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Evolutionary Biology > Exam Two > Flashcards

Exam Two Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

All the genes in a population

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2
Q

What are the conditions for the Hardy-Weinberg Equillibrium?

A 
No natural selection
Random mating
Large population
No mutaion
No migration
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3
Q

What is soft selection?

A

An individual will not have as many offspring

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4
Q

What is hard selection?

A

An individual will not have any offspring

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5
Q

What is gene flow?

A

Flow of genes in and out of gene pool

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6
Q

What is the island continent model?

A

Individuals can move from the island to the continent and not affect the gene pool, however, if an individual moves from the continent to the island the gene pool will be changed

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7
Q

What reduces the difference between two populations?

A

Migration

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8
Q

What must be interrupted in order for speciation to occur?

A

Gene flow

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9
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

A small population will have a distinctly different gene pool from the original genepool

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10
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Random fluctuation in allele frequencies due to sampling effects in finite populations
Allele frequencies fluctuate over time

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11
Q

What is observed heterozygosity?

A

The fraction of individuals that are heterozygous at a particular locus

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12
Q

What is expected heterozygosity?

A

Fraction of heterozygotes expected under the Hardy-weinberg model

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13
Q

How can you tell if heterozygotes are at an advantage in a population?

A

If observed is greater than expected

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14
Q

What is runaway sexual selection?

A

One trait is desired so females choose that so their sons will reproduce, trait then becomes excessive

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15
Q

What is the handicap principle hypothesis?

A

Elaborate displays would result in the death of the organism if they were not in good condition, therefore those with the best displays are in the best condition

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16
Q

What is the parasite load hypothesis?

A

High parasite loads decrease a males ability and it is represented in a trait

17
Q

What is intersexual selection?

A

Female chooses the males to mate with

18
Q

What is intrasexual selection?

A

Males compete for the chance to mate with a female

Leads to size dimorphism

19
Q

What are quantitative traits?

A

Continuously variable traits
Polygenic
Multifactorial: Enviornmental influences

20
Q

What does it mean to be polygenic?

A

Trait is influenced by several to many genes

21
Q

What is directional selection?

A

Organisms at one end of the bell curve are most likely to reproduce

22
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

Organisms in the center of the bell curve are most likely to reproduce

23
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

Organisms at both ends of the bell curve are most likely to reproduce

24
Q

What is the neutral theory of molecular evolution?

A

Most variation present within a population is selectively neutral

25
Q

Who created the idea of neutral theory of molecular evolution?

A

M Kimura

26
Q

What are pseudogenes?

A

Nonfunction, untranslated regions of the genome

27
Q

What is genetic equidistance?

A

If molecular evolution proceeds at the same rate over time, then all members of a clade should be equidistant from an outgroup

28
Q

What is the molecular clock?

A

If we know the substitution rate then we can determine the distance between two species

29
Q

What is the problem with the molecular clock theory?

A

Not all loci evolve at the same rate
Not all lineages evolve at the same rate\
Saturation

30
Q

What are the four ways that genetic variation can enter a population?

A

Recombination
Mutation
Migration
Lateral gene transfer

31
Q

What is population genetics?

A

Studies how the genotype frequencies in an offspring population are related to the parental population

32
Q

What are the three conclusions that the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium provides?

A
  1. The frequencies of A1 and A2 do not change over time
  2. Given allele frequencies, we can predict the equilibrium genotype frequencies
  3. If no evolutionary processes are operating, a locus that is not at equilibrium will reach equillibriim
33
Q

What is underdominance

A

The A1A2 heterozygote has a lower fitness than either A1A2 genotype

34
Q

What is overdominance?

A

Heterozygote is at an advantage,

Also called heterozygote advantage

35
Q

What is selective neutrality?

A

There is no fitness difference between the two alleles

Evolutionary Biology (3 decks)

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