Exam Two Flashcards
Some unanticipated event occurred while the research was in progress that influenced the dependent variable
history effect
Changes in the dependent variable occurred due to normal developmental processes operating within the participants as a function of time
Maturation
Participants selected on the bases of extreme dependent variable return to the mean on subsequent dependent variable
Regression
Two or more groups have different kinds of participants that influence the dependent variable
selection
Differential loss of participants across groups influence the dependent variable
attrition
Measurement/performance of dependent variable influenced subsequent measurement/performance
Testing
changes occurred during the study in the way the DV was measured
Instrumentation
Changes in the dependent variable occurred because the control group knew or found out about the experimental group or vice versa
diffusion of treatment
The insensitivity of a measurement of the dependent variable that would result in all participants scoring at the top of the scale
ceiling effect
Jan weighed 100 pound last month. Before she weighed today she believed
she had gained weight but was pleasantly surprised that the scale only
indicated 100 pounds. What she did not know is the scale will not register
more than 100 pounds. Jan’s experiemce illustrates ____.
a. carryover
b. ceiling
c. floor
d. non-linearity
e. outlier
f. regression
b. ceiling
Jim concluded that the strong negative correlation he observed between
depression and self-esteem meant that having low self-esteem is responsible
for high levels of depression. Jim did not know that the participants
experienced depression before their self-esteem changed. Jim’s conclusion is
an example of:
a. directionality
b. lagged correlation.
c. partial correlation.
d. third-variable.
a. directionally
Suppose that the correlation between height and weight for adults is .30.
Approximately what proportion of the variability in weight is accounted for
by the relationship with height?
a. .09
b. .15
c. .30
d. .90
a. .09
A researcher expects the correlation between smoking (no/yes) and
lung cancer (no/yes) to be positive. According to our textbook, ___ is the
measure of the relationship.
a. Pearson
b. Phi
c. Point-Biserial
d. Spearman
b. Phi
The presence of “a plausible rival hypothesis” is desirable in research.
a. yes
b. no
b. no
Selection is not a threat to a repeated measures study.
a. true
b. false
a. true
An experiment in which different subjects are assigned to each group
between subjects design
An experimental design in which the dependent variable is measured after the manipulation of the independent variable
posttest only control group design
An experimental design in which the dependent variable is measured both before and after manipulation of the independent variable
pretest/posttest control group design
A design with four groups that is a combination of the posttest only control group design and the pretest/posttest control group design
Solomon four-group design
An uncontrolled extraneous variable or flaw in an experiment
confound
The extent to which the results of an experiment can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable rather than to some confounding variable
internal validity
A threat to internal validity in which an outside event that is not a part of the manipulation of the experiment could be responsible for the results
history effect
A threat to internal validity in which naturally occurring changes within the subjects could be responsible for the observed results
maturation effect
A threat to internal validity in which repeated testing leads to better or worse scores
testing effect
A threat to internal validity in which extreme scores, upon retesting, tend to be less extreme, moving toward the mean
regression to the mean
A threat to internal validity in which changes in the dependent variable may be due to changes in the measuring device
instrumentation effect
A threat to internal validity in which differential dropout rates may be observed in the experimental and control groups , leading to inequality between the groups
mortality/attrition
A threat to internal validity in which observed changes in the behaviors or responses of subjects due to information received from other subjects in the study
diffusion of treatment
A threat to internal validity in which the experimenter, consciously or unconsciously, affects the results of the study
experimenter effect
An experimental procedure in which either the subjects or the experimenters are blind to the manipulation being made
single-blind experiment
An experimental procedure in which neither the experimenter nor the subject knows the condition to which each subject has been assigned; both parties are blind to the manipulation
double-blind experiment
A threat to internal validity in which the subject, consciously or unconsciously, affects the results of the study
subject effect
A type of subject effect in which subjects try to guess what characteristics the experimenter is in effect “demanding”
demand characteristics
A type of reactivity in which subjects improve or change an aspect of their behavior because they know that they are being studied, rather than in response to the experimental manipulation
Hawthorne effect
A group or condition in which subjects believe they are receiving treatment but are not
placebo group
An inert substance that subjects believe is a treatment
placebo
A limitation of the measuring instrument that decreases its capability to differentiate between scores at the bottom of the scale
floor effect
A limitation of the measuring instrument that decreases its capability to differentiate between the scores at the top of the scale
ceiling effect
The extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized
external validity
An external validity problem that results from using mainly young people with a late adolescent mentality who are still developing self-identities and attitudes
college sophomore problem
Repeating a study using the same means of manipulating and measuring the variables as in the original study
exact replication
A study based on another study that uses different methods, a different manipulation, or a different methods, a different manipulation, or a different measure
conceptual replication
A study that varies from an original study in on systematic way— for example, by using a different number or type of subjects, a different setting, or more levels of the independent variable
systematic replication
the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the differences between the means of independent samples in a two-sample experiment
standard error of the differences between means
The proportions of variance in the dependent variable that is accounted for by the manipulation of the independent variable
effect size
An inferential statistic for measuring effect size
Cohen’s d
An experimental design in which the subjects in the experiment a land control groups are related in some way
correlated-groups design
A type of correlated groups design in which the subjects in the experiment a land control groups are related in some way
correlated-groups design
A type of correlated-groups design in which the same subjects are used in each condition
within-subjects design
A problem for within subjects designs in which the order of the conditions has an effect on the dependent variable
order effects
A mechanism for controlling order effects either by including all orders of treatment presentation or by randomly determining the order for each subject
counterbalancing
A type of testing effect often present in within-subjects designs in which subjects “carry” something with them from one condition to another
carryover effects
A type of correlated groups design in which subjects are matched between conditions on variables that the researcher believes are relevant to the study
matched-subjects design
Scores representing the difference between subjects performance in one condition and their performance in a second condition
difference scores
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of mean differences between dependent samples in two group experiment
standard error of the difference scores
Together one type of participant and the IV change the DV but the changes will not generalize to a different type of participant who receives the IV
selection, treatment
Together the measurement/performance of the DV and the IV change the DV but the changes will not generalize to group who receives the IV
testing, treatment
When the same participants receive all levels of the IV, changes in the DV cannot be generalized to a situation in which participants receive only one level of the IV
multiple treatments
One threat to external validity is __________ arrangements. This can be further categorized into unnatural tasks and unnatural settings.
reactive
One threat to external validity is reactive arrangements, further classified into unnatural _________. This occurs when participants may respond differently to artificial/laboratory situations than they would to normal situations.
setting
One threat to external validity is reactive arrangements, further classified into unnatural _________. This occurs when participants may respond differently to artificial/laboratory materials than they would to normal materials.
tasks
__________ validity has to do with whether the intended independent variable was actually created.
construct
___________ validity has to do with whether the correct tests were run.
statistical
Basic statistical tests of ____________ (relational/correlation) research are: the pearson r, spearman, point biserial, phi.
predictive
___________ effects occur by repeated measures in which all participants are exposed to all levels of the IV. There are two levels: order effect, and carryover (interaction) effect.
sequence
