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Childhood Behavioral Disorders > Exam Three > Flashcards

Exam Three Flashcards

1
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder - Neurodevelopmental disorders - impairments in what areas?

A

Social communication and interaction
Restricted, repetitive, stereotyped behavior and interest

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2
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder - Leo Kanner

A

“Early infantile autism”
Inability to relate to people and situations
Autism = “within oneself”

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3
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder - Joint Social Attention

A

Ability to coordinate one’s focus of attention on another person and object of mutual interest

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4
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder - Pragmatics and Social Communication Deficits

A

Primary language deficit
Appropriate use of language in social and communication contexts

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5
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder - Behavior Impairments

A

Perseveration or abnormal preoccupation
Ritualistic behavior
Stereotyped body movements
Insistence of sameness
Self-stimulatory behavior

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6
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder - Theory of Mind

A

Impairment in the ability to understand others’ and their onw mental states

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7
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder - Prevalence and Course

A

1 in 59 children
Prevalence is increasing
5 times more likely in boys
Most commonly identified around age 2
Usually chronic and lifelong

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8
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder - Genetic Influences

A

Higher than expected rate of autism-like developmental disorders found in families

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9
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder - Brain Abnormalities

A

Structural and functional abnormalities in brain development
Elevated levels of serotonin

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10
Q

Autusm Spectrum Disorder - UCLA Young Autism Project (Treatment)

A

Behavior modification
32 month old children
Discrete trial training
Incidental teaching
Early intervention and extensive training can be successful.

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11
Q

Intellectual Disability - Criteria

A

Significantly subaverage IQ (<70)
Concurrent deficits or impairments in adaptive functioning
Characteristics evident prior to age 18
Level of adaptive functioning

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12
Q

Language & Learning Disabilities - Identifying Disabilities

A

IQ-achievement discrepancy
Below average achievement

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13
Q

Language & Learning Disabilities - Phonological Awareness

A

Necessary for basic reading skills and expressive language development

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14
Q

Language & Learning Disabilites - Pragmatics

A

Use of language in a social context

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15
Q

Language & Learning Disabilities - Development

A

Language functions housed primarily in left temporal lobe
Middle ear infections may lead to speech and language delays
Predictor of school performance and overall intelligence

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16
Q

Language & Learning Disabilities - Reading

A

Most common underlying feature is inability to distinguish or separate sounds in spoken words

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17
Q

Language & Learning Disabilities - Written Expression

A

Shorter, less interesting, and poorly organized essays, and are less likely to review spelling, grammar, punctuation
Associated with problems with eye/hand coordination (bad handwriting)

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18
Q

Language & Learning Disabilities - Mathematics

A

Difficulty recognizing number and symbols, memorizing facts, aligning numbers, and understanding abstract concepts

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19
Q

Language & Learning Disabilities - Course

A

At risk for social and psychological problems
Poor academic self-concept
Depression
Behavior problems
Social skills deficits
Dropping out of school

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20
Q

Language & Learning Disabilities - Causes

A

Genetic-based neurological problem
Reading and language-based problems associated with abnormalities in left hemisphere of brain

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21
Q

Language & Learning Disabilities - Regular Education Initiative

A

Education for All Handicapped Children Act
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act

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22
Q

Intellectual Disability - Adaptive Functioning

A

How effectively an individual copes with ordinary life demands and how capable he/she is of living independently and abiding by community standards

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23
Q

Intellectual Disability - Levels of Support

A

Intermittent
Limited
Extensive
Pervasive

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24
Q

Intellectual Disability - Levels of ID

A

Mild - 85%
Moderate - 10%
Severe - 3-4%
Profound - 1-2 %

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25
Q

Intellectual Disability - Organic Causes

A

More prevalent at moderate, severe and profound levels of ID
Clear cause

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26
Q

Intellectual Disability - Familial Causes

A

No obvious cause, sometimes another family member also has ID
More prevalent in mild ID

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27
Q

Intellectual Disability - Genetic & Constitutional Factors

A

Chromosomal abnormalities are the single most common cause of severe ID

28
Q

Intellectual Disability - Prevention, Education & Treatment

A

Psychosocial: intensive, child focused, early intervention
Optimal timing is preschool years
Behavioral techniques

29
Q

Intellectual Disability - Functional Communication Training

A

Reduce challenging behavior
Enhance adaptive behavior

30
Q

Elimination Disorders - Enuresis

A

Repeated discharge of urine during the day or night, whether involuntary or intentional
At least twice a week for three months or accompanied by significant distress in a child at least 5 years old

31
Q

Elimination Disorders - Enuresis Causes

A

Deficiency of antidiuretic hormone
Genetic predisposition
Immature signaling mechanism

32
Q

Elimination Disorders - Enuresis Treatment

A

Urine alarm

33
Q

Elimination Disorders - Encopresis

A

The passage of feces into inappropriate places
At least once per month for three months in a child at least 4 years old

34
Q

Elimination Disorders - Encopresis Causes

A

Untreated constipation
Abnormal defecation dynamics

35
Q

Elimination Disorders - Encopresis Treatment

A

Medical and behavioral approaches
Use of fiber, enemas or laxatives to treat the constipation, followed by behavioral and biofeedback interventions to establish healthy elimination patterns

36
Q

Elimination Disorders - Encopresis Treatment

A

Use of fiber, enemas, or laxatives to treat the constipation, followed by behavioral and biofeedback interventions to establish healthy
elimination patterns

37
Q

Eating Disorders - Rumination

A

Voluntary and repeated regurgitation of food or liquid

38
Q

Eating Disorders - PICA

A

Eating inedible, non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month
Mostly very young children & those with ID

39
Q

Eating Disorders - Childhood Obesity

A

Excessive body fat
Prevalence is increasing
Childhood onset obesity is more likely to persist into adolescence and adulthood

40
Q

Eating Disorders - Childhood Obesity Causes

A

Genetic predisposition
Improper diet
Unhealthy lifestyle
Family influences

41
Q

Eating Disorders - Childhood Obesity Treatment

A

Proper nutrition and less sedentary lifestyle are recommended

42
Q

Eating Disorders - Anorexia Nervosa

A

Refusal to maintain minimally normal body weight
Intense fear of gaining weight

43
Q

Eating Disorders - Subtypes of Anorexia

A

Restricting: diet, fasting, or excessive exercise
Binge-eating/purging: episodes of binge eating or purging, or both

44
Q

Eating Disorders - Bulimia Nervosa

A

Often retaining or even gaining of weight
Primary symptom is recurrent binge eating followed by compensation

45
Q

Eating Disorders - Subtypes of Bulimia

A

Purging: self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives or diuretics
Non-purging: fasting, excessive exercise

46
Q

Eating Disorders - Prevalence of Anorexia & Bulimia

A

Rare among adolescents
Anorexia: 0.3%
Bulimia: 0.9%
Large number of adolescents show core symptoms of eating disorder
Girls: 12%
Boys: 2%

47
Q

Eating Disorders - Onset of Anorexia

A

Between ages 14 and 18
After a stressful life event
Fewer than 1/2 show full recovery, 1/5 continue on chronic course

48
Q

Eating Disorders - Onset of Bulimia

A

Late adolescence
During or after a period of restrictive dieting
Follows a chronic course or occurs intermittently
Between 50 to 75% show full recovery

49
Q

Eating Disorders - Sociocultural Influences

A

Emphasis on valuing slim, young bodies
Media, peers, and families transmit cultural messages

50
Q

Eating Disorders - Biological Influences

A

Minor role in precipitating anorexia and bulimia
Major role in their maintenance
ED run in families
Imbalances of serotonin may be implicated

51
Q

Eating Disorders - Psychological Causes

A

Affect disturbance is often comorbid with anorexia
Bulimia associated with mood swings, poor impulse control, OCD behaviors, depression, anxiety, and substance abuse

52
Q

Eating Disorders - Treatment

A

Sometimes hospitalization
Antidepressants and SSRI’s may be helpful for Bulimia
Anorexia generally less responsive to treatment
Family considered most important resource
Cognitive-behavioral treatment: cognitive distortion and loss of control over eating core of disorder
Interpersonal therapy: problems involved in development and maintenance of eating disorders

53
Q

Sleeping Disorders - Impaired Prefrontal Cortex

A

Decreased concentration
Decreased ability to inhibit or control basic drives, impulses, and emotions

54
Q

Sleeping Disorders - Sleep Stages

A

REM sleep: highest brain activity
New information is sorted and stored into memory
Non-REM sleep: Quiet, slow and synchronized

55
Q

Sleeping Disorders - Development of Sleep Patterns

A

Needs, patterns and problems change as children develop -
Infants and toddlers: night waking problems
Younger school-aged children: going to bed problems
Adolescents: going to, staying, or having enough time to sleep

56
Q

Sleeping Disorders - Dyssomnias

A

Disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep
Night waking problems
Falling Asleep problems
Difficulty or staying asleep or not having enough time to sleep

57
Q

Sleeping Disorders - Parasomnias

A

Disorders in which behavioral or psychological events intrude upon ongoing sleep

58
Q

Sleeping Disorders - Narcolepsy

A

Recurring, irresistible attacks of sleep that intrude upon wakefulness
Accompanied by brief episodes of loss of muscle tone
Rare among children and adolescents
Appears to be an inherited neurological disorder

59
Q

Sleeping Disorders - Breathing-Related

A

Sleep loss or disruption due to impaired breathing
Obstructed sleep apnea syndrome is the most common form among children

60
Q

Sleeping Disorders - Nightmares

A

Common in children ages 3 to 6
Affect 10 to 50% of children in that age group
Occur during REM sleep
Frequency and intensity often affected by stress.

61
Q

Sleeping Disorders - Sleep Terrors

A

3% of children
Between ages 4 and 12
Occur during non-REM sleep
Non-reactivity to external stimuli
Difficulty being aroused
Mental confusion when awakened
Lack of memory for the event in the morning

62
Q

Sleeping Disorders - Sleepwalking

A

Eyes are open and child leaves bed and walks around
No later memory of episode
15% of children ages 5 to 12 have isolated incidents
Occurs during non-REM sleep

63
Q

Chronic Illness - Definition

A

Persists for more than three months or requires hospitalization for more than one month

64
Q

Chronic Illness - Prevalence and Course

A

10 to 20% of children (about 1/3 have moderate to severe conditions)
Asthma is most common
Suffer the most with social adjustment
May demonstrate academic problems (absenteeism, fatigue, or psychological stress)

65
Q

Chronic Illness - Diabetes Mellitus

A

Body can’t metabolize carbs because pancreas does not release enough insulin
Life expectancy 1/3 less than normal

66
Q

Chronic Illness - Childhood Cancer

A

Sudden onset
Often at a more advanced stage when first diagnosed
Most common form is acute lymphoblastic leukemia

67
Q

Chronic Illness - Transactional Stress and Coping Model

A

A person’s ability to cope and adjust to chronic illness is a consequence of transactions (interactions) that occur between them and their environment

Childhood Behavioral Disorders (2 decks)

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