exam twooo wooooo Flashcards
1
Q
Granulomas and granulomatous inflammation
correspond to what?
A
chronic inflammation
2
Q
Granulation tissue is part of the what??
A
repair process
3
Q
characterized by large amount of fibrous connective tissue and neovascularization
A
granulation tissue
4
Q
process including connective tissue replacement and regeneration by which restoration of tissue continuity is achieved.
A
wound healing
5
Q
If this lesion is an uncontrolled growth, the best term is
A
neoplasia
6
Q
generalized edema with the profuse accumulation of fluid within the subcutaneous tissue
A
anascara
7
Q
a type of edema in the submandibular region caused by GI parasitism or hypoproteinemia
A
BOTTLE JAW
8
Q
T/F
tissue may become firm and distorted due to an increase in fibrous connective tissue after a prolonged edema
A
TRUE
9
Q
the escape of blood from the blood vessels (extravasation)
Can be external or internal
A
Hemorrhage
10
Q
excess blood in a vessel to an organ
A
hyperemia
11
Q
passive engorgement of vascular beds due to a decreased outflow of blood
A
congestion
12
Q
focal dilation of an artery / Accumulation of blood between the tunica adventitia and tunica media
A
dissecting aneurysm
CAUsed by copper deficiency
Hemorrhage by rhexis
13
Q
T/F
a sodium deficiency causes dissecting aneurysms
A
FALSE – COPPER!!!
14
Q
what is a hemorrhage by rhexis
A
tear in the vessel wall
15
Q
Increased tendency to hemorrhage due to insignificant injury
A
diathesis
16
Q
hemorrhage by diapedesis
A
Small opening in vessel wall allowing for cells to pass through during inflammation or congestion
-blood vessel is “more leaky”
17
Q
T/F
in hyperemia the blood is oxygenated
A
TRUE
18
Q
this indicates an increase in blood volume of arteriole mediated engorgement of the vascular bed
A
hyperemia
19
Q
this indicates passive, venous engorgement caused by a decreased outflow of blood
A
congestion
20
Q
T/F
nutmeg liver and right sided CHF are associated with congestion
A
TRUE
chronically there is a low grade hypoxia and high pressure of centrolobular hepatocytes leading to atrophy and necrosis
21
Q
is the blood in congestion oxygenated or deoxygenated
A
Deoxygenated – think blue intestines in a torsion
22
Q
accumulation of heart failure cells
A
pulmonary hemosiderosis
23
Q
non inflammatory pulmonary edema is associated with what disease
A
left sided congestive heart failure
24
Q
some examples of physiological hyperemia include…
A
digestion
exercise
dissipate heat to skin
embarrassment
25
blood in the thoracic cavity
hemothorax
26
blood in the peritoneal cavity
hemoperitoneum
27
blood within a joint space
hemarthrosis
28
coughing up blood or blood stained sputum from the lungs or airways
hemoptysis
29
blood from the nose
epistaxis
30
small pinpoint hemorrhages that are 1-2mm on the skin or mucosal surfaces are called...
petechia
31
1-2cm hemorrhage like a bruise or small hematoma
ecchymosis
32
a hemorrhage type that is larger then ecchymosis and contiguous .... serosal surface of the stomach
suffusive
**may look black
33
you open up a dog and it looks like Picasso was midway through a masterpiece on the mucosal surfaces but then he ran out of red paint...
paint brush hemorrhage
34
how do hemorrhages resolve
1. small amounts of reabsorption
| 2. larger amounts need phagocytosis and degradation by macrophages
35
a central mass of fibrin and RBCs surrounded by supportive vascular connective tissue and is eventually phagocytized by macrophages
organizing hematoma
36
you have a dark purple blue bruise what is the color from
hemaglobin
37
oh looky your bruise is healing!! now it is a green/yellow color like you are a zombie
bilirubin
38
your skin is doing a wonderful healing job!! congrats!! your once ugly bruise is now just a light brownish color!!
what pigment gets the shoutout?!
hemosiderin
39
arrest of blood flow
hemostasis
40
list 3 components of normal hemostasis
1. vascular wall - endothelium
2. platelets -- primary hemostatic plug
3. coagulation cascade
41
what does the vascular endothelium secrete to cause vasoconstriction
endothelin
42
type of thrombus at the trifurcation of the abdominal aorta
saddle thrombus -- giddy up!!
43
formation of a clot within a vessel that is not injured or only mildly injured
thrombosis
44
what cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin
thrombin
45
thrombus in the cranial mesenteric artery when some silly nematodes decide it is now their home!!
verminous thrombosis
46
virchow triad ???
needed to cause thrombosis
1. endothelial injury
2. alterations of blood flow
3. hypercoagulability
47
this could be a complication of long bone fractures.... besides it hurting to use that bone probably
fat embolism
48
TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR
activated to stop the clot forming process
49
what is the main goal of the coagulation cascade
form fibrin
50
Antithrombin III
needed to prevent clotting/thrombus
51
what are 4 outcomes of thrombi
1. lysis
2. propagation
3. embolization
4. organization/recanalization
52
Systemic reaction where the coagulation cascade is activated throughout entire body (widespread thrombosis)
disseminated intravascular coagulation
DIC -- death is coming :(
53
Localized area of necrosis due to lack of blood supply /ischemia
infarction
54
type of infarct that is normally intensely hemorrhagic as blood backs up into the affected tissue behind the obstruction
venous infarction
55
type of infarct that is initially hemorrhagic but becomes pale as coagulative necrosis becomes evident
arterial infarction
56
this is the final pathway for a number of potentially lethal clinical events
SHOCK
57
T/F
| in coagulative necrosis the tissue architecture is destroyed
FALSE -- remains intact
**example pale triangle lesion on kidney but you can still tell it is a lesion
58
what is always the end result of shock
Systemic hypoperfusion
59
Hepatic congestion due to R sided CHF
nutmeg liver -- yummy
60
reaction of vascularized living tissue to injury
inflammation
61
you are a bumble bee and you come across a dead body.... you decide to sting it. will it become inflamed?
NO!!! only living tissue can become inflamed you silly bumble bee
62
what are the classic signs of inflammation
```
red
heat
swelling
pain
loss of function
```
63
what are some roles of inflammation
Dilate/contain the injury
Destroy invading microorganism/toxin
Heal & repair
64
3 outcomes of inflammation
1. return to normal conditions
2. intense inflammatory response -- capsule/abscess
3. failure to eliminate source -- scar
65
T/F
| inflammation can be more harmful than the initial stimulus
TRUE
66
what is an inflammatory exudate that is rich in neutrophils
pus
67
how do you classify inflammation based on extent
mild
moderate
severe
68
inflammation of the lymph nodes
Lymphadenitis
69
inflammation of the lymphatic vessels
Lymphangitis
70
a Chronic lesion consists mostly of macrophages. How would you categorize it
granulomatous
71
exudate consists of mucus and neutrophils is called...
mucopurulent
AND
catarrhal
72
Kill microorganisms and mediate tissue injury by releasing free radicals & lysosomal enzymes
NEUTROPHILS
73
cells that are the FIRST LINE of defense
NEUTROPHILS
74
cells larger than neutrophils that fight parasites and allergies
EOSINOPHILS
75
When inflammatory process turns CHRONIC what cell will predominate
macrophages
76
what is a macrophage called before it leaves the blood to go to tissue
monocyte
77
what are the events of acute inflammation
1. stimuli
2. vascular changes such as increased permeability
3. cellular events
4. termination
78
T/F
| edema can be exudate or transudate
TRUE
79
the type of inflammation that occurs in less than 4 hours to a potent stimulus. you probably will not have time for your body to respond before you die. sorry
peracute
80
T/F
| a lot of leucocytes will be present in peracute inflammation
FALSE
81
a type of inflammation that shows classic inflammation signs and where neutrophils predominate
Acute
82
this fluid has low protein content and a low specific gravity
transudate
83
this is a type of inflammation where the response does not include reparative responses such as fibrinoplasia and angiogenesis
subacute
84
T/F
| fibrosis and neovascularization are characteristics of subacute inflammation
FALSE -- this would be of chronic
85
the result of a persistent stimulus that was failed to be removed
chronic inflammation
86
T/F
| suppurative exudation in usually bacterial in origin
TRUE
87
an exudate that contains fibrin and neutrophils
fibrinopurulent
88
severe injury to endothelium and basement membranes results in leakage of plasma proteins including fibrinogen
fibrinous exudation
89
what are neutrophils called in bunny rabbits
heterophils
90
what cells produce Interleukin 1
macrophages
91
hallmark of chronic inflammation
fibrosis
92
specific type of chronic inflammation characterized by accumulation of modified macrophages (epithelioid cells) and initiated by a variety of infectious and non infectious agents
granulomatous inflammation
93
a small organized collection of epithelioid macrophages surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes and also includes langhan giant cells and fibrous connective tissue
granuloma
94
what is a simple granuloma
organized accumulation of macrophages and epithelioid cells often rimmed by lymphocytes
95
complex granuloma
granuloma with a central area of necrosis
- may lead to calcification or mineralization
- necrosis may be due to lysosomal enzymes, oxygen free radicals, ischemia
96
What is the term used to describe tissue that is healing
granulation tissue
97
the process by which lost of necrotic cells are replaced by vital cells
repair
98
If the basement membrane of tubular epithelial cells in the kidney are destroyed, what will happen?
the cells will be replaced by fibrosis
99
healed with tissue very similar to original tissue and with little scar and little exudate
first intention healing
100
when wound has large gaps, lots of exudate, & with lots of scar formation
second intention healing
101
Which one of the 5 pathological processes does neoplasia fall under
disorders of growth
102
replacement of damaged tissue with cells of the identical type, sometimes leaving no residual trace of previous injury
repair by parenchymal regeneration
103
what is needed for parenchymal regeneration to occur?
the tissue must have the capacity to regenerate
the connective tissue framework must be maintained
104
stratified squamous skin cells are an example of what cell type
labile
105
fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells are an example of what cell type
stable / quiescent
106
neurons and cardiac cells are an example of what cell type
non-dividing / permanent
107
True or false: a hemangiosarcoma is benign
FALSE
108
tumor derived from more than 1 cell line
teratoma
109
A raised lesion with a depressed center is described as what
umbilicated
110
"oma"
bening tumor
111
"sarcoma"
malignant tumor
| come from bone, muscle, fat, cartilage
112
"carcinoma"
malignant tumor
| originate from skin, lungs, glands
113
study of neoplasia
oncology
114
definitive of malignant
metastasis
115
Mdx for a neoplasm...
organ + tissue of origin + growth behavior (oma, carcinoma, sarcoma)
116
What would you call a benign neoplasm of the anal sac arising from glandular epithelium
Perianal adenoma
117
tumors derived from bone
osteo-
118
tumors derived from glandular epithelial cells
adeno-
119
tumors derived from vascular endothelium
hemangio-
120
tumors derived from fibrous connective tissue
fibro-
121
lesion with both pus and macrophages present
pyogranulomatous
122
thickest layer in veins
tunica externa
123
thickest layer in arteries
tunica media
124
T/F
| during normal conditions vascular endothelium is ANTI-thrombotic and PRO-fibrinolytic
TRUE
**during injury it is PRO-thrombotic and ANTI-fibrinolytic
125
what does nitric oxide do?
relaxes the vascular endothelium and causes vasodilation
126
where is the most water in a cell???
intracellular fluid -- 40%
127
moves fluid INTO the vasculature
oncotic pressure
128
moves fluid OUT OF the vasculature
hydrostatic pressure
129
when the hydrostatic pressure goes up, Or the oncotic pressure is decreased....
EDEMAAAA
* *increased HP is associated with right sided CHF
* *decreased OP is associated with hypoproteinemia
130
T/F
| lymphatic obstruction will not cause an edema
FALSE -- it will :)
131
T/F
| increased vascular permeability could cause edema
TRUE
this is in inflammation... fluid leaks -- swelling
132
does exudate or transudate have to do with inflammation
exudate -- protein rich
133
left sided CHF is associated with what type of edema
pulmonary!!
like L for left ... L for Lungs
134
i want to stain some heart failure cells... what should i use
Iron (Perl's stain) they will stain blue
135
what factors activate the coagulation cascade to make thrombin>
Factors III and VII
136
where are the coagulation factors produced
plasma proteins produced by the LIVER!!!!
137
how might an animal with saddle thrombus present to you?
paresis or cold hind limbs because blood cant get there
138
Phagocytic cells create a canal through the thrombus
organization or recanalization -- an outcome of thrombus
139
Chunk of thrombus detaches and floats down stream
embolism -- an outcome of thrombus
140
T/F
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is a primary disease
FALSE -- some primary causes that could lead to DIC are neoplasia, sepsis, anaphylaxis, and severe tissue injury
