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Bio 121 Ex > Exam1 > Flashcards

Exam1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which property emerges as the cellular level?

A

Life

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2
Q

In the three domains theory for the classification of life, what does it mean that Archaea and Eukarya share a closer node than either does with bacteria?

A

Eukaryotes and Arcadia are proposed to be more closely related to each other than to bacteria

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3
Q

Give a example of a

  • Fact
  • Hypothesis
  • Theory
  • Prediction
A

Fact- College students take exams
Hyp- College students take exams because professors want to ruin their lives
Theory- College students take exams so their professors can assess their mastery of the subject
Pred- College students who don’t study will not do well on exams

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4
Q

In cell theory which statement must be incorrect and at least some circumstances?
A- That Cells come from other cells
B- That living things are made from cells
C- That life arises at the cellular level

A

A

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5
Q 
Oxygen 18 (which has two extra neutrons) will do what what it bumps into two hydrogens?
A- Form water
B- Not interact dur to radioactive decay
A

A

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6
Q

Why does carbon not polarize Hydrogen when the two are covalently bound?

A

Because the shared electron spends approximately the same amount of time orbiting Carbon as it does hydrogen

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7
Q

What kind of bond would you expect to find between the atoms in a small molecule inside of a cell?

A

Covalent

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8
Q

Proton

A

A proton is a subatomic particle, symbol p or p+, with a positive electric charge of +1 elementary charge and mass slightly less than that of a neutron. Protons and neutrons, each with masses of approximately one atomic mass unit, are collectively referred to as “nucleons”.

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9
Q

Electron

A

The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol e− or β−, with a negative elementary electric charge.

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10
Q

Neutron

A

The neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol n or n0, with no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton.

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11
Q

Carbohydrate

A

A carbohydrate is a biological molecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen(O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words, with the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n (where m could be different from n).

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12
Q

Phospholipid

A

a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule

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13
Q

Monomer

A

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer. H or OH at end

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14
Q

Carbohydrate

A

A carbohydrate is a biological molecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen(O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words, with the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n (where m could be different from n).

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15
Q

Lipid

A

In biology, a lipid is a substance of biological origin that is soluble in nonpolar solvents.+

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16
Q

Functional group

A

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that have very characteristic properties regardless of the other atoms present in a molecule. You’re probably familiar with several of them by now– alcohols, amines, carboxylic acids, ketones, and ethers are all common examples

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17
Q

Polymer

A

a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together, e.g., many synthetic organic materials used as plastics and resins.

18
Q

Domain

A

also superkingdom or empire, is the highest taxonomic rank of organisms in the three-domain system of taxonomy designed by Carl Woese, an American microbiologist and biophysicist.

19
Q

Nucleic acid

A

they are composed of monomers, which are nucleotides made of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. If the sugar is a simple ribose, the polymer is RNA (ribonucleic acid); if the sugar is derived from ribose as deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).+

20
Q

Nucleus

A

is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells.

21
Q

Amino acid

A

Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.+

22
Q

Isotope

A

are atoms with a different number of neutrons and protons.

-Isotopes may decay (lose extra neutrons) which produces radiation.

23
Q

Monosaccharide

A

any of the class of sugars (e.g., glucose) that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar.+

24
Q

Co-valent bond

A

also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron . when they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding. (Strongest bond)

25
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

The monomers combine with each other via covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers. In doing so, monomers release water molecules as byproducts. This type of reaction is known as dehydration synthesis, which means “to put together while losing water.

26
Q

Ionic bond

A

Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms. It is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions. In ionic bonds, the metal loses electrons to become a positively charged cation, whereas the nonmetal accepts those electrons to become a negatively charged anion. Dissolves easily in water. (stronger than hydrogen bond)

27
Q

Hydrolysis

A

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

28
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

A hydrogen bond is between the positive pole of 1 molecule and the negative pole of another. that occurs when a hydrogen (H) atom covalently bound to a highly electronegative atom such as nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or fluorine (F) (Weakest bond)

29
Q

Enzyme

A

Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products+

30
Q

Van Der Walls force

A

Van der Walls forces’ is a general term used to define the attraction of intermolecular forces between molecules. There are two kinds of Van der Waals forces: weak London Dispersion Forces and stronger dipole-dipole forces. (Very weak easily broken)
-Strength of bond depends on distance between atoms. Far=weak, close=strongest, too close=repulsion.

31
Q

Polarized covalent bond

A

Polar Bond Definition. A polar bond is a covalent bond between two atoms where the electrons forming the bond are unequally distributed. This causes the molecule to have a slight electrical dipole moment where one end is slightly positive and the other is slightly negative.

32
Q

Electronegativity

A

Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.

33
Q

Cell membrane/Plasma membrane/Bilayer

A

The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. It consists of the lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

34
Q

Transmembrane protein/Integral protein

A

A transmembrane protein (TP) is a type of integral membrane protein that spans the entirety of the biological membrane to which it is permanently attached. Many transmembrane proteins function as gateways to permit the transport of specific substances across the biological membrane. OR gates in the cell membrane that are protein that regulate homeostasis

35
Q

Levels of Nature

A 
The Biosphere 
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations 
Organisms
Organs and Organ Systems
Tissues
Cells
Organelles 
Molecules
36
Q

Cell Theory

A

All life is made of cells (if we find a new life form, it will be composed of cells).
-All cells are derived from other cells (cells, and life, only arises through cellular division).

37
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Prokaryotes do all have a cell membrane, a nucleoid, ribosomes, and cytoplasm in common. Most prokaryotes have other cellular organelles as well.

38
Q

DNA TO RNA

A

Cells inherit DNA, that they use to express RNA from, which is translated into protein (A-T, C-(3)G)

39
Q

Radioactive isotope dating

A

the time an organism has been dead can be calculated by the amount of radioactive Carbon remaining in it’s bones.

40
Q

Adhesion

A

the action or process of adhering to a surface or object.

Bio 121 Ex (2 decks)

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