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GEO 100 > EXAM ONE > Flashcards

EXAM ONE Flashcards

1
Q

Mantle

A

Ultramafic rock composition, Oxygen, Magnesium, and Silicon

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2
Q

Lithosphere

A

the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.

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3
Q

Seismic Waves

A

When a material breaks due to stress, energy is released in waves that travels through the material

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4
Q

Tranform plate boundary

A

Plates that slide past each other without creating or destroying crust (Lithosphere)
This leads to earthquakes of connects other types of plate boundaries

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5
Q

Physical properties of minerals

A

Streak = color of a powdered mineral
Luster = the appearance of light reflected off of the mineral
Hardness = resistance to abrasion
Specific gravity = dimensionless measure of density calculated by ratio of density of mineral to that of water
Cleavage: geometrical shape when cut
Crystal Habit = shape (geometric or otherwise) of a mineral crystal or aggregate of minerals

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6
Q

Cleavage

A

breaking along a particular geometric plane

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7
Q

7 major groups of non-silicate minerals and the type of anion in each

A
  1. Native Elements-gold, copper
  2. Carbonates- calcite, dolomite:
    Building stone, cement production, acid neutralizers
  3. Sulfates- gypsum, Anhydrite:
    Used to make plaster and drywall
  4. Sulfides
  5. Halites
  6. Oxides
  7. Phosphates- Apatite:
    Found in the skeletons of all vertebrate organisms. Phosphate rock is used to produce all synthetic fertilizers
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8
Q

Felsic material

A

Lower density

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9
Q

Rocks with the most silica are called…

A

Felsic

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10
Q

Rocks with a medium amount of silica are called…

A

Intermediate

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11
Q

Rocks with 45-55% silica are called…

A

Mafic

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12
Q

Rocks with the least amount of silica are called…

A

Ultramafic

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13
Q

Mafic material

A

Higher density

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14
Q

Intrusive Igneous Rocks

A

Rocks that are created deep in the Earth

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15
Q

Extrusive Igneous Rocks

A

Small rocks that are created from exploding volcanoes, and cooled very fast

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16
Q

Intrusive Rocks

A

Bigger in size (slow cooling)

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17
Q

Extrusive Rocks

A

Smaller in size (fast cooling)

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18
Q

The main layers of the Earth in correct order, from the surface moving down, are:

A

crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

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19
Q

Which layer in the earth is similar in composition to basalt, a dark lava rock?

A

Oceanic Crust

20
Q

Which layer in the earth is similar to the green mineral olivine?

A

Mantle

21
Q

Which of the following Earth layers is the thickest?

A

Mantle

22
Q

Tectonics is the study of:

A

the origin and arrangement of the broad structural features of Earth’s surface

23
Q

Broad symmetrical ridges that cross ocean basins are called:

A

Mid-Ocean Ridges

24
Q

Harry Hess and Robert Dietz proposed that the oceanic crust in the Atlantic Ocean was spreading apart at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and that this process moved the continents apart from one another. They called this process:

A

Sea-floor Spreading

25
Q

Mid-ocean ridges are higher than surrounding oceanic crust primarily because:

A

the lithosphere is thinner and hotter

26
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of crystals and clasts evaluated to classify a rock?

A

crystal/clast density

27
Q

Which of the following are tests we can quickly and easily perform (even in the field) to help us identify a mineral?

A

All of these (Streak, hardness, magnetism, effervescence)

28
Q

A mineral is light colored, transparent, has a hardness of seven, and fractures rather than cleaves. What minerals is it?

A

Quartz

29
Q

Which layer of the Earth is liquid?

A

Outer Core

30
Q

What feature is associated with crustal divergence?

A

Mid-Ocean Ridge

31
Q

Other than midocean ridges, where on Earth is the best example of current (active) rifting?

A

East-Africa

32
Q

According to the Wilson Cycle, what feature or process is most likely to occur after collision and formation of a supercontinent?

A

Rifting

33
Q

What happens to the crust as you move towards the mid-ocean ridge?

A

It gets younger

34
Q

What is the chemical formula of the silica tetrahedra, the building block of all silicate minerals?

A

SiO4

35
Q

Where do igneous rocks with a coarse-grained (phaneritic) texture form:

A

Deep beneath the surface

36
Q

Examine Bowen’s Reaction Series diagram. As a felsic magma cools, which mineral would be the last to crystallize?

A

Quartz

37
Q

Ultramafic is located…

A

Right below the surface

38
Q

Mafic is located…

A

Below Ultramafic

39
Q

Intermediate is located…

A

Below Mafic

40
Q

Felsic is located…

A

Deep inside the Earth

41
Q

If volatiles such as water vapor and carbon dioxide are added to a rock, what will happen to the melting temperature?

A

The melting temperature of a rock will decrease.

42
Q

What is the process by which decompression melting produces magma at divergent plate boundaries?

A

reduction of pressure at a constant temperature

43
Q

Three Boundary Types

A

Transform, Divergent, Convergent

44
Q

Tectonic Plates are part of what sphere?

A

Lithosphere

45
Q

Native Elements

A

Minerals only made up of one element

46
Q
A

GEO 100 (2 decks)

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