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GEO 100 > EXAM TWO > Flashcards

EXAM TWO Flashcards

1
Q

Chapter 4

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an actively erupting volcano?

A

Totally covered in a fresh blanket of clean, white snow

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2
Q

Chapter 4

Which of the following are ways that viscosity affects gases in magma?

A

Viscous magma prevents gas from escaping easily.

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3
Q

Chapter 4

Which of these relatively recent volcanic eruptions formed a caldera?

A

Yellowstone

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4
Q

Chapter 4

How does the silica content affect the behavior of magma?

A

Higher silica makes the magma more viscous

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5
Q

Chapter 4

Volcanic hazard arising from a collapsing eruption column that runs downhill at high speeds. These are associated with explosive eruptions and a mix of lava lapilli, pumice, ash, and hot gases.

A

pyroclastic flow

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6
Q

Chapter 4

Which of the following factors indicates a high risk for volcanic mudflows or lahars?

A

a volcano with a thick covering of snow or ice

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7
Q

Chapter 4

The largest type of volcano is called a _______ volcano and is characterized by broad, low-angle flanks, a small vent or groups of vents at the top, and basaltic magma.

A

shield volcano

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8
Q

Chapter 5 & 6

What is the difference between weathering and erosion?

A

Weathering describes how rocks breakdown into smaller pieces, while erosion is the physical removal of those pieces to another location

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9
Q

Chapter 5 & 6

How do chemical and mechanical weathering work together to create sediment?

A

Mechanical weathering creates surfaces for chemical weathering to take place

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10
Q

Chapter 5 & 6

Clastic sedimentary rocks are defined and named based mainly on their _______________, while chemical sedimentary rocks are defined mainly on their ____________.

A

grain size, composition

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11
Q

Chapter 5 & 6

What is the most likely cause of a detrital sediment with highly rounded grains?

A

Shorter time since weathering

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12
Q

Chapter 5 & 6

Which of these indicate changing water conditions, from wet to dry?

A

Mud cracks

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13
Q

Chapter 5 & 6

Imagine a new and previously unknown sedimentary structure is discovered in a deposit of sedimentary rock. What would be the best approach to try and understand it?

A

Find a similar structure in a modern environment

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14
Q

Chapter 5 & 6

Water gets into fractures and then freezes, expanding the fracture a little. When the water thaws it seeps a little
farther into the expanded crack. The process is repeated many times, and eventually a piece of rock will be wedged away. This Process is an example for

A

mechanical weathering

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15
Q

Chapter 5 & 6

What is the sedimentary structure shown in this picture:

A

cross bedding

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16
Q

Chapter 5 & 6

The principle of original horizontality states that sediments accumulate in essentially _____________. The implication is that tilted sedimentary layers observed today must have been subjected to _______________.

A

horizontal layers, tectonic forces

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17
Q

Chapter 5 & 6

Which of the sedimentary basins shown here form by stretching and thinning of the continental crust:

A

a

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18
Q

Chapter 7 & 8

Which of the following matches a sedimentary rock with a possible metamorphic equivalent?

A

shale-slate

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19
Q

Chapter 7 & 8

Shale is metamorphosed into three rock types: (1) a banded gneissic rock; (2) a rock with small mica crystals with a shiny aspect; (3) a very shiny rock with large mica crystals; and (4) a dull slate with cleavage. Which of the following lists these rocks in order of increasing metamorphic grade?

A

4, 2, 3, 1

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20
Q

Chapter 7 & 8

A nonfoliated metamorphic rock not created by pressure or differential stress, but by being baked by an igneous intrusion, is a:

A

hornfels

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21
Q

Chapter 7 & 8

Which location on this diagram would most likely have contact metamorphism around a high-level crustal magma chamber:

A

d

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22
Q

Chapter 7 & 8

In what environments does high pressure/low temperature metamorphism occur?

A

in a subduction zone or accretionary prism

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23
Q

Chapter 7 & 8

Missing geologic time caused by erosion is called a (an):

A

Unconformity

24
Q

Chapter 7 & 8

If a rock started with 1,000 atoms of a parent but now contains 250 atoms, how many half lives have passed?

A

2 half lives

25
Q

Chapter 7 & 8

The Phanerozoic has seen _______ major extinctions.

A

5

26
Q

Chapter 7 & 8

This figure shows a disconformity between upper layers (being deposited by the sea) and a lower orange-colored layer. What happened to form this disconformity?

A

The boundary between the two units indicates that for a time there was either erosion or no deposition.

27
Q

Which of the following volcanoes is generally the largest?

A

shield volcano

28
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an actively erupting volcano?

A

Totally covered in a fresh blanket of clean, white snow

29
Q

Huge circular depressions from which volcanoes erupt are called:

A

calderas

30
Q

Which of the following materials is NOT produced by erupting volcanoes?

A

sandstone

31
Q

Which of the following is NOT evidence of recent activity at a volcano?

A

Thick, well-developed soil

32
Q

Comparing these two photographs, which eruption has lower viscosity magma?

A

the fluid cascade of lava

33
Q

What type of eruption is shown in this photograph?

A

lava dome

34
Q

Earthquakes at Mount St. Helens prior to the major eruption in 1980 were caused by:

A

magma rising in the volcano

35
Q

Which of the following types of eruptions is among the most deadly of natural disasters?

A

Caldera-forming

36
Q

The two main processes by which sediment is produced are:

A

physical and chemical weathering

37
Q

Lithifies can be defined as:

A

loose sediment hardens into sedimentary rock

38
Q

What happens to the majority of sediment being carried by moving water as it enters a standing body (little or no motion) of water?

A

The sediment gradually settles to the bottom.

39
Q

Fluvial refers to:

A

the processes and sediment of streams and rivers

40
Q

Downslope marine flows comprised of mixed masses of sand, mud, and water are called:

A

turbidity currents

41
Q

Which of the following processes is NOT considered to be chemical weathering?

A

thermal expansion

42
Q

Which of the following processes is NOT considered physical weathering?

A

oxidation

43
Q

Sedimentary rocks are comprised of material that comes primarily from:

A

other locations

44
Q

The effect of transportation on a pebble’s particle size is best summarized by which statement?

A

Its size decreases.

45
Q

Compared to non-fractured rocks, the rate of weathering in fractured rocks of the same composition is:

A

Faster

46
Q

Which of the following characteristics are NOT used to classify and name clastic sediments?

A

the climate in which the clasts are produced

47
Q

Sedimentary clasts are:

A

loose fragments of rocks and minerals

48
Q

Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified primarily on the basis of:

A

sediment size

49
Q

Which of the following is NOT involved in turning some sediment into sedimentary rock?

A

metamorphism

50
Q

What is the main difference between conglomerate and breccia?

A

the shape of the clasts

51
Q

Which of the following rocks is composed of the smallest sedimentary clasts?

A

shale

52
Q

How does gypsum form?

A

evaporation of water in a lake or sea

53
Q

What type of rock forms through solid-state alteration of a previously existing rock, by heating, pressure, and/or fluid chemistry?

A

metamorphic

54
Q

What type of tectonic event formed the main structures in the Valley and Ridge Province of the Appalachian Mountains?

A

a continental collision

55
Q

Which of the following is most likely to occur at shallow crustal levels?

A

brittle deformation

56
Q

When a rock is subjected to tectonic forces and experiences stress that is not the same in all directions, it is under:

A

differential stress

GEO 100 (2 decks)

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