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neurobiology > Exam Two > Flashcards

Exam Two Flashcards

1
Q

Taste bud anatomy breakdown

A

papillae -> multiple taste buds per papilla -> 100 taste receptor cells per taste bud -> 10 different afferent nerve fibers per taste bud

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2
Q

Tastants that pass directly through the ion channels

A

Salty and Sour

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3
Q

Tastants that activate or block ion channels

A

Sour

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4
Q

Tastants that bind to G-protein-coupled receptors

A

Bitter, sweet, umami

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5
Q

Salty transduction steps

A
  1. Na+ ions enter via amiloride Na+ channels
  2. Depolarization amplified by volt-gated Na+ channels
  3. Ca2+ enters volt-gated Ca2+ channels
  4. Vesicle fusion, transmitter release
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6
Q

Sour transduction steps

A
  1. H+ ions pass through proton channels
  2. H+ ions block certain types of K+ channels which causes depolarization
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7
Q

Bitter genes

A

TAS2R

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8
Q

Sweet genes

A

T1R receptor combo, T1R2+T1R3

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9
Q

Umami genes

A

T1R1 + T1R3

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10
Q

Cranial nerves involved in taste

A

VII (facial, anterior 1/3)
IX (glossopharyngeal, posterior 1/3)
X (vagus)

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11
Q

Central taste pathway order

A

Tongue, cranial nerves, medulla, thalamus, cortex

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12
Q

Receptor Potential

A

A stimulus-induced shift in Vm. Similar to PSP but caused by an external chemical stimulus, rather than by neurotransmitter release

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13
Q

Temperature, touch, irritation, and pain are encoded by what cranial nerve?

A

V (trigeminal)

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14
Q

Olfactory transduction steps

A

GPCR pathway leads to activatino of cyclic-nt-gated cation (Na+/Ca2+) channels and subsequent activation of calcium-gated Cl- channels which causes depolarization

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15
Q

How does adaptation occur?

A
  1. prolonged receptor cell activation
  2. increased intracellular calcium levels
  3. decreased sensitivity of cAMP-gated cation channels
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16
Q

Macula

A

Yellowish pigmented area near the center of the retina, responsible for high-acuity and central vision

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17
Q

Retina vertical pathway

A

Photoreceptors -> bipolar cells -> ganglion cells

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18
Q

Amacrine cells

A

receive input from bipolar cells; synapse with ganglion cells, bipolar cells, and other amacrine cells

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19
Q

Horizontal cells

A

receive input from photoreceptors; synapse with other photoreceptors and with bipolar cells

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20
Q

What cells are spiking cells?

A

ganglion and amacrine cells

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21
Q

Photoreceptor outer segment is the

A

photosensitive region

22
Q

Photoreceptor inner segment is the

A

cellular support region

23
Q

Photoreceptor synaptic terminal is the

A

neurotransmitter release spot

24
Q

Peripheral retina characteristics

A
  • higher ratio of rods to cones
  • higher ratio of photoreceptors to ganglion cells
  • more sensitive to light
  • less sensitive to color
25
Q

Phototransduction mechanism in rods

A

light-activated G-protein-coupled biochemical cascade modulates cGMP-gated Na+ channels
- Na+ channels open in the dark, photoreceptors depolarize

26
Q

Pupillary light reflex neural circuit

A

optic nerve (II) -> midbrain (pretectal) -> midbrain (edinger-westphal) -> oculomotor nerve (III)

27
Q

Neuron Receptive field definition

A

The region of the sensory surface that when stimulated, changes the membrane potential of the neuron

28
Q

Off-Center receptive field

A

inhibited (hyperpolarized) by stimulation in the center of the RF; excited(depolarized) by stimulation in the surround of the RF

29
Q

Optic neuritis

A

lesion of the optic nerve
- MRI shows inflammation, you lose vision in ONE eye

30
Q

Bitemporal hemianopia

A

lesion at the optic chiasm
- lose vision in BOTH eyes

31
Q

Homonymous hemianopia

A

lesion posterior to optic chiasm

32
Q

The main retinofugal projection is to the

A

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (Thalamus)

33
Q

Other retinofugal projections go to the

A

hypothalamus, pretectum (midbrain), superior colliculus (midbrain)

34
Q

Ocular dominance columns

A

alternating “stripes” of neurons in layer IV of striate cortex that respond preferentially to input from one eye or the other

35
Q

Layers II, III, and IVB of the striate cortex project where?

A

Other cortical areas

36
Q

Layer V of the striate cortex projects where?

A

Other cortical areas

37
Q

Layer V of the striate cortex projects where?

A

The pons and superior colliculus

38
Q

Layer VI of the striate cortex projects where?

A

Back to the LGN

39
Q

Retinotopic

A

Position

40
Q

Ocularity

A

Depth perception

41
Q

Orientation

A

Edges

42
Q

Blobs

A

Color processing

43
Q

Parvo

A

Form/shape

44
Q

Magno

A

Motion

45
Q

Dorsal Stream (Area MT)

A

Analysis of visual motion, spatial relations, visual control of action ; called the “where” pathway

46
Q

Ventral Stream (area IT)

A

Visual perception, object recognition ; called the “what” pathway

47
Q

Perilymph

A

Fluid in scala vestibuli and scala tympani (low K, high Na)

48
Q

Endolymph

A

Fluid in scala media, bathes tips of hair cells (high K, low Na)

49
Q

Stria Vascularis

A

produces endolymph, active transport of Na and K to maintain high K and low Na

50
Q

Inner hair cells

A

Sensory input, 10 spiral ganglion fibers synapse with each hair cell

51
Q

Outer hair cells

A

motor output, adjust tension of basilar membrane, one spiral ganglion fibre synapses with multiple outer hair cells

52
Q
A

neurobiology (3 decks)

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