Exam - vitamins/minerals Flashcards by Jordan Connors

What are the fat soluble vitamins? (4)

A,D,E,K

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What is the alternative name for Vitamin A?

Retinol and retinoid acid

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What is the alternative name for vitamin D?

D2 - ergocalciferol
D3 - calcitriol

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What is the alternative name for vitamin E?

alpha-tocopherol

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What is the function of vitamin A? (4)

Vision - key molecule for production of rhodopsin (needed for normal vision and maintenance of eye structures)
Immunity - deficiency associated with increased deaths from common infectious diseases, does not prevent diseases but lowers risk of death
Growth and development - acts as gene transcription factor, during fetal development critical for normal heart, limb, eye and ear development, required to reproduce
Cancer - deficient populations have increased risk for some cancers because of role one cell growth and death

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What is the function of vitamin D? (1)

Calcium homeostasis - activated vitamin D works with parathyroid hormone to regulate blood calcium levels
- parathyroid hormone increase reabsorption of calcium in distal convoluted tubule
- calcitriol stimulates production of calcium binding proteins for transport of calcium
- calcitriol stimulates calcium absorption in diet
- vitamin D aids in development of teeth and bones by absorption and metabolism of phosphorus and calcium

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What is the function of vitamin E? (3)

Antioxidant - alpha-tocopherol acts to scavenge free-radicals protecting cells from damage
Cardiovascular health - reduces oxidation of LDL cholesterol, relaxes blood vessels and prevents blood clotting
Immune function - boosts immune system and helps fight off bacteria and viruses

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What is the function of vitamin K? (2)

Blood clotting
Bone health - modifies proteins involved with bone tissue remodelling

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What are signs of toxicity and deficiency of vitamin A?

Toxicity - rare, causes dry itchy skin, hair loss, liver damage, joint pain, fractures, birth defects, swelling of brain
Deficiency - “night-blindness,” can lead to total blindness

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What are signs of toxicity and deficiency of vitamin D?

Toxicity - calcium deposits in soft tissues, damage to heart blood vessels and kidneys
Deficiency - rickets (bone deformities) in children, osteomalacia (softening of bones) in adults

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What are signs of toxicity and deficiency of vitamin E?

Toxicity - unknown from food sources, supplementation has been shown to interfere with vitamin K blood clotting
Deficiency - rare can lead to nerve damage, muscle weakness and broken red blood cells

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What are signs of toxicity and deficiency of vitamin K?

Toxicity - rare, causes anemia (low iron), brain damage
Deficiency - rare, causes bleeding disorders (hemorrhage), increased risk of bone fractures

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What are the water soluble vitamins? (9)

C, B1, 3, 5, 9, 12, Biotin, Choline

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What is the alternative name for vitamin C?

Ascorbic acid

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What is the alternative name for vitamin B1?

Thiamine

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What is the alternative name for vitamin B3?

Niacin

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What is the alternative name for vitamin B9?

Folate

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What is the alternative name for vitamin B12?

Cobalamin

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What is the function of vitamin C? (4)

Antioxidant - scavenges reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species and other free radicals in body
Collagen formation - collagen most abundant protein molecule in the body, vitamin C acts as glue holding collagen fibres together, vital for skin, blood vessels, tendons, bones
Iron absorption - enhances non-heme iron absorption from plant-based foods such as spinach and broccoli
Disease prevention - cancers, cardiovascular disease and colds show little evidence of benefit from supplementation, dietary vitamin C shows positive effects likely due to addition of fruits and vegetables

What is the function of vitamin B1? (1)

key coenzyme in glucose metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis

What is the function of vitamin B2? (1)

critical coenzyme in energy metabolism from glucose, lipids and proteins
Aids in transfer of electrons in electron transport chain

What is the function of vitamin B3?

Involved in fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis

What is the function of vitamin B5?

forms coenzyme A (integral part of Acetyl CoA) involved in energy metabolism of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids
Also involved in synthesis of lipids, cholesterol and acetylcholine

What is the function of Biotin?

Required coenzyme in citric acid cycle and lipid metabolism
Participates in gluconeogensis from nonessential amino acids
Can act as transcription factor for some genes

What is the function of vitamin B6? (4)

- Amino acid synthesis and metabolism via transmutation - moving amine group to amino acids - Glycogenolysis - release of glucose from stored glycogen - Production of hemoglobin - oxygen carrying molecule in red blood cells - Production of several neurotransmitters

What is the function of vitamin B9?

Crucial for DNA and RNA synthesis, cell division and red blood cell formation

What is the function of vitamin B12?

Fat and amino acid catabolism, activation of folate from dietary sources, hemoglobin synthesis

What is the function of Choline? (3)

- Integral part of neurotransmitter acetylcholine - Critical for synthesis of phospholipids and cell membrane structure - Lipid transport

What is special about choline?

Technically not a vitamin because it can be synthesized in limited amounts in the body

What is special about B12 (cobalamin)?

Only vitamin that contains a metal ion (cobalt)

What are signs of toxicity and deficiency of vitamin B1?

Toxicity - uncommon due to rapid excretion Deficiency - called beriberi, muscle weakness, fatigue, nerve damage

What are signs of toxicity and deficiency of vitamin B2?

Toxicity - uncommon due to rapid excretion Deficiency - ariboflavinosis, dry scaly skin, cracking of lips and corner of mouth, sore throat, itchy eyes, light sensitivity

What are signs of toxicity and deficiency of vitamin B3?

toxicity - flushing (red skin), liver damage Deficiency - pellagra, symptoms include 4 D's (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death)

What are signs of toxicity and deficiency of vitamin B5?

Toxicity - rare due to rapid excretion Deficiency - rare, can cause fatigue, neurological symptoms

What are signs of toxicity and deficiency of Biotin?

Toxicity - unknown Deficiency - rare, fatigue, loss of appetite, hair loss, red dry scaly dermatitis, can be caused baby consuming excess raw egg whites

What are signs of toxicity and deficiency of vitamin B6?

Toxicity - rare, impair nerve function Deficiency - anemia, lower capacity for carrying oxygen, muscle weakness, fatigue, shortness of breath

What are signs of toxicity and deficiency of vitamin B9?

Toxicity - rare when obtained from food sources Deficiency - macrocytic or megaloblastic anemia (large undifferentiated cells), during pregnancy can impair nervous system development in fetus leading to neural-tube birth defects like spina bifida

What are signs of toxicity and deficiency of vitamin B12?

Toxicity - rare Deficiency - pernicious anemia resulting in anemia, altered gastrointestinal function, sensory and motor deficiencies

What are signs of toxicity and deficiency of choline?

Toxicity - liver damage, excessive sweating, hypotension Deficiency - interfered brain development in fetus, fatty liver and muscle damage in adults

What are trace minerals vs. major minerals?

Trace - found in smaller quantities in the body Major - found in relatively large amounts, about 5g in a 60kg person

What are the trace minerals? (14)

iron, Zinc, Copper, Fluorine, Iodine, Chromium, Selenium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Cobalt, Silicon, Boron, Nickel, Vanadium

What are the major minerals? (7)

Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Sulfur

What are the 3 classifications of minerals according to function?

Proper bone function, Electrolytes, Enzyme-related function

What are the minerals associated with proper bone formation? (4)

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride

What are the minerals associated with electrolytes maintaining resting membrane potential? (3)

Sodium, potassium, chloride

What are the minerals associated with enzyme-related functions that allow biochemical processes to occur? (4)

Iron, zinc, selenium, copper