Exam Two Flashcards
What is behavioural analysis
Interview of a client using motivational interviewing techniques, focus on attitudes, values, beliefs about the offence and law abiding behaviour
What is case conceptualisation
Focus on triggers and patterns. What pattern is seen in offending? What triggers the offending?
Are the behaviour analysis and case conceptualisation with or without the offender
Behaviour analysis: with offender
Case conceptualisation: without offender
What are external and internal triggers?
External: your environment
Internal: low self esteem mental tings
What are the assessment and re-assessment tests for adults and juveniles?
Level of service inventory (LSI-R) for adults
Youth assessment screening instrument (YASI) for juveniles
Reassess periodically to see if risk level is decreasing or increasing
What are static and dynamic factors
Static factors: factors about the individual that cannot be changed eg family history, prior criminal history. Going to drive up risk scores and cannot do anything about it
Dynamic factors: factors that can be changed by tx and/or rehabilitation. Focus on attitudes, values and beliefs eg drug abuse or anger management
What are protective factors
Strengths that buffer against the individuals risk eg education, support groups. Employment education pro social activities and supportive family
What are the smart action steps
Specific Measurable Attainable Realistic Timely
What are the levels of supervision
Minimum: little to no contact (every six months) and no programs (can be both for adults and juveniles), no programs because they could be influenced by mod-high risk offenders. Paper reporting - Mail on form or kiosks
Moderate: contact w officers at least monthly
Maximum: bi weekly contact w officers
What is a collateral contact?
Agencies, families and employers (ask others if the probationer is going to come to programs or work w them to find best assistance for client)
What are the factors of a LSI R
54 items
Assigns numerical value to each question
If answer yes one point if no two points
Can assign risk levels this accurately predict future offending behaviour
What is a oras
An Ohio risk assessment system
First comprehensive assessment in the public domain that can be used in pre trial during community supervision and can be used for assessment of the re entry process into prison
What is a field contact
Most time consuming but most valuable face to face contact.
Officer visits offenders home or place of work to monitor progress
Field vista are scheduled through mapping software known as geographic information software to track offenders and make sure officers are safe
Can probation officers conduct warrant less searches
Yes if they have reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. U.S. Supreme Court holds that individuals have diminished expectations of privacy while on parole.
What are the four levels of supervision, their monthly meeting requirements and caseload caps?
Maximum - 4 visits per month- 40 cases cap
High - 2 visits per month- 80 caseload cap
Standard - 1 visit per month- 250 caseload cap
Administrative - 0 visits per month- no cap
What are the eight principles of effective correctional intervention
- Be intensive, occupying 40%-70%
- Contain cognitive behavioural components to prepare the mind for behavioural change
- Match program level w client altitudes according to gender, age, cultural background and risk level so that higher risk clients make greater strides
- Offer positive reinforcements that exceed punishments by a ratio by 4:1
- Require minimum education and experience levels for staff
- Teach clients to replace criminal networks w pro social ones
- Provide relapse prevention and aftercare
- Evaluate the program and assess its compliance to the previous seven principles using the correctional program assessment inventory
What is cognitive behavioural therapy
A therapeutic intervention for helping a person to change that is a blend of two types of therapies - cognitive therapy of the mind and behavioural change of the body
What are the six examples of cognitive behavioural therapy for offenders
Moral reconation therapy
Reasoning and rehabilitation
Thinking for a change
Strategies for self improvement and change
Relapse prevention therapy
Aggression replacement training
What is moral reconation therapy
1985
32 hour cbt program
Develop positive identity and higher stages of moral reasoning by giving testimonies
Group therapy
Based on theory that people with moral reasoning are less likely to commit crimes
Reduced recidivism by 2/3 in 6-12 months
What is reasoning and rehabilitation
Mid 1980s 70 hour programs or 35 2 hour sessions Cognitive problem solving Self control Critical reasoning Values enhancement Emotional control Victim awareness
What is thinking for change or t4c
Mid 1990s
22 one to two hour lessons
Cognitive restructuring program in which offenders examine their attitudes, beliefs, and thinking patterns so they can consider the consequences of their actions. Change sought through social skills and problem solving techniques and two sessions per week
What is strategies for self improvement and change
Year long program for adult substance abuse engaged in long term community treatment program. Thoughts and behaviour patterns linked to substance abuse looked at
What is relapse prevention therapy
Used after intensive residence treatment, good aftercare program to use after ssc. Good for relapse prevention of any obsessive thoughts and or compulsive or habitual behaviour
2000
Focus on coping skills
What is aggression replacement training
Youth and adult offenders w anger management problems
Mid 1990s
30 hour program uses cbt to recognise and appropriately handle anger
What are chronos
A chronological account of detailed notes written by a probation or parole officer and organised by date, about any client contact and/or case information that becomes a permanent part of the offenders case file
What are the characteristics of female offenders
Have not completed high school
Lack skills for employment making above minimum wage
Women primary caretakers of dependent children
3/4 women in CJS have dependent children
Living below poverty line w lil means and opportunities
What are factors leading to early pathways of criminality in females
Abuse as child and adult
Sexual or physical or emotional
Abuse from male partners
Submissive and dependent role in relationships
Low self esteem and mental state unstable
What is the ratio between males and females on probation
Makes 3:1 females
What is the interstate compact
An agreement signed by all the U.S. States and territories that allows the supervision of probationers and parolees across state lines.
When was Interstate Compact established and when was it ratified by all states
Established in 25 states in 1937
Ratified in all states in 1951
Interstate compact for juveniles establish in 1955
How much offenders are being supervised currently by interstate compact and for what crimes mainly
115,000
- Drugs
- Property
- Assault or robbery
What is the sending and receiving state
Sending is where the crime and sentencing occurred
Receiving state is where the community supervision is undertaken
Sending state is the state whe
What is the eligibility for interstate compact
Offender is already a resident of the receiving state
Offender desired to live w relatives who are willing in receiving state
Offender or member of immediate family received an employment transfer
Relocation or transfer due to military orders
Factors of interstate compact
Discretionary and approved on a case by case basis
Can move at start of probation or middle as long as there is 90. Days left and only due to special circumstances
7 out of 10 transfer requests approved
Receiving state is doing courtesy supervision
Updates sending state on quarterly basis on progress
One third of all interstate offenders incurred at least one reportable violation each year
Most reportable violations are if an offender has a large number of technical violations it can be absconding from supervision or new arrest or conviction
Factors of revocation and extradition
Sending state retains ultimate authority to modify the conditions of probations to revoke it or terminate it. Violator may be incarcerated in reviving state at expense of sending state until transfer (retaking)
Sending state expected to pick up and transport their own probationer back to original jurisdiction to face court or parole board.
Sending state must retake all violent offenders. Discretion w non violent offenders
What is intensive supervision and specialised caseloads
ISP is a form of supervision that subjects offenders to closer surveillance, more conditions to follow, and more treatment exposure than that to which regular probationers and parolees are subjected. Usually smaller caseloads to keep tighter control over offender.
Purpose was to deter offenders form violations but only allowed officers to significantly identify more specific violations and minor technical violations
What were the changed applied to ISP
High risk offenders were chosen for close supervision with intensive cognitive behavioural treatment to significantly lower recidivism
Change was treated as a process, and offenders were allowed a certain degree of noncompliance to compete the program
Direct contact with an offender in the form of personal visits and phone contact increased the changes of program completion
What are specialised case loads
Use of specialised caseloads means that a supervising officer becomes an expert in working with a particular sub population of offenders based on a particular criminogenic need or type of offence.
What drugs are most likely tied to criminal behaviour
Crack cocaine and heroin
What are the obstacles that probation and parole officers face in the supervision of offenders with substance abuse problems
Assigning quality drug treatment programs to trained staff
Ability to refer clients to a community based program (due to lack of space availability)
Limited ability to keep clients in mandatory treatment
Relapse after intensive treatment ends (events, thought patterns or stressful situations can trigger substance use)
What is treatment retention model
Model recommend that drug treatment begun for offenders while they are incarcerated and that when they are released from prison, a cognitive behavioural relapse prevention program retains offenders in treatment throughout the re-entry and parole period.
What are drug courts
A diversion program for drug addicts in which a judge, prosecutor and probation officer okay proactive roles and monitor the progress of clients through weekly visits to a courtroom using a process of graduated sanctions
Prosecutor, defence, judges and probation officer monitor the progress of each client for one year via court hearings every 2-4 weeks for a year
When was the first drug court
1988
Dade County Florida
What are the assumptions of drug courts
Outpatient treatment interventions with first time offenders or low level offenders were more likely to curb future drug use than administering community sanctions without treatment
Sooner intervention occurs after arrest, the less time an offender will spend in jail possibly affected by drug users
How many drug courts are there
2000 adult
500 juvenile
What is the eligibility for drug courts
For non violent offenders with at least a moderate substance abuse problem
Misdemeanants or felons.
Voluntarily agree to participate in court
Substance abuse assessment determines eligibility also
What are the four phases of drug court
One: intensive, either full time inpatient or 12 hour out patient treatment per week. Detoxification through acupuncture, group/individual counselling, drug testing. Move to next phases when client ready and as a reward
Rest of the four stages are just a tapered down version of one until four which leads to graduation.
What are the rates for drug courts
37% to 50% reduced recidivism
Most effective for non violent adult offenders w moderate addictions
What are therapeutic communities
Residential community facilities specifically targeted to drug addict and alcoholic offenders and/or drug addicts amendable to treatment
Better suited to poly drug addictions (addicted to more than one drug for an extensive period of time)
