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BI 122 > EXAM UNIT 1 - Circulatory System > Flashcards

EXAM UNIT 1 - Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average value of blood in adults?

A

~5 liters or 8% of body weight

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2
Q

What is blood composition?

A

~55% is plasma, ~45% is the formed elements (cell portion is called packed cell volume or PCV)

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3
Q

What makes up plasma?

A

Water, amino acids, proteins, CHO, Lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, cellular wastes, antibodies.

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4
Q

What are the formed elements in blood?

A

erythrocytes (99.9%), leukocytes (less than 0.1%), platelets (less than 0.1%).

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5
Q

What are hemocytoblasts?

A

Hemocytoblasts are stem cells that mature into all blood cell types and platelets via colony stimulating factors and interleukins.

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6
Q

What are colony stimulating factors?

A

Glycoproteins that promote production of WBCs

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7
Q

What are biconcave discs? Why would RBC’s be shaped like this?

A

A characteristic of RBC because is concave on both sides. This allows for more surface area for diffusion and allows folding.

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of RBC’s?

A

Have a biconcave disc shape, 33% by volume is hemoglobin, lake nuclei and organelles

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9
Q

What is function of hemoglobin?

A

Bond’s with oxygen to yield oxyhemoglobin. (blood that is oxygenated with oxyhemoglobin is bright red and without is darks red and appears blue through light colored skin)

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10
Q

What is hypoxia and what does it increase?

A

low blood oxygen, causing an increase in deoxyhemoglobin which in turn causes cyanosis

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11
Q

cyanosis

A

causation examples are suffocation, poisonous gases, vasoconstriction of surface vessels due to cold turning the skin and mucous membranes blue.

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12
Q

In sickle cell disease, what causes the sickle and damming?

A

An incorrect amino acid causes hemoglobin to sickle (crystallize in decreased O2 conditions) causing a damming in small capillaries leading to tissue hypoxia.

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13
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

RBC production

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14
Q

Site of RBC production?

A

PREPARTUM -yolk sac, liver, spleen

POSTPARTUM -red bone marrow

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15
Q

Life span of a RBC?

A

~120 days

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16
Q

Stimulus for production of RBC?

A

Low oxygen levels cause release of hormone erythropoietin by kidneys (&liver)

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17
Q

Damaged RBC’s are…

A

phagocytize by macrophages

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18
Q

What are the hemoglobin components recycled?

A

global chains and heme groups which break down into FE, biliverdin and bilirubin.

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19
Q

What factors affect erythropoiesis?

A

Altitude, B complex vitamins, Minerals, and pregnancy.

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20
Q

What is required for DNA synthesis?

A

B12 and folic acid (B complex vitamins)

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21
Q

Vitamin C is required for..

A

needed for dietary Fe uptake

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22
Q

What is anemia?

A

reduced O2 carrying capacity of the blood

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23
Q

Characteristics of leukocytes

A

Fight disease, transported in circ. sys., leave circ. sys. & enter tissues to work, formed in red marrow, possess nucleus, short life span (~12 hrs) except for lymphocytes (several years)

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24
Q

Why do leukocytes have a short life span?

A

Short lifespan because fighting off pathogens

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25
Q

Types of leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils (never let monkeys eat bananas)

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26
Q

Neutrophils

A

(granulocyte) f: phagocytize bacteria, fungi & some viruses. *pts with increase of these in blood draw get antibiotics

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27
Q

Eosinophils

A

(granulocyte) f: moderate allergic runs, fight parasitic worms. *pt w/increase in blood draw gets antihistamine

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28
Q

Basophils

A

(granulocyte) f: travels to damaged tissue & releases histamine (promotes inflammation) and heparin (prevents clotting)

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29
Q

Monocytes

A

(Agranulocyte) f:Mature into macrophages that phagocytize bacteria, dead cells & debris

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30
Q

Lymphocytes

A

(Agranulocyte) Two major forms, “T” cells and “B” cells

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31
Q

“T” Lymphocyte cells (mature in thymus)

A

F: directly attack tumor cells, foreign cells (e.g. in transplants). Also attacked by HIV

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32
Q

“B” lymphocyte cells

A

produce antibodies (gamma globulin proteins) that attack foreign cells (bacteria, fungus, etc.) and foreign proteins (mad cow disease)

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33
Q

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

A 
Neutrophils - 54-62 %
Lymphocytes - 25-33%
Monocytes - 3-9%
Eosinophils - 1-3%
Basophils - less than 1%
34
Q

How WBC’s fight infection?

A

Exit through capillary walls, guided to site of infection via trafficking, move through interstitial spaces via ameboid motion, perform function @ infection site.

35
Q

trafficking

A

A form of chemotaxis (to move and respond to chemical cues)

36
Q

Sepsis

A

An infection of the tissues.

37
Q

Septicemia

A

An infection of the blood

38
Q

Bactermia

A

An infection of the blood caused by bacteria

39
Q

Viremia

A

An infection of the blood caused by viruses

40
Q

Lymphoid leukemia

A

Abnormal lymphocytes. results in too many immature leukocytes and too few RBC’s & platelets due to marrow crowding by WBC’s

41
Q

Characteristics of Platelets

A
  1. Formed in red marrow.
  2. Results of fragmented megakaryocytes
  3. Impotand in clotting & lately plug response (stick to damaged vessel surfaces & cause contxn of vessel smooth muscle)
  4. Live ~ 10 days.
42
Q

Characteristics of Plasma

A

~92% water,~8% organic & inorganic compounds. Both of these equal the ~55%

43
Q

Function of Plasma

A

Transport RBC, WBC, Platelets, nutrients, gases (N2, O2, CO2), vitamins (A,B,E,) wastes, hormones, pH balance and thermoregulation. (the water in the plasma is important for thermoregulation)

44
Q

Plasma Proteins

A

Albumin, Globulin

45
Q

Albumin

A

f: maintain osmotic pressure in vessels

46
Q

Globulin

A

f: -Alpha and beta globulins transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins (AEDK)
- Gamma globulin fxn as antibodies
- Fibrinogen: fxn blood coagulation (clotting)

47
Q

what causes edema

A

Low serum albumin causes this

48
Q

Ascites

A

Fluid accumulation of the abdominal cavity. caused by low protein diet or starvation.

49
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Chylomicron, VLDL, LDL, HDL

50
Q

Chylomicron

A

Lipoprotein very high in triglycerides (fats), low protein. F: transport dietary fats to muscle and adipose cells

51
Q

Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

A

Lipoprotein high in triglycerides, low in protein. F: transport triglycerides from liver to adipose cells.

52
Q

Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

A

Lipoprotein high in cholesterol, low protein. F: transport cholesterol to misc. cells. AKA bad cholesterol

53
Q

High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)

A

lipoprotein low in lips and high in proteins. F: transport cholesterol to liver for release in bile. AKA good cholesterol

54
Q

Phases of Hemostasis

A

Vascular phase, lately Phage, coagulation phase

55
Q

Hemostasis

A

stopping of a bleed

56
Q

Vascular Phase

A

smooth muscle in vessel wall constricts

57
Q

Platelet Phase

A

platelets stick to torn walls and each other. Platelets factors released to stimulate clot formation and platelet-derived growth factor to promote vessel repair.

58
Q

Coagulation Phase

A

phase where biochemical cascade with several dozen clotting factors that changes fibrinogen into fibrin fibers that sticks to formed elements producing a clot.

59
Q

Hemophilia

A

A deficiency in clotting factor (VIII or IX) resulting in reduced or no clotting.

60
Q

Extrinsic clotting initiating mechanisms

A

clotting initiated by chemicals released from damaged tissues or turbulence from a thrombus

61
Q

Intrinsic clotting initiating mechanisms

A

clotting initiated by chemicals w/in blood, e.g. bacteria

62
Q

thrombus

A

stationary clot in vessel

63
Q

thrombosis

A

prevention of blood flow from clot

64
Q

embolus

A

thrombus that breaks away & moves downstream. Lodges as vessel narrows

65
Q

Embolism

A

a lodged embolus

66
Q

Infarction

A

When a thrombus or embolus stops blood flow to an area. eg. myocardial infarction

67
Q

Cerebral vascular accident (CVA)

A

caused by a thrombus or embolus induced infarction in the brain or by a ruptured aneurism. stroke.

68
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

A

Temporary blockage in a small artery caused by embolus. aka mini stroke

69
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

A thrombus or embolism that reduces blood flow to myocardium

70
Q

Clot Prevention

A
  1. Rapidly flowing blood - decrease accumulation of clotting factors.
  2. Smooth vessels - decreases sites for clot formation
  3. Anticoagulants- Natural: heparin. Synthetic: Coumadin (Warfarin), aspirin
71
Q

Which blood type is the universal”ish” donor in an emergency?

A

Type O - no antigens but Anti-A & Anti-B antibodies

72
Q

Which blood type is the universal”ish” recipient in an emergency?

A

Type AB: A&B antigens but no antibodies

73
Q

Agglutination

A

(clumping)

74
Q

RH (D) antigens

A

Rh antibodies only present in Rh(-) people after exposure to Rh antigens (from a Rh+ transfusion)

75
Q

Why isn’t there really any blood type that can truly be considered a universal donor or recipient?

A

No blood type is universal because of the possibility of the antibodies present. Rh makes this tricky.

76
Q

What do we do to reduce transfusion rxns?

A
  1. Use “packed Cells” w/o plasma & antibodies

2. Infuse whole blood slowly to dilute & decrease chance of agglutination.

77
Q

Blood Replacement options

A

Whole blood, packed RBC’s, packed platelets, packed WBC’s, Plasma, artificial blood (not available yet)

78
Q

Whole blood

A

Contains all blood components. lasts 35-42 days, platelets lost at 5 days.

79
Q

packed RBC’s

A

e.g. anemic patients would receive this

80
Q

packed platelets

A

ex. of patients to receive this would have low #of platelets. use within 5 days

81
Q

Packed WBC’s

A

pts would be leukemia patients. use immediately

82
Q

plasma

A

used for burn victims, hemophiliacs.

BI 122 (2 decks)

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