Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Evolutionary Biology > Exam One > Flashcards

Exam One Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What were Plato’s ideas?

A

Ideal form

Allegory of the cave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the Allegory of the cave?

A

We do not really experience the real world, only an approximation of the ideal form
Leads to the idea that species are fixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What were Aristotle’s ideas?

A

Strives to organize all living things

“Great Chain of being”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the Great Chain of Being?

A

Aristotle’s system of organization by intellect or complexity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What did Linnaeus do?

A

Created binomial nomenclature

Created a taxonomic scheme with nested clusters of similar species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What did Compte de Buffon (George Lous LeClerc) do?

A

Wrote Histoire Naturelle (biology encyclopedia)

Suggested evolutionary change (then denied it)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What did Buffon use for his basis of evolutionary change?

A 
Homology
Extinction
Variation in population
High reproductive rate
"struggle for existence"
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are Lamarck’s accomplishments?

A

First to separate phyla of soft bodied invertebrates
Coined words “invertebrates” and “biology”
Came us with the first real theory of how evolution works

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What was Lamarck’s evolutionary idea (1809)?

A

Animal type evolve up Scala Naturae
-Climb up the ladder
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
First real theory of how evolution works

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What was Lamarck’s evolutionary idea (1815)?

A

Animal types evolve to sides of ladder

Specialize and diversify

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What was Lamarck’s evolutionary idea (1821)?

A

First to depict evolution with branching diagrams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How was George Cuvier beneficial?

A

Catastrophism

Correlation of parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Catastrophism?

A

There have been a series of catastrophies that lead to all organisms becoming extinct. A new creation event then occurs
Based of observation of fossils being different in different rock layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Cuvier’s idea of correlation of parts?

A

All organs are so interrelated that they could not handle change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How was Louis Agassiz beneficial?

A

Discovered evidence of continental glaceration
Opponent of evolution (last serious creationist)
Founder of museum of comparative zoology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is ironic about Agassiz founding the museum of comparative zoology?

A

He was an opponent of evolution and the museum is now the major center for evolutionary theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Who were the pros of evolutionary theory before darwin?

A

Linnaeus
Buffon
Lamarck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Who were the cons of evolutionary theory before darwin?

A

Cuvier

Agassiz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What did Hutton do?

A

Proposed idea that the earth is really old and has been gradually changing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What did Lyell do?

A

Worked towards the idea that the world changes gradually

Becomes known as uniformitarianism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are Darwins two ideas?

A

Common descent

Natural Selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are Darwin’s postulates?

A
  1. There is variation among individuals
  2. Some of the variation is heritable
  3. Individuals very in their success at surviving and reproducing
  4. Reproduction is nonrandom
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Who are Peter and Rosemary Grant?

A

Scientists who have been studying finches on Daphne Major

Testing Darwin’s postulates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Who are the two scientists who have been studying finches on the Galapagos islands and what island are they on?

A

Peter and Rosemary Grant

Daphne Major

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What did Hutton do?

A

Proposed idea that the earth is really old and has been gradually changing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What did Lyell do?

A

Worked towards the idea that the world changes gradually

Becomes known as uniformitarianism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are Darwins two ideas?

A

Common descent

Natural Selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are Darwin’s postulates?

A
  1. There is variation among individuals
  2. Some of the variation is heritable
  3. Individuals very in their success at surviving and reproducing
  4. Reproduction is nonrandom
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Who are Peter and Rosemary Grant?

A

Scientists who have been studying finches on Daphne Major

Testing Darwin’s postulates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Who are the two scientists who have been studying finches on the Galapagos islands and what island are they on?

A

Peter and Rosemary Grant

Daphne Major

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is an adaptation?

A

An inherited trait that makes an organism more fit in it’s environment and that has arisen through natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is fitness?

A

Relative reproductive success

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is exaptation?

A

A trait originally selected for one purpose but later used for another purpose

34
Q

What is an example of exaptation?

A

Feathers

They were originally used for insulation but were later used for flight and sexual display

35
Q

What is the concept of limits to selection?

A

Natural selection for a trait can become maxed out

Horses can not get faster because their legs can’t get thinner or longer without being able to support the horse

36
Q

How do new genes and new functions appear?

A

Gene sharing

Gene duplication

37
Q

What are phylogenic trees based on?

A

Evolutionary evidence

Organisms are classified based on evolutionary histores

38
Q

What are traits that can show relation between two organisms?

A 
Anatomical features
Developmental process
Behavior
Protein sequence
Nucleotide sequence
39
Q

What can be concluded of relationship based off nucleotide sequence?

A

The more differences, the longer ago they shared an ancestor

40
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A

a hypothesis about evolutionary evidence

41
Q

What is a node on a phylogenetic tree?

A

Hypothetical ancestor where a tree splits

42
Q

What is a clade on a phylogenetic tree?

A

A group of most similarly related species on a tree

43
Q

What is a monophyletic group?

A

All descendents of the groups most common ancestor and no other members

44
Q

What is a paraphyletic group?

A

Contains the groups most common ancestor but not all of its descendents

45
Q

What are the three types of phylogenetic trees?

A

Rooted
Unrooted
Ladder

46
Q

What is a homologous trait?

A

Shared trait because the trait was inherited from a common ancestor

47
Q

What is an analogous trait?

A

Trait derived from convergent evolution

Also called homoplasy

48
Q

What is a synapomorphy?

A

A shared trait derived from a common ancestor

49
Q

What is polytomy?

A

Branch on a phylogenetic tree splitting into three or more branches
Means there is uncertainty about evolutionary relationships

50
Q

What is sympleisomorphy?

A

Ancestral trait not shared by the two most closely related species

51
Q

What is an outgroup?

A

A group with a known distant evolutionary relationship to the taxa under investigation

52
Q

What is parsimony?

A

The best phylogeny explains the observed character data and requires the fewest evolutionary changes

53
Q

What are cladistic trees built off of?

A

Distance methods give a cladistic tree

54
Q

What are Mendal’s laws?

A

Law of segregation

Law of independent assortment

55
Q

What is the law of segregation?

A

Pairs of alleles segregate into separate gametes

56
Q

What is the law of independent assortment?

A

Two different alleles are independent of each other

57
Q

What is transmission genetics?

A

The passing of genes from one generation to another

58
Q

What is the central dogma?

A

Explains the order of command

DNA - mRNA - Protein

59
Q

What is the formation of mRNA from DNA called?

A

Transcription

60
Q

What is the formation of Proteins from mRNA called?

A

Translation

61
Q

What is the universal start codon?

A

Methanine

AUG

62
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

63
Q

What are the three stop codons?

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

64
Q

What are introns?

A

Intervening sequence that is never to be expressed?

65
Q

When do introns get removed?

A

During RNA processing

Cap and tail are also added at this step

66
Q

What is alternative splicing?

A

Some exons are removed with the introns

Multiple proteins are made fro one gene

67
Q

What is the protionome?

A

Amount of proteins one has

68
Q

What are psuedogenes?

A

Look like genes but they are never expressed

69
Q

What causes variation and mutation?

A 
Genetic variability and recombination
Crossing over
Point mutations
Transitions
Transversions
70
Q

What is crossing over?

A

Parts of gametes get switched so the alleles are mixed

71
Q

What are point mutations?

A

Change one nucleotide

72
Q

What are transitions?

A

Change one pyrimidine to another pyrimidine or a purine to a purine

73
Q

What are transversions?

A

Change a pyrimidine to a purine or vice versa

74
Q

What are the different types of point mutations?

A

Silent
Nonsense
Mussesne

75
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

Still codes for the same amino acid

76
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

Produces a stop codon

77
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

Changes the amino acid

78
Q

What are the two types of missense mutations?

A

Conservative - Doesn’t change protein structure drastically

Non-conservative - drastically changes protein structure

79
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

Extra nucleotide gets added or is removed

80
Q

What are the chromosomsal abberations?

A

Deletions
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation

81
Q

What experiment was done with amoebas to prove that mutations are random?

A

Luria-Delbruck experiment

Evolutionary Biology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions