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exam twooo wooooo Flashcards

1
Q

Granulomas and granulomatous inflammation

correspond to what?

A

chronic inflammation

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2
Q

Granulation tissue is part of the what??

A

repair process

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3
Q

characterized by large amount of fibrous connective tissue and neovascularization

A

granulation tissue

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4
Q

process including connective tissue replacement and regeneration by which restoration of tissue continuity is achieved.

A

wound healing

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5
Q

If this lesion is an uncontrolled growth, the best term is

A

neoplasia

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6
Q

generalized edema with the profuse accumulation of fluid within the subcutaneous tissue

A

anascara

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7
Q

a type of edema in the submandibular region caused by GI parasitism or hypoproteinemia

A

BOTTLE JAW

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8
Q

T/F

tissue may become firm and distorted due to an increase in fibrous connective tissue after a prolonged edema

A

TRUE

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9
Q

the escape of blood from the blood vessels (extravasation)

Can be external or internal

A

Hemorrhage

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10
Q

excess blood in a vessel to an organ

A

hyperemia

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11
Q

passive engorgement of vascular beds due to a decreased outflow of blood

A

congestion

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12
Q

focal dilation of an artery / Accumulation of blood between the tunica adventitia and tunica media

A

dissecting aneurysm

CAUsed by copper deficiency
Hemorrhage by rhexis

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13
Q

T/F

a sodium deficiency causes dissecting aneurysms

A

FALSE – COPPER!!!

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14
Q

what is a hemorrhage by rhexis

A

tear in the vessel wall

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15
Q

Increased tendency to hemorrhage due to insignificant injury

A

diathesis

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16
Q

hemorrhage by diapedesis

A

Small opening in vessel wall allowing for cells to pass through during inflammation or congestion
-blood vessel is “more leaky”

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17
Q

T/F

in hyperemia the blood is oxygenated

A

TRUE

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18
Q

this indicates an increase in blood volume of arteriole mediated engorgement of the vascular bed

A

hyperemia

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19
Q

this indicates passive, venous engorgement caused by a decreased outflow of blood

A

congestion

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20
Q

T/F

nutmeg liver and right sided CHF are associated with congestion

A

TRUE

chronically there is a low grade hypoxia and high pressure of centrolobular hepatocytes leading to atrophy and necrosis

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21
Q

is the blood in congestion oxygenated or deoxygenated

A

Deoxygenated – think blue intestines in a torsion

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22
Q

accumulation of heart failure cells

A

pulmonary hemosiderosis

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23
Q

non inflammatory pulmonary edema is associated with what disease

A

left sided congestive heart failure

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24
Q

some examples of physiological hyperemia include…

A

digestion
exercise
dissipate heat to skin
embarrassment

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25
Q

blood in the thoracic cavity

A

hemothorax

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26
Q

blood in the peritoneal cavity

A

hemoperitoneum

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27
Q

blood within a joint space

A

hemarthrosis

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28
Q

coughing up blood or blood stained sputum from the lungs or airways

A

hemoptysis

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29
Q

blood from the nose

A

epistaxis

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30
Q

small pinpoint hemorrhages that are 1-2mm on the skin or mucosal surfaces are called…

A

petechia

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31
Q

1-2cm hemorrhage like a bruise or small hematoma

A

ecchymosis

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32
Q

a hemorrhage type that is larger then ecchymosis and contiguous …. serosal surface of the stomach

A

suffusive

**may look black

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33
Q

you open up a dog and it looks like Picasso was midway through a masterpiece on the mucosal surfaces but then he ran out of red paint…

A

paint brush hemorrhage

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34
Q

how do hemorrhages resolve

A
  1. small amounts of reabsorption

2. larger amounts need phagocytosis and degradation by macrophages

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35
Q

a central mass of fibrin and RBCs surrounded by supportive vascular connective tissue and is eventually phagocytized by macrophages

A

organizing hematoma

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36
Q

you have a dark purple blue bruise what is the color from

A

hemaglobin

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37
Q

oh looky your bruise is healing!! now it is a green/yellow color like you are a zombie

A

bilirubin

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38
Q

your skin is doing a wonderful healing job!! congrats!! your once ugly bruise is now just a light brownish color!!

what pigment gets the shoutout?!

A

hemosiderin

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39
Q

arrest of blood flow

A

hemostasis

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40
Q

list 3 components of normal hemostasis

A
  1. vascular wall - endothelium
  2. platelets – primary hemostatic plug
  3. coagulation cascade
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41
Q

what does the vascular endothelium secrete to cause vasoconstriction

A

endothelin

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42
Q

type of thrombus at the trifurcation of the abdominal aorta

A

saddle thrombus – giddy up!!

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43
Q

formation of a clot within a vessel that is not injured or only mildly injured

A

thrombosis

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44
Q

what cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin

A

thrombin

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45
Q

thrombus in the cranial mesenteric artery when some silly nematodes decide it is now their home!!

A

verminous thrombosis

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46
Q

virchow triad ???

A

needed to cause thrombosis

  1. endothelial injury
  2. alterations of blood flow
  3. hypercoagulability
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47
Q

this could be a complication of long bone fractures…. besides it hurting to use that bone probably

A

fat embolism

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48
Q

TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR

A

activated to stop the clot forming process

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49
Q

what is the main goal of the coagulation cascade

A

form fibrin

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50
Q

Antithrombin III

A

needed to prevent clotting/thrombus

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51
Q

what are 4 outcomes of thrombi

A
  1. lysis
  2. propagation
  3. embolization
  4. organization/recanalization
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52
Q

Systemic reaction where the coagulation cascade is activated throughout entire body (widespread thrombosis)

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation

DIC – death is coming :(

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53
Q

Localized area of necrosis due to lack of blood supply /ischemia

A

infarction

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54
Q

type of infarct that is normally intensely hemorrhagic as blood backs up into the affected tissue behind the obstruction

A

venous infarction

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55
Q

type of infarct that is initially hemorrhagic but becomes pale as coagulative necrosis becomes evident

A

arterial infarction

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56
Q

this is the final pathway for a number of potentially lethal clinical events

A

SHOCK

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57
Q

T/F

in coagulative necrosis the tissue architecture is destroyed

A

FALSE – remains intact

**example pale triangle lesion on kidney but you can still tell it is a lesion

58
Q

what is always the end result of shock

A

Systemic hypoperfusion

59
Q

Hepatic congestion due to R sided CHF

A

nutmeg liver – yummy

60
Q

reaction of vascularized living tissue to injury

A

inflammation

61
Q

you are a bumble bee and you come across a dead body…. you decide to sting it. will it become inflamed?

A

NO!!! only living tissue can become inflamed you silly bumble bee

62
Q

what are the classic signs of inflammation

A 
red
heat
swelling
pain
loss of function
63
Q

what are some roles of inflammation

A

Dilate/contain the injury
Destroy invading microorganism/toxin
Heal & repair

64
Q

3 outcomes of inflammation

A
  1. return to normal conditions
  2. intense inflammatory response – capsule/abscess
  3. failure to eliminate source – scar
65
Q

T/F

inflammation can be more harmful than the initial stimulus

A

TRUE

66
Q

what is an inflammatory exudate that is rich in neutrophils

A

pus

67
Q

how do you classify inflammation based on extent

A

mild
moderate
severe

68
Q

inflammation of the lymph nodes

A

Lymphadenitis

69
Q

inflammation of the lymphatic vessels

A

Lymphangitis

70
Q

a Chronic lesion consists mostly of macrophages. How would you categorize it

A

granulomatous

71
Q

exudate consists of mucus and neutrophils is called…

A

mucopurulent
AND
catarrhal

72
Q

Kill microorganisms and mediate tissue injury by releasing free radicals & lysosomal enzymes

A

NEUTROPHILS

73
Q

cells that are the FIRST LINE of defense

A

NEUTROPHILS

74
Q

cells larger than neutrophils that fight parasites and allergies

A

EOSINOPHILS

75
Q

When inflammatory process turns CHRONIC what cell will predominate

A

macrophages

76
Q

what is a macrophage called before it leaves the blood to go to tissue

A

monocyte

77
Q

what are the events of acute inflammation

A
  1. stimuli
  2. vascular changes such as increased permeability
  3. cellular events
  4. termination
78
Q

T/F

edema can be exudate or transudate

A

TRUE

79
Q

the type of inflammation that occurs in less than 4 hours to a potent stimulus. you probably will not have time for your body to respond before you die. sorry

A

peracute

80
Q

T/F

a lot of leucocytes will be present in peracute inflammation

A

FALSE

81
Q

a type of inflammation that shows classic inflammation signs and where neutrophils predominate

A

Acute

82
Q

this fluid has low protein content and a low specific gravity

A

transudate

83
Q

this is a type of inflammation where the response does not include reparative responses such as fibrinoplasia and angiogenesis

A

subacute

84
Q

T/F

fibrosis and neovascularization are characteristics of subacute inflammation

A

FALSE – this would be of chronic

85
Q

the result of a persistent stimulus that was failed to be removed

A

chronic inflammation

86
Q

T/F

suppurative exudation in usually bacterial in origin

A

TRUE

87
Q

an exudate that contains fibrin and neutrophils

A

fibrinopurulent

88
Q

severe injury to endothelium and basement membranes results in leakage of plasma proteins including fibrinogen

A

fibrinous exudation

89
Q

what are neutrophils called in bunny rabbits

A

heterophils

90
Q

what cells produce Interleukin 1

A

macrophages

91
Q

hallmark of chronic inflammation

A

fibrosis

92
Q

specific type of chronic inflammation characterized by accumulation of modified macrophages (epithelioid cells) and initiated by a variety of infectious and non infectious agents

A

granulomatous inflammation

93
Q

a small organized collection of epithelioid macrophages surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes and also includes langhan giant cells and fibrous connective tissue

A

granuloma

94
Q

what is a simple granuloma

A

organized accumulation of macrophages and epithelioid cells often rimmed by lymphocytes

95
Q

complex granuloma

A

granuloma with a central area of necrosis

  • may lead to calcification or mineralization
  • necrosis may be due to lysosomal enzymes, oxygen free radicals, ischemia
96
Q

What is the term used to describe tissue that is healing

A

granulation tissue

97
Q

the process by which lost of necrotic cells are replaced by vital cells

A

repair

98
Q

If the basement membrane of tubular epithelial cells in the kidney are destroyed, what will happen?

A

the cells will be replaced by fibrosis

99
Q

healed with tissue very similar to original tissue and with little scar and little exudate

A

first intention healing

100
Q

when wound has large gaps, lots of exudate, & with lots of scar formation

A

second intention healing

101
Q

Which one of the 5 pathological processes does neoplasia fall under

A

disorders of growth

102
Q

replacement of damaged tissue with cells of the identical type, sometimes leaving no residual trace of previous injury

A

repair by parenchymal regeneration

103
Q

what is needed for parenchymal regeneration to occur?

A

the tissue must have the capacity to regenerate

the connective tissue framework must be maintained

104
Q

stratified squamous skin cells are an example of what cell type

A

labile

105
Q

fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells are an example of what cell type

A

stable / quiescent

106
Q

neurons and cardiac cells are an example of what cell type

A

non-dividing / permanent

107
Q

True or false: a hemangiosarcoma is benign

A

FALSE

108
Q

tumor derived from more than 1 cell line

A

teratoma

109
Q

A raised lesion with a depressed center is described as what

A

umbilicated

110
Q

“oma”

A

bening tumor

111
Q

“sarcoma”

A

malignant tumor

come from bone, muscle, fat, cartilage

112
Q

“carcinoma”

A

malignant tumor

originate from skin, lungs, glands

113
Q

study of neoplasia

A

oncology

114
Q

definitive of malignant

A

metastasis

115
Q

Mdx for a neoplasm…

A

organ + tissue of origin + growth behavior (oma, carcinoma, sarcoma)

116
Q

What would you call a benign neoplasm of the anal sac arising from glandular epithelium

A

Perianal adenoma

117
Q

tumors derived from bone

A

osteo-

118
Q

tumors derived from glandular epithelial cells

A

adeno-

119
Q

tumors derived from vascular endothelium

A

hemangio-

120
Q

tumors derived from fibrous connective tissue

A

fibro-

121
Q

lesion with both pus and macrophages present

A

pyogranulomatous

122
Q

thickest layer in veins

A

tunica externa

123
Q

thickest layer in arteries

A

tunica media

124
Q

T/F

during normal conditions vascular endothelium is ANTI-thrombotic and PRO-fibrinolytic

A

TRUE

**during injury it is PRO-thrombotic and ANTI-fibrinolytic

125
Q

what does nitric oxide do?

A

relaxes the vascular endothelium and causes vasodilation

126
Q

where is the most water in a cell???

A

intracellular fluid – 40%

127
Q

moves fluid INTO the vasculature

A

oncotic pressure

128
Q

moves fluid OUT OF the vasculature

A

hydrostatic pressure

129
Q

when the hydrostatic pressure goes up, Or the oncotic pressure is decreased….

A

EDEMAAAA

  • *increased HP is associated with right sided CHF
  • *decreased OP is associated with hypoproteinemia
130
Q

T/F

lymphatic obstruction will not cause an edema

A

FALSE – it will :)

131
Q

T/F

increased vascular permeability could cause edema

A

TRUE

this is in inflammation… fluid leaks – swelling

132
Q

does exudate or transudate have to do with inflammation

A

exudate – protein rich

133
Q

left sided CHF is associated with what type of edema

A

pulmonary!!

like L for left … L for Lungs

134
Q

i want to stain some heart failure cells… what should i use

A

Iron (Perl’s stain) they will stain blue

135
Q

what factors activate the coagulation cascade to make thrombin>

A

Factors III and VII

136
Q

where are the coagulation factors produced

A

plasma proteins produced by the LIVER!!!!

137
Q

how might an animal with saddle thrombus present to you?

A

paresis or cold hind limbs because blood cant get there

138
Q

Phagocytic cells create a canal through the thrombus

A

organization or recanalization – an outcome of thrombus

139
Q

Chunk of thrombus detaches and floats down stream

A

embolism – an outcome of thrombus

140
Q

T/F

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is a primary disease

A

FALSE – some primary causes that could lead to DIC are neoplasia, sepsis, anaphylaxis, and severe tissue injury

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