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Bio 121 Ex > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Entropy

A

a quantity used by scientist that measures disorder or randomness, the second law of thermodynamics states that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

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2
Q

Energy

A

the capacity to cause change, the ability to re-arrange a collection of matter

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3
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy that a body possesses by while being in motion

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4
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy that is not kinetic or not within an object that is not moving but will, it is energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

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5
Q

Free energy

A

portion of a system energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system

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6
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy can be transformed or transferred but cannot be created or destroyed. Also know as principle of conservation of energy

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7
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

a chemical reaction that cause a net release of free energy. ΔG is negative, meaning free energy decreases during this reaction. Are spontaneous (energetically favorable). The greater the amount of free WRG, the greater the amount of work that can be done

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8
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Is one that absorbs free energy from its surrounding. This kind of reaction stores free energy in molecules, ∆G is positive. Such reactions are nonspontaneous, and the magnitude of ∆G is the quantity of energy required to drive the reaction

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9
Q

Spontaneous reaction

A

A reaction that occurs without an overall input of energy. A reaction that is energetically favorable

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10
Q

ATP

A

Powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions. Energy coupling is the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one. Atp is responsible for mediating most energy coupling in cells. And in most cases it acts as an immediate source of energy that powers work. ATP is Adenosine Triphosphate, and contains the sugar ribose with the nitrogenous base adenine and a chain of three phosphate groups or the triphosphate group bonded to it. In addition to its role in energy coupling ATP is also one of the nucleotide triphosphates used to make RNA. The bonds between the phosphate groups of ATP can be broken down by hydrolysis

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11
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water. Functions in the disassembly of polymoners into monomers

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12
Q

ADP

A

Adenosine diphosphate. The transformation from tri to di is an exergonic reaction (which means energy is lost). All three phosphate groups are very negatively charged, when water is added a lot of energy is released like a loaded spring

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13
Q

Enzyme

A

Macromolecule that acts as an agent to speed up a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction(catalyst)

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14
Q

Activation energy

A

The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start, also called free energy of activation

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15
Q

Substrate

A

The reactant an enzyme acts on is an enzyme substrate (p155)

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16
Q

Product

A

What is created when a enzyme and substrate are joined, and when the catalytic action of the enzyme converts the substrate eventually into a product

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17
Q

Denature

A

In proteins a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions. There by becoming biologically inactive, for example in DNA the separation of the two stands of the double helix is denaturalization. This occurs under extreme noncellular conditions of pH, salt concentrations, or temperature

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18
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

The most efficient catabolic pathway in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel. Can be done by most eukaryotic cells and some prokaryotic organisms

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19
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes. Mainly used to refer to aerobic

20
Q

Principle of redox

A

In many chemical reactions there is a transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another. These electron transfers are called oxidation reduction reactions or redox reactions. Redox is oxidation and reduction

21
Q

Oxidation

A

a redox reaction the loss of the electrons from one substance. Reduction is the addition of electrons to another substance. Adding negatively charged electrons to an atom reduces that amount of positive charge of that atom

22
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Consist of a number of molecules mostly proteins built into the inner membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells (and the plasma membrane of respiring prok)

23
Q

The three stages of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis, pyruvate, oxidation, and citric acid cycle, and lastly oxidative phosphorylation

24
Q

Glycolysis

A

A catabolic pathway that occurs in the cytosol; it begins the degradation process by breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate

25
Q

Citric Acid cycle

A

The next catabolic pathway in cellular respiration where glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide thus the carbon dioxide produced by respiration represents fragments of oxidized organic molecules

26
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

The last catabolic pathway of cellular respiration where the electron transport chain accepts electrons via NADH from the breakdown products of the first two steps and passes these electrons from one molecule to another. At the end of the chain the electrons are combined with molecular oxygen and hydrogen ions, forming water. The energy released at each step is stored in a form the mitochondrian can use to make ATP from ADP. The mode of ATP creation or synthesis is this last process, because it is powered by the redox reactions of the electron transport chain

27
Q

Light reactions

A

Capture solar energy and transform it into chemical energy (Products: ATP, NADPH, Water is oxidized into oxygen on photosystem II, Occurs on Thylakoid phospholipid bilayer)

28
Q

Calvin cycle

A

Process that uses that chemical energy from the light reactions to make the organic molecules of food (Occurs in stroma, Products: 12 G3P, 10 G3P=Recycled, 2 G3P=Glucose)

29
Q

Chloroplast

A

Plants and other photosynthetic organisms contain cellular organelles, Chloroplasts are found mainly in the cells of the mesophyll, the tissue in the interior of the leaf

30
Q

Mesophyll cells

A

The inner tissue of a leaf, containing many chloroplasts

31
Q

Stroma

A

Liquid in chloroplast

32
Q

Thylakoid

A

Single green pancake

33
Q

Lumen

A

The inside of the pancake

34
Q

Granum

A

Stack of pancakes

35
Q

Chlorophyll

A

The green pigment that gives leaves their color, resides in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast

36
Q

Stomata

A

Pores in the plant that allow oxygen and water out and carbon in

37
Q

Photon

A

Are not tangible objects, but they act like objects in that each of them has a fixed quantity of energy. The amount of energy is inversely related to the wavelength of the light: The shorter the wavelength, the greater the energy of each photon of that light. Thus, a photon of violet light packs nearly twice as much energy as a photon of red light

38
Q

G3P

A

The carbohydrate produced directly from the Calvin cycle is not glucose. It
is actually a three-carbon sugar called glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)

39
Q

Glucose

A

The most basic sugar

40
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

The process, in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP

41
Q

Ground state

A

When the electron is in its normal orbital, the pigment molecule is on its ground state

42
Q

Excited state

A

Absorption of a photon boosts an electron to an orbital of higher energy, and the pigment molecule is then said to be in an excited state

43
Q

Photosystem I & II

A

Named in order of their discovery(Actually goes backwards).

44
Q

NADPH

A

light reactions use solar energy to reduce NADP+ to NADPH by adding a pair of electrons along with an H+

45
Q

ATP Synthase

A

A complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases are found in the inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes

46
Q

RuBisCo

A

An enzyme used to react carbon and ribulose 15 biphosphate

Bio 121 Ex (2 decks)

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