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KIN 253 > Exam - vitamins/minerals > Flashcards

Exam - vitamins/minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins? (4)

A

A,D,E,K

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2
Q

What is the alternative name for Vitamin A?

A

Retinol and retinoid acid

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3
Q

What is the alternative name for vitamin D?

A

D2 - ergocalciferol
D3 - calcitriol

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4
Q

What is the alternative name for vitamin E?

A

alpha-tocopherol

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5
Q

What is the function of vitamin A? (4)

A

Vision - key molecule for production of rhodopsin (needed for normal vision and maintenance of eye structures)
Immunity - deficiency associated with increased deaths from common infectious diseases, does not prevent diseases but lowers risk of death
Growth and development - acts as gene transcription factor, during fetal development critical for normal heart, limb, eye and ear development, required to reproduce
Cancer - deficient populations have increased risk for some cancers because of role one cell growth and death

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6
Q

What is the function of vitamin D? (1)

A

Calcium homeostasis - activated vitamin D works with parathyroid hormone to regulate blood calcium levels
- parathyroid hormone increase reabsorption of calcium in distal convoluted tubule
- calcitriol stimulates production of calcium binding proteins for transport of calcium
- calcitriol stimulates calcium absorption in diet
- vitamin D aids in development of teeth and bones by absorption and metabolism of phosphorus and calcium

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7
Q

What is the function of vitamin E? (3)

A

Antioxidant - alpha-tocopherol acts to scavenge free-radicals protecting cells from damage
Cardiovascular health - reduces oxidation of LDL cholesterol, relaxes blood vessels and prevents blood clotting
Immune function - boosts immune system and helps fight off bacteria and viruses

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8
Q

What is the function of vitamin K? (2)

A

Blood clotting
Bone health - modifies proteins involved with bone tissue remodelling

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9
Q

What are signs of toxicity and deficiency of vitamin A?

A

Toxicity - rare, causes dry itchy skin, hair loss, liver damage, joint pain, fractures, birth defects, swelling of brain
Deficiency - “night-blindness,” can lead to total blindness

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10
Q

What are signs of toxicity and deficiency of vitamin D?

A

Toxicity - calcium deposits in soft tissues, damage to heart blood vessels and kidneys
Deficiency - rickets (bone deformities) in children, osteomalacia (softening of bones) in adults

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11
Q

What are signs of toxicity and deficiency of vitamin E?

A

Toxicity - unknown from food sources, supplementation has been shown to interfere with vitamin K blood clotting
Deficiency - rare can lead to nerve damage, muscle weakness and broken red blood cells

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12
Q

What are signs of toxicity and deficiency of vitamin K?

A

Toxicity - rare, causes anemia (low iron), brain damage
Deficiency - rare, causes bleeding disorders (hemorrhage), increased risk of bone fractures

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13
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins? (9)

A

C, B1, 3, 5, 9, 12, Biotin, Choline

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14
Q

What is the alternative name for vitamin C?

A

Ascorbic acid

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15
Q

What is the alternative name for vitamin B1?

A

Thiamine

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16
Q

What is the alternative name for vitamin B3?

A

Niacin

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17
Q

What is the alternative name for vitamin B9?

A

Folate

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18
Q

What is the alternative name for vitamin B12?

A

Cobalamin

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19
Q

What is the function of vitamin C? (4)

A

Antioxidant - scavenges reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species and other free radicals in body
Collagen formation - collagen most abundant protein molecule in the body, vitamin C acts as glue holding collagen fibres together, vital for skin, blood vessels, tendons, bones
Iron absorption - enhances non-heme iron absorption from plant-based foods such as spinach and broccoli
Disease prevention - cancers, cardiovascular disease and colds show little evidence of benefit from supplementation, dietary vitamin C shows positive effects likely due to addition of fruits and vegetables

20
Q

What is the function of vitamin B1? (1)

A

key coenzyme in glucose metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis

21
Q

What is the function of vitamin B2? (1)

A

critical coenzyme in energy metabolism from glucose, lipids and proteins
Aids in transfer of electrons in electron transport chain

22
Q

What is the function of vitamin B3?

A

Involved in fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis

23
Q

What is the function of vitamin B5?

A

forms coenzyme A (integral part of Acetyl CoA) involved in energy metabolism of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids
Also involved in synthesis of lipids, cholesterol and acetylcholine

24
Q

What is the function of Biotin?

A
  • Required coenzyme in citric acid cycle and lipid metabolism
  • Participates in gluconeogensis from nonessential amino acids
  • Can act as transcription factor for some genes
25
Q

What is the function of vitamin B6? (4)

A
  • Amino acid synthesis and metabolism via transmutation - moving amine group to amino acids
  • Glycogenolysis - release of glucose from stored glycogen
  • Production of hemoglobin - oxygen carrying molecule in red blood cells
  • Production of several neurotransmitters
26
Q

What is the function of vitamin B9?

A

Crucial for DNA and RNA synthesis, cell division and red blood cell formation

27
Q

What is the function of vitamin B12?

A

Fat and amino acid catabolism, activation of folate from dietary sources, hemoglobin synthesis

28
Q

What is the function of Choline? (3)

A
  • Integral part of neurotransmitter acetylcholine
  • Critical for synthesis of phospholipids and cell membrane structure
  • Lipid transport
29
Q

What is special about choline?

A

Technically not a vitamin because it can be synthesized in limited amounts in the body

30
Q

What is special about B12 (cobalamin)?

A

Only vitamin that contains a metal ion (cobalt)

31
Q

What are signs of toxicity and deficiency of vitamin B1?

A

Toxicity - uncommon due to rapid excretion
Deficiency - called beriberi, muscle weakness, fatigue, nerve damage

32
Q

What are signs of toxicity and deficiency of vitamin B2?

A

Toxicity - uncommon due to rapid excretion
Deficiency - ariboflavinosis, dry scaly skin, cracking of lips and corner of mouth, sore throat, itchy eyes, light sensitivity

33
Q

What are signs of toxicity and deficiency of vitamin B3?

A

toxicity - flushing (red skin), liver damage
Deficiency - pellagra, symptoms include 4 D’s (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death)

34
Q

What are signs of toxicity and deficiency of vitamin B5?

A

Toxicity - rare due to rapid excretion
Deficiency - rare, can cause fatigue, neurological symptoms

35
Q

What are signs of toxicity and deficiency of Biotin?

A

Toxicity - unknown
Deficiency - rare, fatigue, loss of appetite, hair loss, red dry scaly dermatitis, can be caused baby consuming excess raw egg whites

36
Q

What are signs of toxicity and deficiency of vitamin B6?

A

Toxicity - rare, impair nerve function
Deficiency - anemia, lower capacity for carrying oxygen, muscle weakness, fatigue, shortness of breath

37
Q

What are signs of toxicity and deficiency of vitamin B9?

A

Toxicity - rare when obtained from food sources
Deficiency - macrocytic or megaloblastic anemia (large undifferentiated cells), during pregnancy can impair nervous system development in fetus leading to neural-tube birth defects like spina bifida

38
Q

What are signs of toxicity and deficiency of vitamin B12?

A

Toxicity - rare
Deficiency - pernicious anemia resulting in anemia, altered gastrointestinal function, sensory and motor deficiencies

39
Q

What are signs of toxicity and deficiency of choline?

A

Toxicity - liver damage, excessive sweating, hypotension
Deficiency - interfered brain development in fetus, fatty liver and muscle damage in adults

40
Q

What are trace minerals vs. major minerals?

A

Trace - found in smaller quantities in the body
Major - found in relatively large amounts, about 5g in a 60kg person

41
Q

What are the trace minerals? (14)

A

iron, Zinc, Copper, Fluorine, Iodine, Chromium, Selenium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Cobalt, Silicon, Boron, Nickel, Vanadium

42
Q

What are the major minerals? (7)

A

Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Sulfur

43
Q

What are the 3 classifications of minerals according to function?

A

Proper bone function, Electrolytes, Enzyme-related function

44
Q

What are the minerals associated with proper bone formation? (4)

A

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride

45
Q

What are the minerals associated with electrolytes maintaining resting membrane potential? (3)

A

Sodium, potassium, chloride

46
Q

What are the minerals associated with enzyme-related functions that allow biochemical processes to occur? (4)

A

Iron, zinc, selenium, copper

KIN 253 (3 decks)

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