Exam One Flashcards by Billy Mainwaring

What were Plato’s ideas?

Ideal form

Allegory of the cave

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the Allegory of the cave?

We do not really experience the real world, only an approximation of the ideal form
Leads to the idea that species are fixed

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What were Aristotle’s ideas?

Strives to organize all living things

“Great Chain of being”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the Great Chain of Being?

Aristotle’s system of organization by intellect or complexity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What did Linnaeus do?

Created binomial nomenclature

Created a taxonomic scheme with nested clusters of similar species

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What did Compte de Buffon (George Lous LeClerc) do?

Wrote Histoire Naturelle (biology encyclopedia)

Suggested evolutionary change (then denied it)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What did Buffon use for his basis of evolutionary change?

Homology
Extinction
Variation in population
High reproductive rate
"struggle for existence"

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are Lamarck’s accomplishments?

First to separate phyla of soft bodied invertebrates
Coined words “invertebrates” and “biology”
Came us with the first real theory of how evolution works

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What was Lamarck’s evolutionary idea (1809)?

Animal type evolve up Scala Naturae
-Climb up the ladder
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
First real theory of how evolution works

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What was Lamarck’s evolutionary idea (1815)?

Animal types evolve to sides of ladder

Specialize and diversify

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What was Lamarck’s evolutionary idea (1821)?

First to depict evolution with branching diagrams

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How was George Cuvier beneficial?

Catastrophism

Correlation of parts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Catastrophism?

There have been a series of catastrophies that lead to all organisms becoming extinct. A new creation event then occurs
Based of observation of fossils being different in different rock layers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Cuvier’s idea of correlation of parts?

All organs are so interrelated that they could not handle change

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How was Louis Agassiz beneficial?

Discovered evidence of continental glaceration
Opponent of evolution (last serious creationist)
Founder of museum of comparative zoology

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is ironic about Agassiz founding the museum of comparative zoology?

He was an opponent of evolution and the museum is now the major center for evolutionary theory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Who were the pros of evolutionary theory before darwin?

Linnaeus
Buffon
Lamarck

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Who were the cons of evolutionary theory before darwin?

Cuvier

Agassiz

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What did Hutton do?

Proposed idea that the earth is really old and has been gradually changing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What did Lyell do?

Worked towards the idea that the world changes gradually

Becomes known as uniformitarianism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are Darwins two ideas?

Common descent

Natural Selection

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are Darwin’s postulates?

There is variation among individuals
Some of the variation is heritable
Individuals very in their success at surviving and reproducing
Reproduction is nonrandom

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Who are Peter and Rosemary Grant?

Scientists who have been studying finches on Daphne Major

Testing Darwin’s postulates

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Who are the two scientists who have been studying finches on the Galapagos islands and what island are they on?

Peter and Rosemary Grant

Daphne Major

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What did Hutton do?

Proposed idea that the earth is really old and has been gradually changing

What did Lyell do?

Worked towards the idea that the world changes gradually | Becomes known as uniformitarianism

What are Darwins two ideas?

Common descent | Natural Selection

What are Darwin's postulates?

1. There is variation among individuals 2. Some of the variation is heritable 3. Individuals very in their success at surviving and reproducing 4. Reproduction is nonrandom

Who are Peter and Rosemary Grant?

Scientists who have been studying finches on Daphne Major | Testing Darwin's postulates

Who are the two scientists who have been studying finches on the Galapagos islands and what island are they on?

Peter and Rosemary Grant | Daphne Major

What is an adaptation?

An inherited trait that makes an organism more fit in it's environment and that has arisen through natural selection

What is fitness?

Relative reproductive success

What is exaptation?

A trait originally selected for one purpose but later used for another purpose

What is an example of exaptation?

Feathers | They were originally used for insulation but were later used for flight and sexual display

What is the concept of limits to selection?

Natural selection for a trait can become maxed out | Horses can not get faster because their legs can't get thinner or longer without being able to support the horse

How do new genes and new functions appear?

Gene sharing | Gene duplication

What are phylogenic trees based on?

Evolutionary evidence | Organisms are classified based on evolutionary histores

What are traits that can show relation between two organisms?

``` Anatomical features Developmental process Behavior Protein sequence Nucleotide sequence ```

What can be concluded of relationship based off nucleotide sequence?

The more differences, the longer ago they shared an ancestor

What is a phylogenetic tree?

a hypothesis about evolutionary evidence

What is a node on a phylogenetic tree?

Hypothetical ancestor where a tree splits

What is a clade on a phylogenetic tree?

A group of most similarly related species on a tree

What is a monophyletic group?

All descendents of the groups most common ancestor and no other members

What is a paraphyletic group?

Contains the groups most common ancestor but not all of its descendents

What are the three types of phylogenetic trees?

Rooted Unrooted Ladder

What is a homologous trait?

Shared trait because the trait was inherited from a common ancestor

What is an analogous trait?

Trait derived from convergent evolution | Also called homoplasy

What is a synapomorphy?

A shared trait derived from a common ancestor

What is polytomy?

Branch on a phylogenetic tree splitting into three or more branches Means there is uncertainty about evolutionary relationships

What is sympleisomorphy?

Ancestral trait not shared by the two most closely related species

What is an outgroup?

A group with a known distant evolutionary relationship to the taxa under investigation

What is parsimony?

The best phylogeny explains the observed character data and requires the fewest evolutionary changes

What are cladistic trees built off of?

Distance methods give a cladistic tree

What are Mendal's laws?

Law of segregation | Law of independent assortment

What is the law of segregation?

Pairs of alleles segregate into separate gametes

What is the law of independent assortment?

Two different alleles are independent of each other

What is transmission genetics?

The passing of genes from one generation to another

What is the central dogma?

Explains the order of command | DNA - mRNA - Protein

What is the formation of mRNA from DNA called?

Transcription

What is the formation of Proteins from mRNA called?

Translation

What is the universal start codon?

Methanine | AUG

How many amino acids are there?

What are the three stop codons?

UAA UAG UGA

What are introns?

Intervening sequence that is never to be expressed?

When do introns get removed?

During RNA processing | Cap and tail are also added at this step

What is alternative splicing?

Some exons are removed with the introns | Multiple proteins are made fro one gene

What is the protionome?

Amount of proteins one has

What are psuedogenes?

Look like genes but they are never expressed

What causes variation and mutation?

``` Genetic variability and recombination Crossing over Point mutations Transitions Transversions ```

What is crossing over?

Parts of gametes get switched so the alleles are mixed

What are point mutations?

Change one nucleotide

What are transitions?

Change one pyrimidine to another pyrimidine or a purine to a purine

What are transversions?

Change a pyrimidine to a purine or vice versa

What are the different types of point mutations?

Silent Nonsense Mussesne

What is a silent mutation?

Still codes for the same amino acid

What is a nonsense mutation?

Produces a stop codon

What is a missense mutation?

Changes the amino acid

What are the two types of missense mutations?

Conservative - Doesn't change protein structure drastically | Non-conservative - drastically changes protein structure

What is a frameshift mutation?

Extra nucleotide gets added or is removed

What are the chromosomsal abberations?

Deletions Duplication Inversion Translocation

What experiment was done with amoebas to prove that mutations are random?

Luria-Delbruck experiment

Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Exam One Flashcards

Brainscape's Knowledge Genome^TM