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Experimental Psychology > Exam One Ch. 1-2 > Flashcards

Exam One Ch. 1-2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Knowledge via superstition

A

knowledge based on subjective feelings, interpreting random events as non random. “magical” events
Ex: Bad things happen in threes

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2
Q

Knowledge via intuition

A

knowledge gained without being consciously aware of its source
Ex: I don’t know, its just a gut feeling.

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3
Q

Illusory correlation

A

the perception of a relationship that does not exist

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4
Q

Knowledge via authority

A

knowledge gained from those viewed as authority figures

Ex: parents, teachers, celebrities with infomercials

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5
Q

Knowledge via tenacity

A

knowledge gained from repeated ideas that are stubbornly clung to despite evidence supporting the contrary
Ex: slogan with a product or political campaign

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6
Q

Knowledge via rationalism

A

knowledge gained through logical reasoning

presented in from of a syllogism (attractive people are good; Nellie is attractive; therefore, Nellie is good.)

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7
Q

Knowledge via empiricism

A

knowledge gained by objective observations of organisms and events in real world
Ex: “I believe nothing until I see it with my own eyes.”
Dates back to Aristotle
** best paired with rationalism

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8
Q

Knowledge via science

A

knowledge gained by a combination of empirical methods and logical (rational) reasoning
-collect data (empirical observations) and test hypothesis with the data (assessed with rationalism)

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9
Q

Hypothesis

A

prediction regarding the outcome of a study involving the potential relationship between at least two variables
-need to be testable

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10
Q

Variable

A

an event or behavior that has at least two variables

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11
Q

Theory

A

an organized system of assumptions and principles that are attempts to explain certain phenomena and how they are related

  • helps develop framework
  • aids in developing the hypothesis
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12
Q

Skeptic

A

person who questions the validity, authenticity, and truth of something claiming to be factual

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13
Q

Three terms that define science

A
  • systematic empiricism
  • publicly verifiable knowledge
  • empirically solvable problems
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14
Q

Systematic empiricism

A

making observations in a systematic manner to test hypothesis and develop or refute a theory
-can help better draw conclusions than simple observations

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15
Q

Publicly verifiable knowledge

A

presenting research to the public so that it can be observed, replicated, criticized, and tested
-most commonly involves submitting research to a scientific journal for possible publication

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16
Q

Empirically solvable problems

A

questions that are potentially answerable by means of currently available research techniques
-if a theory can’t be empirically tested, then scientist aren’t interested

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17
Q

Principles of falsifiability

A

idea that a scientific theory must be stated in such a way that is possible to refute or disconfirm

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18
Q

Psuedoscience

A

claims that appear to be scientific but that actually violate the criteria of science
Ex: people who believe in ESP, which violates the principle of falsifiability

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19
Q

Basic research

A

study of psychological issues to seek knowledge for its own sake

  • most basic conducted at university or lab level
  • not immediate application but knowledge gain
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20
Q

Applied research

A

study of psychological issues that have practical significance and potential solutions
-immediate answers to be applied

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21
Q

Goals of science

A
  • describe behavior
  • to predict behavior
  • explain behavior
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22
Q

Description of behavior

A

carefully observing behavior in order to describe it

  • learn about behavior and when it occurs
  • observe how 2 events are systematically related
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23
Q

Prediction of behavior

A

identifying factors that indicate when events occur

-knowing level of a variable to predict level of another variable

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24
Q

Explanation of behavior

A

identifying the causes that determine when and why a behavior occurs

  • demonstrates that we can manipulate the factors needed to produce or eliminate the behavior
  • must eliminate alternative explanations by impose control over the research situation
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25
Q

Observational method

A

making observations of human or animal behavior

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26
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

observing the behavior of humans or animals in their natural habitat
Ex: observing mating behavior of chimps in their natural habitat

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27
Q

Laboratory observation

A

observing the behavior of humans or animals in a more contrived and controlled situation, usually a lab.
Ex: observing children in a lab playroom to observe behavior

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28
Q

Observation disadvantages

A
  • flexibility to change whats being studied
  • description at its basic level
  • has little control
29
Q

Case study method

A

an in depth study of one or more individuals

  • used to develop Freud’s and Piaget’s theories
  • involves simply describing individuals being studied
30
Q

Survey method

A

questioning individuals on a topic or topics and then describing their responses

  • administered in the mail, by phone, online, or in interview
  • advantage: study larger groups easier
  • disadvantage: whether the sample is representative of all people being studied, but this is solvable through random sampling
31
Q

Sample

A

the group of people who participate in a study

32
Q

Population

A

all of the people about whom a study is meant to generalize

33
Q

Random Sampling

A

a sample achieved through random selection in which each member of the population is equally likely to be chosen

34
Q

Predictive methods

A

allow researchers to describe behaviors and predict from one variable to another
-almost never independent variable

35
Q

Correlational method

A

method that assesses the degree of relationship between two variables

  • two variables simply related in some way
  • correlation does not imply causation
36
Q

Positive relationship

A

a relationship between two variables in which an increase in one variable is accompanied by an increase in the other variable

37
Q

Negative relationship

A

relationship between two variables in which an increase in one variable is accompanied by a decrease in the other variable

38
Q

Nonequivalent groups

A

not randomly assigned, volunteered

39
Q

Quasi-experimental method

A

research that compares naturally occurring groups of individuals; the variable of interest cannot be manipulated
Ex: alcohol consumption of social club members to non members

40
Q

Subject/participant variable

A

characteristic inherent in the subjects that cannot be changed

41
Q

Quasi-experimental disadvantages

A
  • control is missing
  • only measures, doesn’t manipulate
  • cant conclude a causal relationship bc of alternative explanations
42
Q

Alternate explanation

A

the idea that it is possible that some other uncontrolled extraneous variable may be responsible for observed relationship
Ex: social club members may come from money giving them more money to spend on alcohol

43
Q

Experimental method

A

research method that allows a researcher to establish a cause and effect relationship through manipulation of a variable and control of the situation
-allows knowledge of when and why behavior occurs
-controls as much as possible
Ex: cell phone use effect on driving performance

44
Q

Independent variable

A

variable in a study that is manipulated by the researcher

  • needs to be possible to be randomly assigned
  • needs at least two groups or conditions
45
Q

Dependent variable

A

variable in a study that is measured by the researcher

46
Q

Control group

A

the group of subjects that does not receive any level of the independent variable

47
Q

Experimental group

A

the group of subjects that receives some level of the independent variable

48
Q

Random assignment

A

assigning subjects to conditions in such a way that every participants has an equal probability of being placed in any condition
-helps gain control and eliminate alternate explanations by minimizing differences between groups

49
Q

Control

A

manipulating the independent variable in an experiment and controlling any other extraneous variables that could affect the results of a study

50
Q

Parsimony

A

extreme unwillingness to spend money or use resources

51
Q

String Variable (Levels)

A

symbols used only for identification purposes

52
Q

Numeric Variable (Values)

A

symbols with arithmetic properties

53
Q

Extraneous variable

A

any variable other than the independent that influence the dependent

54
Q

Three research methods

A
  • descriptive
  • predictive
  • explanatory
55
Q

Principle A

A

Beneficence & Nonmaleficence

-welfare of participants

56
Q

Principle B

A

Fidelity and Responsibility

  • Roles– professional conduct, adaptable methods
  • Responsibility– self, colleagues, and public communication
57
Q

Principle C

A

Integrity

-honesty, fairness, respectfulness, prudent use of deception

58
Q

Principle D

A

Justice

-availability of benefits of research and self competence

59
Q

Principle E

A

Respect for People’s rights and dignity

-privacy, confidentiality, self determination and awareness of differences

60
Q

10 Ethical Standards

A
  1. Resolving ethical issues
  2. Competence
  3. Human relations
  4. Privacy and confidentiality
  5. Advertising and other public statements
  6. Record keeping and fees
  7. Education and training
  8. Research and publication
  9. Assessment
  10. Therapy
61
Q

Institutional Review Board

A

committee charged with evaluating research projects in which human subjects are used

62
Q

Evaluation Progress

A
  • completing application form
  • detailing the method to be used
  • risks/benefits related to participation
  • means to maintaining confidentiality
  • provided informed consent form
63
Q

Informed Consent

A

a form given to individuals before they participate in a study to inform them of the general nature of the study and obtain consent to participate

  • keep on file 2-3 years
  • broad general statement
  • inform of what they will be doing
64
Q

Informed Consent NoNos

A

-cant be informed of expected results

65
Q

“Minimal Risk”

A

no more physical or emotional harm than daily life

66
Q

“Risk”

A

benefits must be substantial

67
Q

Deception

A

lying about the true nature of a study bc knowing the true study might effect the performance
-does not violate ethical standards

68
Q

Debriefing

A

providing information about the true purpose of a study as soon after the completion data collection as possible

  • necessary in all research
  • brings back the state of mind from before the study
69
Q

Safe Guards

A
  1. Investigators
  2. Purpose
  3. Procedures
  4. Potential Risks
  5. Potential Benefits
  6. Confidentiality & Data Storage
  7. Participant withdrawal
  8. Questions about the Research
  9. Participant Agreement

Experimental Psychology (2 decks)

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