Exam Two Flashcards
Chapter 6
What are reflexes?
motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus
Chapter 6
What are instincts?
innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events
Chapter 6
What is learning?
permanent change that results from experience
Chapter 6
What are 3 basic forms of learning?
-Observational Learning
-Operant Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Chapter 6
What is Observational Learning?
learning via watching others
Chapter 6
What is Operant conditioning
association of a behavior & its consequences; rewards, consequene, punishment
Chaper 6
what is Classical conditioning
association between 2 seperate idea
Chapter 6
What is Pavlovnian Conditioning
classical conditioning
Chapter 6
reinforcement vs. punishment
describe each
Reinforcement - increasing desired behavior
Punishment - decreasing unwanted behavior
Chapter 6
What is conditioned response?
behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus
Chapter 6
What is neutral stimulus?
stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response
Chapter 6
What are reinforcement schedules?
list them
Fixed Interval
Variable interval
Fixed ratio
variable ratio
Chapter 6
what is each reinforcement schedule?
state each one and what exactly it is
-Fixed Interval - reinforcement delivered at predictable time intervals
-Variable Interval - reinforcement delivered at unpredictable time intervals
-Fixed Ratio - reinforcement delivered after predictable # of responses
-Variable Ratio - reinforcement delivered after unpredictable amount of responses
Chapter 10
What is intrinsic motivation
internal factors;roots from personal motivation
Chapter 10
What is extrinsic motivation
external factors;performed to recieve something from others
Chapter 7
What is cognition
thinking, rational thinking, perception, knowledge, processing, planning, organizing, and remembering
Chapter7
What are the types of concepts?
-Natural Concepts - made naturally/organic through your experiences
-Artificial Concept - created by specific sets of characteristics, based off something man-made
Chapter 7
what is Schema
mental construct, method of organizing information, “automatic” and hard to change or modify
Chapter 7
Types of Schema
Role Schema - form of long term memories based on personal experience of certain roles; judgement of someone based of their job or position
Event Schema - cognitive script, behaviors that are routine-like, vary across cultures & countries
Chapter 7
Language
using words and systematic rules to organize words to transmit information
Chapter 7
Components of Language
Lexicon
Grammer
Phoneme
Morphemes
Semantics
Syntax
Chapter 8
What are the 3 basic functions of memory?
Encoding - input of info
Storage - creation of permanent record
Retrieval - bringing memory back to the conscious lvl
Chapter 8
What are the 3 stages of memory storage
Sensory memory - brief sensory events
Short term memory - connection betwen sensory and long term memiry; lasts for abt 15-30 sec
Long term memory - solidifying memories; storage is unlimited
Chapter 8
What is visual encoding
encoding of visuals
Chapter 8
what is acoustic encoding?
encoding of sound;words
Chapter 8
What are episodic memories?
personal memories
Chapter 8
What does semantic mean
words
Chapter 8
What is relearning
Having to learn smth again due to forgetting it
Chapter 8
What is recognition
identifying info that youve learned before
Chapter 8
what is relearning?
learning smth again bcs you forgot it
Chapter 8
What is the engram
group of neurons that serves as “physical representation of memory”
Chapter 8
What type of memory is hippocampus involved with?
declarative, eposodic, and recognition
Chapter 8
What is anterogade amnesia?
unable to form new and episodic memories, but able to form procedural memories
Chapter 8
What is retrograde amnesia?
loss of memory of events from prior to the trauma
Chapter 8
What is the definition of amnesia
long term memory loss
Chapter 8
What is encoding failure?
memory loss occuring before th eactual memory process begins
Chapter 8
what are 2 types of memory errors?
Absentmindedness
Blocking - “tip of the tongue”
Chapter 8
What is proactive intereference
old info hinders the recall of newly learned info
Chapter 8
what is Retroactive interference
recently learned info hinders the recall of older info
Chapter 9
What are the 3 domains of development
Physical Development
Cognitive Develipment
Psychosocial Development
Chapter 9
What is physical developementt
growth and changes in the body
Chapter 9
What is cognitive development
learning & thinking
Chapter 9
Psychosocial development
social relationships
Chapter 9
What are the 3 major issues of development?
Continuity & Discontinuity
stage theories
Nature vs Nurture
Chapter 9
What is normative approach?
developmental milestones
Chapter 9
What is continuity and discontinuity
Continuity - gradual, cumulative imrprovement process
Discontinuity - Changes occuring at specific time/ages/ more sudden changes
Chapter 9
What is object permanence?
ability to know that an object exists even when the item can not be seen or heard at the moment
Chapter 9
What are stage theories?
theories based on the organization of sequences of development
Chapter 9
What is Erikson’s psychosocial development theory?
personality development happens across lifespans
Chapter 9
What are the stages of Erkison’s theory?
- Infancy(birth-12m)- trust vs. mistrust
- Toddlers(1-3) - autonomy vs. shame & doubt via independence
- Preschool (3-6) - initiative via guilt through social interaction & play
-
Elementary Stage(7-11) - industry vs. inferiority via comparison to peers
5.** Adolescence Stage(12-18)** - indentity vs. role confusion
6.** Early Adulthood(19-29)** - intimacy vs. isolation - Middle Adulthood(30-64) - generativity vs stagnation
- Late Adulthood(mid 60’s-end of life) - integrity vs. despair
Chapter 9
What are the three types of intelligence?
- Crystallized intelligence
- Fluid intelligence
- Practical intelligence
Chapter 9
What are the stages of Piaget’s Cognitive developement?
Age 0-2 -Sensorimotor; object permanence
Age 2-6 - Preoperational; Pretend play
Age 7-11 - Concrete Operational; Conservation & Math
Age 12+ - Formal Operational; Abstract & Logic
Chapter 9
Cognitive vs. Psychosocial theories, difference?
Cognitive - thinking, logic, intelligence
Psychosocial - personality, social needs, emotions
Chapter 9
At what age/stage is object permanance and stranger anxiety developed?
Ages 0-2; Sensorimotor
Chapter 9
What are the stages of prenatal development?
Germinal Stage - conception, sperm & egg form zygote
Embryonic Stage - formation of embryo, head, chest, abdomen
Fetal Stage - (weeks 9-40) forming of lung, heart, stomach, intestines & fingerprints
Chapter 9
What is teratogen?
substances or agents that can cause structural or functional defects in a developing fetus or embryo
Chapter 9
What is fetal alcohol syndrome?
a group of birth defects that occur when a pregnant woman drinks alcohol during pregnancy
Chapter 9
What are reflexes?
innate reactions developed during infancy
Chapter 9
gross vs. fine
gross - large muscles
fine - small muscles connected to bigger muscles
Chapter 10
What are the aspects of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs?
-Physiological
-Security
-Social
-Esteem
-Self-Actualization
Chapter 10
What is drive theory?
deviation from homeostasis creates physiological needs
Chapter 10
What is drive reduction?
theory that our behaviors are motivated by the need to reduce physiological drives and achieve a state of balance or homeostasis
Chapter 10
What is self efficacy?
One’s own goals and expectations for themselves
Chapter 10
What is Leptin?
satiety hormone
Chapter 10
What is hunger caused by?
blood glucose drop -> pancreas & liver -> chemical signals
Chapter 10
Anorexia nervosa vs. bulimia nervosa
Anorexia - maintenance of body weight well below average thru starvation and/or intense exercise
Bulimia - binge eating followed by an attempt to compensate for the large amount of food w/ purging/extreme exercise
Chapter 10
Health problems cause by anorexia?
- bone loss
- heart failure
- kidney failure
- amenorrhea
- reduced function of gonads
- death
Chapter 10
health problems caused by bulimia?
- Kidney failure
- Heart failure
- tooth decay
- anxiety
- depression
- substance abuse
Chapter 10
What r the seven universal emotions
-Happiness
-Surprise
-Sadness
-Fear
-Disgust
-Contempt
-Anger
