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Human Movement > Exam Two > Flashcards

Exam Two Flashcards

1
Q

What is the relationship between cross sectional diameter and force development?

A

Greater cross section area means a greater potential for force development

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2
Q

What is the relationship between muscle length and capacity for shortening?

A

Longer muscles can shorten through a greater range of motion

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3
Q

What are the two types of muscle fiber arrangement?

A

Parallel

Pennate

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4
Q

What advantages do parallel muscle fibers have over pennate?

A

Greater range of motion

Run parallel to tendon

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5
Q

What advantages do pennate muscle fibers have over parallel?

A

Shorter
Increased cross sectional area = more force
Oriented obliquely to tendon

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6
Q

What are the different types of pennate muscle fibers?

A

Unipennate - Vastus medialis
Bipennate - Gastrocnemius
Multipennate - Deltoid - Greatest CSA

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7
Q

What are the different types of muscle fibers?

A

Type 1 - oxidative, slow twitch
Type 2a - Fast oxidative glycolytic
Type 2b - Fast glycolytic

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8
Q

What are the roles of muscles?

A 
Agonist
Antagonist
Synergist
Neutralizers
Stabilizers
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9
Q

What do agonist muscles do?

A

Causes motion through a specific plane of motion

Prime mover

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10
Q

What do antagonist muscles do?

A

Muscle on opposite side of joint of the agonist

Causes opposite action

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11
Q

What do synergist muscles do?

A

Guiding muscles

Eliminates undesired movements

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12
Q

What do neutralizer muscles do?

A

Neutralize or counteract other muscles to prevent unwanted movement
Two joint muscles

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13
Q

What are the four ways to inhibit muscle contraction?

A

No action potential
No ATP
No calcium
No lactate and hydrogen

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14
Q

What are the steps of Excitation contraction coupling?

A
  1. Action potential reaches cellular membrane
  2. Action potential triggers calcium release from sacroplasm
  3. Calcium binds with the traponin protein on the actin
  4. Tropomyosin moves to uncover active site, allows myosin to bind to actin
  5. Energy release strenghtens the actin-myosin bond (powerstroke)
  6. Actin and myosin filaments slide together
  7. Muscle shortens
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15
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Subunits of muscle cells that contain contractile units

Actin and Myosin

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16
Q

What is skeletal muscle composed of?

A

Muscle cells
Nerve tissue
Blood
Connective tissue

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17
Q

What are the three layers of connective tissue?

A

Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium

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18
Q

What are the properties of muscle tissue?

A

Elasticity
Excitability
Contractability
Extensibility

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19
Q

What is the origin of a muscle?

A

Less moveable bone that a muscle is attached to

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20
Q

What is the insertion of a muscle?

A

More moveable bone that a muscle is attached to

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21
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Storage tubules in sarcoplasm

Stores calcium

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22
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it stimulates

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23
Q

What are tendons?

A

Fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

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24
Q

What is isometric contraction?

A

A muscle contracts producing force without changing the length of the muscle

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25
Q

What is isotonic contraction?

A

A muscle contracts producing force with a change in muscle length and joint angle

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26
Q

What are the two types of isotonic contraction?

A

Eccentric - muscle lengthens

Concentric - muscle shortens

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27
Q

What is isokinetic tension?

A

Speed of muscle length change is held constant throughout the entire contraction or extension

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28
Q

What is the stretch-shorten cycle?

A

An eccentric contraction immediately followed by a concentric contraction

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29
Q

What causes edema?

A

Accumulation of inflamatory mediators and fluids

30
Q

Which of the two myofiberals move?

A

Actin moves

Myosin remains in its location

31
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Sensations in the CNS that result with neuromuscular activity

32
Q

What is kinesthesis?

A

Awareness of body in regards to space

33
Q

What branch of the nervous system deals with voluntary movement?

A

Peripheral nervous system

Somatic nervous system

34
Q

What is the reflex arc?

A

Sensory receptors
Afferent fibers (Sensory neuron)
Efferent fibers (Motor neuron)
Reaction

35
Q

What are proprioreceptors?

A

Provide feedback relative to tension, length and state of involved segments with respect to contractile state

36
Q

What role do muscle spindles play in propriorecption?

A

Sensitive to stretch and rate of stretch

Found in muscle belly

37
Q

What role do golgi tendon organs play in propriorecption?

A

Protective in nature
In tendons
Respond to muscle tension

38
Q

What is the all or none principal?

A

Action potential either fires or it does not

All fibers in a motor unit will contract or they will not

39
Q

What is the connection between muscle spindles and the stretch reflex?

A

Rapid muscle stretch occurs
Sensory impulse to CNS
CNS activates motor neurons, reinforcing stretch

40
Q

How can muscle fiber recruitment be increased?

A

Activating more motor units
Activate units containing more fibers
Increase signal frequency

41
Q

What is the force velocity relationship?

A

In concentric contractions: as force increases, shortening velocity decreases
In eccentric contractions: as force increases, lengthening velocity increases

42
Q

What is the length tension relationship?

A

Potential tension is greatest when muscle is stretched between 100-130% of its resting length when contraction is initiated

43
Q

What factors affect tension development?

A

Signal strength

Frequency

44
Q

What are the cranial bones?

A 
Frontal bone
Occipital bone
2 Parietal bones
Sphenoid bone
2 Temporal bones
Ethmoid bone
45
Q

What are the sutures that the parietal bones are a part of?

A

Sagittal suture - seperates parietal bones
Coronal suture - seperates frontal from parietal
Lambdoid - seperates occipital from parietals
Squamous - seperates temporal and parietal

46
Q

What is the difference between facial and cranial bones?

A

Facial bones have no direct contact with the brain or meniges

47
Q

What are the features of the temporal bone?

A 
Zygomatic process
Mandibular fossa
External acoustic meatus
Styloid process
Mastoid process
48
Q

What are the four parts that the temporal bone can be divided into?

A

Mastoid part
Squamous part
Mastoid part
Petrous part

49
Q

What are the features of the occipital bone?

A

Occipital condyles

Foramen magnum

50
Q

What are the features of the sphenoid bone?

A

Center is called the sella turcica

51
Q

What are the features of the ethmoid bone?

A

Medial crest is called: Crista galli

52
Q

What is important about the crista galli?

A

Point of attachment for meniges

53
Q

What are the facial bones?

A 
Maxillae X 2
Nasal bones X 2
Palantine bones X 2
Inferior nasal conchae X 2
Zygomatic processes X 2
Vomer X 1
Mandible X 1
Lacrimal X 2
54
Q

What is the importance of the maxillae?

A

Forms roof of mouth and floor of nasal cavity

55
Q

What are the palantine bones split into?

A

Hard palate

Soft palate

56
Q

What is the importance of the lacrimal bone?

A

Form part of the medial wall of each orbit

57
Q

What is the importance of the vomer?

A

Forms inferior portion of the nasal

58
Q

What is the importance of the mandible?

A

Strongest bone in skull
Only facial bone that can move
Body, angel and ramus

59
Q

What are the divisions of the vertebral column?

A 
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral - fused to form sacrum
5 Coccyx - fused to form tailbone
60
Q

What are the thoracic vertebrae specialized for?

A

Rib attachment

Have costal facets

61
Q

What parts of the spine curve in a convex manner?

A

Cervical and lumbar

62
Q

What parts of the spine curve in a concave manner?

A

Thoracic and pelvic

63
Q

What are the abnormal spinal curvatures?

A

Lordosis - exagerated lumbar curviture (Dan)
Kyphosis - Exagerated thoracic curviture (hunchback)
Scoliosis - lateral deviation

64
Q

What is the thoracic cage?

A

Bony enclosure that encloses lungs and heart

Components are strenum and 12 pairs of ribs

65
Q

What are true ribs?

A

Attach to the sternum

66
Q

How many true ribs and false ribs do humans have?

A

Seven pairs of true ribs

Five pairs of false ribs

67
Q

What are the general vertebral features?

A

Body
Vertebral foramen
Spinous process
Transverse process

68
Q

What are the features that only cervical vertebrae have?

A

Relatively small
Transverse foramen
Forked spinous process

69
Q

What is the first cervical vertebrae called?

A

Atlas

70
Q

What is the second cervical vertebrae called?

A

Axis

Has dens process, allows rotation

Human Movement (7 decks)

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