Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 228 > Exam1: Blood, and Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Exam1: Blood, and Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood made of?

A

Formed elements and plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are normal amounts for formed elements?

A

Erythrocytes 45%, Leukocytes 1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are normal amounts for unformed elements?

A

Plasma (nutrients, proteins, wastes, etc.) 45%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do all formed elements do?

A

Erythrocytes transport respiratory gases. Leukocytes protect the body against infectious diseases and foreign invaders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the shape of a RBC

A

Bioconcaved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How long do RBCs live?

A

90-120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the protein inside of erythrocytes?

A

Hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What specifically causes sickle- cell anemia?

A

An inherited disease that makes hemoglobin S (Hbs). HbS is when one amino acid is in the beta chain which causes an abnormal hemoglobin called HbS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is blood produced?

A

Blood is produced in the liver, spleen, red bone marrow, and bones of the axial skeleton.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What hormone stimulates the production of RBCs?

A

Erythropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What hormone stimulates the production of WBCs?

A

Chemical messengers such as interleukin or colony-stimulated factors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What hormone stimulates production of platelets?

A

Megakaryocytes produce platelets in the bone marrow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are RBCs broken down and destroyed?

A

RBCs are engulfed by machrophages. Hemoglobin is then split into heme and globin. Heme breaks into iron and bilirubin. Iron is salvaged and transfered into the liver to be used when necessary for erythropoiesis. Bilirubin is transfered to the liver by albimun. Bilirubin splits into urobilin, which is responsible for the color of urine, and sterocobilin, which causes the color of stools. Globin is broken down into amino acids and released into blood stream.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are different types of anemia?

A

Hemorrhagic, hemolytic, aplastic, iron-deficiency, perinicious, and sickle-cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What causes hemorrhagic anemia?

A

blood loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What causes hemolytic anemia?

A

RBC destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What causes aplastic anemia?

A

shut down of blood making process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What causes iron-deficiency anemia?

A

not enough iron in the diet or not enough iron absorption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What causes pernicious anemia?

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What causes sickle-cell anemia?

A

abnormal hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

abnormally high hematocrit level or excess RBCs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does polycythemia happen?

A

Polycythemia vera: bone marrow cancer, or Secondary polycythemia: living at high altitude, or overproduction of EPO.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the different types of WBCs?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are characteristics of neutrophils, and what do they do?

A

Neutrophils have sausage linked nuclei with small granules. They phagocytize bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are characteristics of eosinophils, and what do they do?

A

Eosinophils have red granules and attack parasitic worms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are characteristics of basophils, and what do they do?

A

Basophils have granules that contain histamine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are characteristics of monocytes, and what do they do?

A

Monocytes do not have granules, but they have a U shaped nucleus. They defend against viruses and infections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are characteristics of lymphocytes, and what do they do?

A

Lymphocytes do not have granules, but they are slightly bigger than RBCs and have a single nuclues. They have a T or B lymphocyte.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are homeostatic imbalances in WBCs?

A

Leukopenia, leukemia, and mononucleosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

It is an abnormally low count of WBCs caused by cancerous treatments such as chemo and radiation, illnesses such as lupus, influenza, malaria, and meds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is leukemia?

A

It is a chronic or acute cancerous condition caused by WBCs over-proliferating and remaining unspecialized.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is mononucleosis?

A

It is when the mononuclear leukocyte count rises significantly, caused by epstien-barr virus.

33
Q

What are the steps involved in blood clotting?

A

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.

34
Q

What happens during Vascular spasm?

A

Immediate vasoconstruction in response to an injury.

35
Q

What happens during Platelet Plug formation?

A

Platelets adhere to collagen fibers when endothelium is damaged and collagen is exposed.

36
Q

What happens during Coagulation?

A

Platelets in Platelet plug produce PF3, tissues secrete tissue factor, plasma contains CA and clotting factors, to form prothrombin activator. Prothrombin converts to thrombin. Thrombin catalyzes fibrinogen into fibrin mesh. Fibrin meshtraps erythrocytes to seal the blood vessel hole.

37
Q

What are blood clotting disorders?

A

Thromboembolic: undesirable clot formation. Bleeding: preventing normal blood clotting formation. Disseminated intravascular coagulation/DIC: clotting and bleeding problems at the same time.

38
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Superior to diaphragm, anterior to the vertebral column, 2/3 to the left of midsternal line.

39
Q

What is covering the heart?

A

Pericardium which is a double-walled sac. It has a parietal and visceral layer.

40
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall from superficial to deep?

A

Epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

41
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle.

42
Q

What separates the two ventricles?

A

Interventricular septum

43
Q

What vessels enter the right atrium?

A

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus.

44
Q

What vessels enter the left atrium?

A

Pulmonary veins

45
Q

What vessels leave the right ventricle?

A

Pulmonary trunk to the pulmonary arteries

46
Q

What vessels leave the left ventricle?

A

The arotic trunk turning the Aortic arch, Brachiocephalic artery, Common carotid artery, and Subclavian artery.

47
Q

What is the pathway of blood through an adult heart?

A

Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary vlave, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, arotic valv, aortic arch, to the body

48
Q

What is the pathway of blood through a fetus heart?

A

Right atrium, foramen ovale, left atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, ductus arteriosus, aorta.

49
Q

Where does blood flow from arteries?

A

Arteries send blood away from the heart. Systemic circulation.

50
Q

Where does blood flow from veins?

A

Veins send blood to the heart. Pulmonary circulation.

51
Q

What is the job of heart valves?

A

To prevent back flow of blood.

52
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves, and where are they located?

A

Tricuspid which is located between the right atrium and right ventricle. Biscuspid which is located between the left atrium and left ventricle.

53
Q

What are the semilunar valves and where are they located?

A

Pulmonary which is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk. Aortic valve whih is located between the left ventricle and the aoritc arch.

54
Q

When do the atrioventricular valves close?

A

When the ventricles contract causing blood to push against the AV valves

55
Q

When do the semilunar valves close?

A

When ventricles relax it causes the pressure to fall so blood flows back filling the cusps of the valves.

56
Q

What happens when blood is blocked in the coronary arteries?

A

Heart attack or myocardial infarction.

57
Q

How does blood nourish the myocardial?

A

Coronary arteries.

58
Q

What causes the heart to beat.

A

The SA node is the pacemaker. The impulse starts in a small bundle of specialized cells located in the right atrium, called the SA node. The electrical activity spreads through the walls of the atria and causes them to contract. This forces blood into the ventricles. The SA node sets the rate and rhythm of your heartbeat.

59
Q

What is the difference between cardiac muscles and skeletal muscle?

A

Cardiac has intercalated disks mitocondria and calcium delivery. Nerve supply from brain and autonomic nerve supply instead of central nervous system. Uninucleated instead of multi nucleated.

60
Q

What is the intrinsic conduction system of the heart.

A

Network of autorhythmic cells that initiate and distribute impulses to coordinate the depolarization and contraction of the heart.

61
Q

Where are the autorhythmic cells located?

A 
Sinoatrial (SA), or sinus, node
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (also sometimes called the bundle of His)
Right & left bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
62
Q

What is the natural rate of depolarization in the heart

A 
Intrinsic rates:
SA node 75bpm
AV node 50bpm
AV bundle 30bpm
Bundle branches 30bpm
63
Q

What are some extrinsic factors in heart rate?

A

Exercise increases the heart rate, BP, and temp. Extrinsic regulation is to modify the heart rate and maintain the stroke volume when the heart is weak.

64
Q

What are the events of the cardiac cycle?

A

Atrial contraction and ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation, atrial relaxation and ventricle filling, and ventricular balance.

65
Q

What is atrial contraction and ventricular filling?

A

Atrial contraction is initiated by the SA node stimulating cardiac muscle cells of the atrium wall to move the remainder of blood in the atrium to the ventricle. Ventricle filling is filling the ventricles to their maximum blood volume.

66
Q

What is isovolumetric contraction?

A

Ventricles begin to contract and AV vavles close.

67
Q

What is ventricular ejection?

A

Blood going from ventricles to arteries and semilunar valves forced shut,

68
Q

What is Stroke volume?

A

SV is the amount of blood pumped out during ventricular contraction.

69
Q

End-systolic volume?

A

Blood remaining in ventricle at end of systole or contraction.

70
Q

End-diastolic volume?

A

Blood remaining in ventricle at end of diastole or rest

71
Q

Signs and symptoms of heart failure?

A

fast heart beat, shortness of breath, fatigue, leg swelling, and stretching or thickening of myocardium.

72
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

an abnormaly rapid heart rate.

73
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

abnormally slow heart action

74
Q

What affects CO?

A

Age, gender, exercise, body temp., changes in stroke volume. SV= EDV-ESV

75
Q

What is preload and afterload?

A

Preload is venous return, contractility is positive and negative inotropic factors, and afterload is hypertension.

76
Q

What are different types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, veins, and capillaries.

77
Q

How are arteries, veins, and capillaries physically different?

A

Arteries and veins both have tunica intima, media, and externa, but only arteries have internal and external elastic lamina. Veins have a wider lumen. Arteris send blood away from the heart as veins send blood to the heart. Capillary beds only have a tunica intima which is one cell thick.

78
Q

What areas contain few or no capillaries?

A

tendons, ligaments, cartilage, lens and cornea of the eye, and epithelium.

79
Q

What are some types of capilaries?

A

Continuous: Abundant in skin and muscle. Also in the brain. Form tight junctions such as endothelial cels, and blood brain barrier.
Fenestrated: contain pores or fenestration. More permeable than continuous. Function to absorb or filtrate formation.
Sinusoidal: Large intercellular clefts, fewer tight junctions, adn large lumens. Allow large molecules to pass through the blood and surrounding tissue.

Biology 228 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions