Exam Two Flashcards
Three interrelated anxiety response systems
Physical: flight or flight
Cognitive: attentional shift and hyper vigilance, nervousness, difficulty concentrating
Behavioral: aggression or avoidance
Rituals and repetitive activity
Young children attempting to gain control and master of their environment
Specific phobia (prevalence)
Extreme disabling fear to object or situations that pose little to no danger
Prevalence: 2 to 4% of children
Social anxiety disorder (comorbidity)
Marked, persistent fear of being the focus of attention, or doing something humiliating
Comorbidity: selective mutism
Separation anxiety disorder (prevalence & onset)
Age inappropriate, excessive anxiety about being apart from parents or away from home
Prevalence: 10% of children (most common disorder of childhood)
Onset: earliest
Generalized anxiety disorder (prevalence & onset)
Excessive, uncontrollable anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities, occurring more days than not
Prevalence: 3 to 6% of children
Onset: late childhood or early adolescence
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Persistent, frightening thoughts that occur after undergoing a traumatic experience
Three core features of PTSD
Re-experiencing the event
Avoidance and numbing
Arousal
Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (prevalence)
Repeated, intrusive, irrational, and anxiety causing thoughts, accompanied by ritualized behaviors to relieve the anxiety
Prevalence: 2 to 3% of children
Anxiety disorders: biological influences
Neurotransmitters: GABA, serotonin, CRH produce a disposition to become anxious
Limbic system
Anxiety disorders: psychological influences
Intrusive parenting, excessive control, anxious parents modeling fearful behavior
Insecure early attachments
Anxiety disorders: interventions
Behavior therapy: exposure to feared stimulus
Cognitive - behavioral therapy
Euphoria
Exaggerated sense of well-being
Mania
Abnormally elevated or expansive mood
Anhedonia
Lose interest in all activities
Dysphoria
Prolonged bouts of sadness
Anaclitic depression
Infants raised in emotionally cold, institutional environments
Weeping, withdrawal, apathy, weight loss, sleep disturbance
Major depressive disorder (prevalence)
Requires presence of major depressive disorder:
- depressed/irritable
- anhedonia
- weight change/sleep issues
- fatigue or loss of energy
- difficulty concentrating
- suicide thoughts
2 to 8% of children 4 to 18 years old
Major depressive disorder (comorbidity)
Anxiety disorders
Persistent depressive disorder
Conduct problems/ADHD
Substance abuse
Major depressive disorder (developmental course)
Onset is around 14 to 15
No gender difference until puberty, after girls are 2 to 3 times more likely
Persistent depressive disorder (prevalence, onset, and comorbidity)
Less severe, but more chronic than MDD
1% in children, 5% in teens
Comorbidity: MDD
Common age of onset is 11 to 12
Mood disorders: genetics and family risk
Heritability ranging from 30 to 45%
Vulnerability to negative affect
Mood disorders: neurochemistry/brain functioning
Dysregulation of neuroendocrine
Role of neurotransmitters
Mood disorders: cognitive factors
Back errors in thinking
Negative cognitive triad
Mood disorders: psychological influences
Peer relations
Families of children with depression
Mood disorders: treatments
Cognitive-behavior therapy
Antidepressants
Prevention
Bipolar disorder
Depression alternating with abnormally persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood
Bipolar disorder: treatment
Education about illness
Medication (usually lithium)
Psychotherapeutic interventions
Antisocial behavior
Relatively normal among children
More common among boys
Oppositional defiant disorder
Age-inappropriate stubborn, hostile, disobedient, and defiant behavior
Conduct disorder
Repetitive and persistent pattern of violating basic rights of others and/or age appropriate societal norms or rules
Conduct problems: psychological perspectives
Delinquent-aggressive
Overt-covert
Destructive-nondestructive
Conduct problems: prevalence
1 to 15% Oppositional defiant disorder
2 to 10% Conduct disorder
Conduct problems: earliest sign
Difficult temperament in infancy
Conduct problems: childhood onset
At least one symptom before age 10
Most likely to be boys
More aggressive symptoms
Disproportionate among of illegal activity
Persist in antisocial behavior
Conduct problems: adolescent onset
No difference in gender
Not as severe
Less likely to persist/commit violent offenses
Coercion Theory
Through escape conditioning, child learns to use increasingly intense forms of anxious behavior to avoid unwanted parental demands
Hostile attribution bias
Underestimate our own aggression, overestimate other’s aggression
Conduct problems: biological influences
Deficits in executive and verbal functions
Conduct problems: treatment
Parent management training
Cognitive problem solving skills
Multi systemic
Inattention
Repetitive, structured, less enjoyable tasks
Making careless mistake
Fails to follow instructions
Difficulty organizing tasks
Hyperactivity-impulsivity
Excessively energetic, intense, inappropriate and not goal directed
SPECIFIC MARKER FOR ADHD
Interrupts/talks a lot
Fidget with hands and feet
ADHD: secondary features
Difficulty in applying intelligence
Family and peer problems
Academic delays
Deficits in executive functions
ADHS: comorbidity
ODD: 50%
CD: 30 to 50%
Developmental course
Described as difficult infants
ADHD: neurological factors
Abnormalities in brain structure and function
Deficiencies in dopamine and norepinephrine
ADHD: genetic influences
Runs in families
Genes involved in dopamine regulation
ADHD: psychological factors
Affect severity, continuity, and nature of symptoms
Family - stress, conflict, poor mental health, economic disadvantage
Multimodal treatment
Best treatment for ADHD
Healthy parenting
Child development and expectations
Adequate coping skills
Attachment and communication
Types of maltreatment
Neglect 75%
Sexual 8.3%
Physical 17%
Emotional
Ontario Health Supplement Survey
Sexual abuse: M 4.3%, F 12.8%
Physical abuse: M 31.2%, F 21.1%
Effects of age - Maltreatment
Younger children more at risk for neglect
Effects of sex - Maltreatment
80% of sexual abuse victims are female
Boys - male non family
Girls - male family
Maltreatment more common among:
Poor
Single-parent homes
Large families
Insecure-disorganized attachment
Mixture of approach - avoidance, helplessness, apprehension, and general disorientation
Maltreatment: social and cultural dimensions
Inequality and racism
Poverty, social isolation, and acceptance of corporal punishment
Treatment for abuse
Cognitive behavioral methods: target anger patters and distorted beliefs
