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BI 122 > EXAM UNIT 1 - Circulatory System > Flashcards

EXAM UNIT 1 - Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average value of blood in adults?

A

~5 liters or 8% of body weight

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2
Q

What is blood composition?

A

~55% is plasma, ~45% is the formed elements (cell portion is called packed cell volume or PCV)

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3
Q

What makes up plasma?

A

Water, amino acids, proteins, CHO, Lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, cellular wastes, antibodies.

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4
Q

What are the formed elements in blood?

A

erythrocytes (99.9%), leukocytes (less than 0.1%), platelets (less than 0.1%).

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5
Q

What are hemocytoblasts?

A

Hemocytoblasts are stem cells that mature into all blood cell types and platelets via colony stimulating factors and interleukins.

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6
Q

What are colony stimulating factors?

A

Glycoproteins that promote production of WBCs

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7
Q

What are biconcave discs? Why would RBC’s be shaped like this?

A

A characteristic of RBC because is concave on both sides. This allows for more surface area for diffusion and allows folding.

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of RBC’s?

A

Have a biconcave disc shape, 33% by volume is hemoglobin, lake nuclei and organelles

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9
Q

What is function of hemoglobin?

A

Bond’s with oxygen to yield oxyhemoglobin. (blood that is oxygenated with oxyhemoglobin is bright red and without is darks red and appears blue through light colored skin)

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10
Q

What is hypoxia and what does it increase?

A

low blood oxygen, causing an increase in deoxyhemoglobin which in turn causes cyanosis

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11
Q

cyanosis

A

causation examples are suffocation, poisonous gases, vasoconstriction of surface vessels due to cold turning the skin and mucous membranes blue.

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12
Q

In sickle cell disease, what causes the sickle and damming?

A

An incorrect amino acid causes hemoglobin to sickle (crystallize in decreased O2 conditions) causing a damming in small capillaries leading to tissue hypoxia.

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13
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

RBC production

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14
Q

Site of RBC production?

A

PREPARTUM -yolk sac, liver, spleen

POSTPARTUM -red bone marrow

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15
Q

Life span of a RBC?

A

~120 days

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16
Q

Stimulus for production of RBC?

A

Low oxygen levels cause release of hormone erythropoietin by kidneys (&liver)

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17
Q

Damaged RBC’s are…

A

phagocytize by macrophages

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18
Q

What are the hemoglobin components recycled?

A

global chains and heme groups which break down into FE, biliverdin and bilirubin.

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19
Q

What factors affect erythropoiesis?

A

Altitude, B complex vitamins, Minerals, and pregnancy.

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20
Q

What is required for DNA synthesis?

A

B12 and folic acid (B complex vitamins)

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21
Q

Vitamin C is required for..

A

needed for dietary Fe uptake

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22
Q

What is anemia?

A

reduced O2 carrying capacity of the blood

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23
Q

Characteristics of leukocytes

A

Fight disease, transported in circ. sys., leave circ. sys. & enter tissues to work, formed in red marrow, possess nucleus, short life span (~12 hrs) except for lymphocytes (several years)

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24
Q

Why do leukocytes have a short life span?

A

Short lifespan because fighting off pathogens

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25
Types of leukocytes?
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils (never let monkeys eat bananas)
26
Neutrophils
(granulocyte) f: phagocytize bacteria, fungi & some viruses. *pts with increase of these in blood draw get antibiotics
27
Eosinophils
(granulocyte) f: moderate allergic runs, fight parasitic worms. *pt w/increase in blood draw gets antihistamine
28
Basophils
(granulocyte) f: travels to damaged tissue & releases histamine (promotes inflammation) and heparin (prevents clotting)
29
Monocytes
(Agranulocyte) f:Mature into macrophages that phagocytize bacteria, dead cells & debris
30
Lymphocytes
(Agranulocyte) Two major forms, "T" cells and "B" cells
31
"T" Lymphocyte cells (mature in thymus)
F: directly attack tumor cells, foreign cells (e.g. in transplants). Also attacked by HIV
32
"B" lymphocyte cells
produce antibodies (gamma globulin proteins) that attack foreign cells (bacteria, fungus, etc.) and foreign proteins (mad cow disease)
33
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
``` Neutrophils - 54-62 % Lymphocytes - 25-33% Monocytes - 3-9% Eosinophils - 1-3% Basophils - less than 1% ```
34
How WBC's fight infection?
Exit through capillary walls, guided to site of infection via trafficking, move through interstitial spaces via ameboid motion, perform function @ infection site.
35
trafficking
A form of chemotaxis (to move and respond to chemical cues)
36
Sepsis
An infection of the tissues.
37
Septicemia
An infection of the blood
38
Bactermia
An infection of the blood caused by bacteria
39
Viremia
An infection of the blood caused by viruses
40
Lymphoid leukemia
Abnormal lymphocytes. results in too many immature leukocytes and too few RBC's & platelets due to marrow crowding by WBC's
41
Characteristics of Platelets
1. Formed in red marrow. 2. Results of fragmented megakaryocytes 3. Impotand in clotting & lately plug response (stick to damaged vessel surfaces & cause contxn of vessel smooth muscle) 4. Live ~ 10 days.
42
Characteristics of Plasma
~92% water,~8% organic & inorganic compounds. Both of these equal the ~55%
43
Function of Plasma
Transport RBC, WBC, Platelets, nutrients, gases (N2, O2, CO2), vitamins (A,B,E,) wastes, hormones, pH balance and thermoregulation. (the water in the plasma is important for thermoregulation)
44
Plasma Proteins
Albumin, Globulin
45
Albumin
f: maintain osmotic pressure in vessels
46
Globulin
f: -Alpha and beta globulins transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins (AEDK) - Gamma globulin fxn as antibodies - Fibrinogen: fxn blood coagulation (clotting)
47
what causes edema
Low serum albumin causes this
48
Ascites
Fluid accumulation of the abdominal cavity. caused by low protein diet or starvation.
49
Lipoproteins
Chylomicron, VLDL, LDL, HDL
50
Chylomicron
Lipoprotein very high in triglycerides (fats), low protein. F: transport dietary fats to muscle and adipose cells
51
Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)
Lipoprotein high in triglycerides, low in protein. F: transport triglycerides from liver to adipose cells.
52
Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
Lipoprotein high in cholesterol, low protein. F: transport cholesterol to misc. cells. AKA bad cholesterol
53
High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)
lipoprotein low in lips and high in proteins. F: transport cholesterol to liver for release in bile. AKA good cholesterol
54
Phases of Hemostasis
Vascular phase, lately Phage, coagulation phase
55
Hemostasis
stopping of a bleed
56
Vascular Phase
smooth muscle in vessel wall constricts
57
Platelet Phase
platelets stick to torn walls and each other. Platelets factors released to stimulate clot formation and platelet-derived growth factor to promote vessel repair.
58
Coagulation Phase
phase where biochemical cascade with several dozen clotting factors that changes fibrinogen into fibrin fibers that sticks to formed elements producing a clot.
59
Hemophilia
A deficiency in clotting factor (VIII or IX) resulting in reduced or no clotting.
60
Extrinsic clotting initiating mechanisms
clotting initiated by chemicals released from damaged tissues or turbulence from a thrombus
61
Intrinsic clotting initiating mechanisms
clotting initiated by chemicals w/in blood, e.g. bacteria
62
thrombus
stationary clot in vessel
63
thrombosis
prevention of blood flow from clot
64
embolus
thrombus that breaks away & moves downstream. Lodges as vessel narrows
65
Embolism
a lodged embolus
66
Infarction
When a thrombus or embolus stops blood flow to an area. eg. myocardial infarction
67
Cerebral vascular accident (CVA)
caused by a thrombus or embolus induced infarction in the brain or by a ruptured aneurism. stroke.
68
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
Temporary blockage in a small artery caused by embolus. aka mini stroke
69
Angina Pectoris
A thrombus or embolism that reduces blood flow to myocardium
70
Clot Prevention
1. Rapidly flowing blood - decrease accumulation of clotting factors. 2. Smooth vessels - decreases sites for clot formation 3. Anticoagulants- Natural: heparin. Synthetic: Coumadin (Warfarin), aspirin
71
Which blood type is the universal"ish" donor in an emergency?
Type O - no antigens but Anti-A & Anti-B antibodies
72
Which blood type is the universal"ish" recipient in an emergency?
Type AB: A&B antigens but no antibodies
73
Agglutination
(clumping)
74
RH (D) antigens
Rh antibodies only present in Rh(-) people after exposure to Rh antigens (from a Rh+ transfusion)
75
Why isn't there really any blood type that can truly be considered a universal donor or recipient?
No blood type is universal because of the possibility of the antibodies present. Rh makes this tricky.
76
What do we do to reduce transfusion rxns?
1. Use "packed Cells" w/o plasma & antibodies | 2. Infuse whole blood slowly to dilute & decrease chance of agglutination.
77
Blood Replacement options
Whole blood, packed RBC's, packed platelets, packed WBC's, Plasma, artificial blood (not available yet)
78
Whole blood
Contains all blood components. lasts 35-42 days, platelets lost at 5 days.
79
packed RBC's
e.g. anemic patients would receive this
80
packed platelets
ex. of patients to receive this would have low #of platelets. use within 5 days
81
Packed WBC's
pts would be leukemia patients. use immediately
82
plasma
used for burn victims, hemophiliacs.

BI 122 (2 decks)

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