the tisse and they altering systemic vascular resistance ## Footnote ex: neural and humoral factors that cause vasoconstriction

Question 38

How do intrinsic factors regulate arterial blood pressure?

Answer 38

These come from inside tisssue and are important for local blood flow regulation within an organ ## Footnote ex: myogenic factors causing vasocontriction and tissue metabolites causing vasodilation

Question 39

What is vascular stenosis?

Answer 39

abnormal narrowing of an artery, partially obstucting flow ## Footnote lower vessel diameter, INCR VASCULAR RESISTANCE most comonly accuring in large distributing arteries such as coronary, iliac femoral, etc.

Question 40

The narrowing of an artery commonly results ffrom chronic disease processes such as?

Answer 40

Artherosclerosis

Question 41

Explain "critical stenoisis" and give an ex

Answer 41

critical narrowing of an artery that results in a significant reduction in maximal flow capacity in a distal vascular bed Ex: narrowing of iliac artery decr flow to piriformis muscle

Question 42

What is vessel compliance?

Answer 42

The ability of a vessel to distend and increase volume with increasing transmural pressure (inside minus outside pressure)

Question 43

What is the equation for arterial compliance ?

Answer 43

C=change in V/ change in P

Question 44

If you have a high change in pressure, but a low change in volume do you have a lower or higher compliace?

Answer 44

Lower compliance | use graph if need visual

Question 45

The volume that stretches the walls is called ____ and the rest is called ____.

Answer 45

stressed volume, unstressed volume

Question 46

Ca (arterial compliance) is highest when?

Answer 46

Within normal physiological pressure range. It responds very well to change in pressure. You can also tell based on this picture, the slope of this curve within this range is high.

Question 47

What is the equation for arterial elastance?

Answer 47

Ea=change in Pressure/ Change in volume ## Footnote P and V is flipped when comparing to eq for compliance

Question 48

When COMPARING Arteries to veins ARTERIES have Lower or higher elastnace? Lower or higher compliance?

Answer 48

Higher elastance Lower compliance ## Footnote ALSO HAS MORE SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS COMPARED TO VEINS

Question 49

When COMPARING Arteries to veins VEINS have Lower or higher elastnace? Lower or higher compliance?

Answer 49

Lower elastance Higher compliance ## Footnote less smooth muscled too, this is impt bc veins cna expand very quickly and easily which is good for blood storage.

Question 50

Explain the windkissel effect in simple terms

Answer 50

Blood flow from heart to elastic arteries. Elastic arterfies can expand and act as pressure reservoirs. This allows for continous blood flow

Question 51

Since the rate of blood entering the elastic arteries exceeds that leaving them to peripheral tissue, there is a net storage of blood in the arteries during ____ , which discharges during ____ to keep the blood flow continue.

Answer 51

systole, diastole

Question 52

# Elastic arteries Act as a Pressure Reservoir The aorta and large arteries act as a “pressure reservoir” (windkissel vessels), allowing what three things

Answer 52

1. Continous blood flow to peripheral vessels 2. Reduce workload on heart (b/c we recoil it pushes remainder of blood to capillaries) 3. Reduce blood pressure fluctation ## Footnote basically the abilioty to expand and recoil is needed to continue to push blood in body and regulate pressure

Question 53

Explain artherosclerosis in terms of what happens with the arteries

Answer 53

The arterteries are stiff so they cannot expand or contract very well (basically no diameter changes) so we higher blood pressure occuring. This happens to a lot of older ppl ## Footnote no dampening or windkiksself effect

Question 54

As we age we see ____ compliance ____ stiffening ____ systolic BP ____ pulse pressure

Answer 54

lower higher higher higher

Question 55

With arterial stiffness we see ____ collagen ____ elastin

Answer 55

higher lower ## Footnote remember that elastin is the most important for expansion ability side 25: The elastic tissue enables a blood vessel to expand and contract passively with changes in pressure.

Question 56

What are 4 physiologcal properties of veins

Answer 56

High compliance Low resistance Blood reservoir system ( has 60-70% of total blood volume) Venous valves have 1-way flow to heart

Question 57

What are 5 ways veins can return blood to the heart?

Answer 57

1. Pressure gradient 2. Skeletal muscle pump with venous valves 3. Respiratory pump 4. Regulated sympathetic vasocostriction 5. Carduac suction effect.

Question 58

Explain how veins can push the blood back to the heart with pressure gradient

Answer 58

LV/Aorta has a HIGH pressure of around 120 and the pressure gradient is pushing blood back towards the heart we see LOW pressure of 0 at the right atrium. | think passive diffusion

Question 59

Explain how veins can push the blood back to the heart with skeletal muscle pump (with venous valves)

Answer 59

This system is the major mechanism promoting venous return during normal locomotory activity limbs have ine way valve flow away from limb towards heart. Veins become compressed and relaxed as muscle compress and relax. See picture.

Question 60

Explain how veins can push the blood back to the heart with respiratory pump. WITH INHALATION we see diaphragm ____ Blood pressure in abdominal cavity ____ Blood moves ____ thoracic cavity ____ pressure in pleural cavity ____ Incr blood flow into ____

Answer 60

diaphragm **contracts** blood pressure in abdominal cavity **incr** blood moves **superiorly** thoracic cavity **expands** pressure in pleural cavity **decr** incr blood flow into thoracic **veins** ## Footnote pulls blood from smaller veins in abdominal cavity into IVC and R atrium

Question 61

Explain how veins can push the blood back to the heart with respiratory pump. WITH EXHALATION we see diaphragm ____ Blood pressure in abdominal cavity ____ thoracic cavity ____ pressure in pleural cavity ____ Incr bf into ____

Answer 61

diaphragm **expands** Blood pressure in abdominal cavity **decr ** thoracic cavity **incr** pressure in pleural cavity **incr** Incr bf into **heart (right atrium) and abdominal veins** ## Footnote pushes blood into R atrium

Question 62

Explain how veins can push the blood back to the heart with regulated sympathetic vasoconstruction

Answer 62

With increased sympathetic stimulation you get vasoconstriction, incr venous pressure, incr venous return, incr EDV (end diastolic volume; the amt of blood about to be pumped out) | fight or flight

Question 63

Explain how veins can push the blood back to the heart with the cardiac suction effect

Answer 63

pulling down on atria, incr total atrial volume (atrial cavity is bigger), lower atrial pressure driving blood into atria.