EXAM ONE

Question 1

Mantle

Answer 1

Ultramafic rock composition, Oxygen, Magnesium, and Silicon

Question 2

Lithosphere

Answer 2

the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.

Question 3

Seismic Waves

Answer 3

When a material breaks due to stress, energy is released in waves that travels through the material

Question 4

Tranform plate boundary

Answer 4

Plates that slide past each other without creating or destroying crust (Lithosphere)
This leads to earthquakes of connects other types of plate boundaries

Question 5

Physical properties of minerals

Answer 5

Streak = color of a powdered mineral
Luster = the appearance of light reflected off of the mineral
Hardness = resistance to abrasion
Specific gravity = dimensionless measure of density calculated by ratio of density of mineral to that of water
Cleavage: geometrical shape when cut
Crystal Habit = shape (geometric or otherwise) of a mineral crystal or aggregate of minerals

Question 6

Cleavage

Answer 6

breaking along a particular geometric plane

Question 7

7 major groups of non-silicate minerals and the type of anion in each

Answer 7

1. Native Elements-gold, copper
2. Carbonates- calcite, dolomite:
   Building stone, cement production, acid neutralizers
3. Sulfates- gypsum, Anhydrite:
   Used to make plaster and drywall
4. Sulfides
5. Halites
6. Oxides
7. Phosphates- Apatite:
   Found in the skeletons of all vertebrate organisms. Phosphate rock is used to produce all synthetic fertilizers

Question 8

Felsic material

Answer 8

Lower density

Question 9

Rocks with the most silica are called…

Answer 9

Felsic

Question 10

Rocks with a medium amount of silica are called…

Answer 10

Intermediate

Question 11

Rocks with 45-55% silica are called…

Answer 11

Mafic

Question 12

Rocks with the least amount of silica are called…

Answer 12

Ultramafic

Question 13

Mafic material

Answer 13

Higher density

Question 14

Intrusive Igneous Rocks

Answer 14

Rocks that are created deep in the Earth

Question 15

Extrusive Igneous Rocks

Answer 15

Small rocks that are created from exploding volcanoes, and cooled very fast

Question 16

Intrusive Rocks

Answer 16

Bigger in size (slow cooling)

Question 17

Extrusive Rocks

Answer 17

Smaller in size (fast cooling)

Question 18

The main layers of the Earth in correct order, from the surface moving down, are:

Answer 18

crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

Question 19

Which layer in the earth is similar in composition to basalt, a dark lava rock?

Answer 19

Oceanic Crust

Question 20

Which layer in the earth is similar to the green mineral olivine?

Answer 20

Mantle

Question 21

Which of the following Earth layers is the thickest?

Answer 21

Mantle

Question 22

Tectonics is the study of:

Answer 22

the origin and arrangement of the broad structural features of Earth’s surface

Question 23

Broad symmetrical ridges that cross ocean basins are called:

Answer 23

Mid-Ocean Ridges

Question 24

Harry Hess and Robert Dietz proposed that the oceanic crust in the Atlantic Ocean was spreading apart at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and that this process moved the continents apart from one another. They called this process:

Answer 24

Sea-floor Spreading

Question 25

Mid-ocean ridges are higher than surrounding oceanic crust primarily because:

Answer 25

the lithosphere is thinner and hotter

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of crystals and clasts evaluated to classify a rock?

Answer 26

crystal/clast density

Question 27

Which of the following are tests we can quickly and easily perform (even in the field) to help us identify a mineral?

Answer 27

All of these (Streak, hardness, magnetism, effervescence)

Question 28

A mineral is light colored, transparent, has a hardness of seven, and fractures rather than cleaves. What minerals is it?

Answer 28

Quartz

Question 29

Which layer of the Earth is liquid?

Answer 29

Outer Core

Question 30

What feature is associated with crustal divergence?

Answer 30

Mid-Ocean Ridge

Question 31

Other than midocean ridges, where on Earth is the best example of current (active) rifting?

Answer 31

East-Africa

Question 32

According to the Wilson Cycle, what feature or process is most likely to occur after collision and formation of a supercontinent?

Answer 32

Rifting

Question 33

What happens to the crust as you move towards the mid-ocean ridge?

Answer 33

It gets younger

Question 34

What is the chemical formula of the silica tetrahedra, the building block of all silicate minerals?

Answer 34

SiO4

Question 35

Where do igneous rocks with a coarse-grained (phaneritic) texture form:

Answer 35

Deep beneath the surface

Question 36

Examine Bowen’s Reaction Series diagram. As a felsic magma cools, which mineral would be the last to crystallize?

Answer 36

Quartz

Question 37

Ultramafic is located...

Answer 37

Right below the surface

Question 38

Mafic is located...

Answer 38

Below Ultramafic

Question 39

Intermediate is located...

Answer 39

Below Mafic

Question 40

Felsic is located...

Answer 40

Deep inside the Earth

Question 41

If volatiles such as water vapor and carbon dioxide are added to a rock, what will happen to the melting temperature?

Answer 41

The melting temperature of a rock will decrease.

Question 42

What is the process by which decompression melting produces magma at divergent plate boundaries?

Answer 42

reduction of pressure at a constant temperature

Question 43

Three Boundary Types

Answer 43

Transform, Divergent, Convergent

Question 44

Tectonic Plates are part of what sphere?

Answer 44

Lithosphere

Question 45

Native Elements

Answer 45

Minerals only made up of one element