Exam Three Flashcards
Autism Spectrum Disorder - Neurodevelopmental disorders - impairments in what areas?
Social communication and interaction
Restricted, repetitive, stereotyped behavior and interest
Autism Spectrum Disorder - Leo Kanner
“Early infantile autism”
Inability to relate to people and situations
Autism = “within oneself”
Autism Spectrum Disorder - Joint Social Attention
Ability to coordinate one’s focus of attention on another person and object of mutual interest
Autism Spectrum Disorder - Pragmatics and Social Communication Deficits
Primary language deficit
Appropriate use of language in social and communication contexts
Autism Spectrum Disorder - Behavior Impairments
Perseveration or abnormal preoccupation
Ritualistic behavior
Stereotyped body movements
Insistence of sameness
Self-stimulatory behavior
Autism Spectrum Disorder - Theory of Mind
Impairment in the ability to understand others’ and their onw mental states
Autism Spectrum Disorder - Prevalence and Course
1 in 59 children
Prevalence is increasing
5 times more likely in boys
Most commonly identified around age 2
Usually chronic and lifelong
Autism Spectrum Disorder - Genetic Influences
Higher than expected rate of autism-like developmental disorders found in families
Autism Spectrum Disorder - Brain Abnormalities
Structural and functional abnormalities in brain development
Elevated levels of serotonin
Autusm Spectrum Disorder - UCLA Young Autism Project (Treatment)
Behavior modification
32 month old children
Discrete trial training
Incidental teaching
Early intervention and extensive training can be successful.
Intellectual Disability - Criteria
Significantly subaverage IQ (<70)
Concurrent deficits or impairments in adaptive functioning
Characteristics evident prior to age 18
Level of adaptive functioning
Language & Learning Disabilities - Identifying Disabilities
IQ-achievement discrepancy
Below average achievement
Language & Learning Disabilities - Phonological Awareness
Necessary for basic reading skills and expressive language development
Language & Learning Disabilites - Pragmatics
Use of language in a social context
Language & Learning Disabilities - Development
Language functions housed primarily in left temporal lobe
Middle ear infections may lead to speech and language delays
Predictor of school performance and overall intelligence
Language & Learning Disabilities - Reading
Most common underlying feature is inability to distinguish or separate sounds in spoken words
Language & Learning Disabilities - Written Expression
Shorter, less interesting, and poorly organized essays, and are less likely to review spelling, grammar, punctuation
Associated with problems with eye/hand coordination (bad handwriting)
Language & Learning Disabilities - Mathematics
Difficulty recognizing number and symbols, memorizing facts, aligning numbers, and understanding abstract concepts
Language & Learning Disabilities - Course
At risk for social and psychological problems
Poor academic self-concept
Depression
Behavior problems
Social skills deficits
Dropping out of school
Language & Learning Disabilities - Causes
Genetic-based neurological problem
Reading and language-based problems associated with abnormalities in left hemisphere of brain
Language & Learning Disabilities - Regular Education Initiative
Education for All Handicapped Children Act
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act
Intellectual Disability - Adaptive Functioning
How effectively an individual copes with ordinary life demands and how capable he/she is of living independently and abiding by community standards
Intellectual Disability - Levels of Support
Intermittent
Limited
Extensive
Pervasive
Intellectual Disability - Levels of ID
Mild - 85%
Moderate - 10%
Severe - 3-4%
Profound - 1-2 %
Intellectual Disability - Organic Causes
More prevalent at moderate, severe and profound levels of ID
Clear cause
Intellectual Disability - Familial Causes
No obvious cause, sometimes another family member also has ID
More prevalent in mild ID
Intellectual Disability - Genetic & Constitutional Factors
Chromosomal abnormalities are the single most common cause of severe ID
Intellectual Disability - Prevention, Education & Treatment
Psychosocial: intensive, child focused, early intervention
Optimal timing is preschool years
Behavioral techniques
Intellectual Disability - Functional Communication Training
Reduce challenging behavior
Enhance adaptive behavior
Elimination Disorders - Enuresis
Repeated discharge of urine during the day or night, whether involuntary or intentional
At least twice a week for three months or accompanied by significant distress in a child at least 5 years old
Elimination Disorders - Enuresis Causes
Deficiency of antidiuretic hormone
Genetic predisposition
Immature signaling mechanism
Elimination Disorders - Enuresis Treatment
Urine alarm
Elimination Disorders - Encopresis
The passage of feces into inappropriate places
At least once per month for three months in a child at least 4 years old
Elimination Disorders - Encopresis Causes
Untreated constipation
Abnormal defecation dynamics
Elimination Disorders - Encopresis Treatment
Medical and behavioral approaches
Use of fiber, enemas or laxatives to treat the constipation, followed by behavioral and biofeedback interventions to establish healthy elimination patterns
Elimination Disorders - Encopresis Treatment
Use of fiber, enemas, or laxatives to treat the constipation, followed by behavioral and biofeedback interventions to establish healthy
elimination patterns
Eating Disorders - Rumination
Voluntary and repeated regurgitation of food or liquid
Eating Disorders - PICA
Eating inedible, non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month
Mostly very young children & those with ID
Eating Disorders - Childhood Obesity
Excessive body fat
Prevalence is increasing
Childhood onset obesity is more likely to persist into adolescence and adulthood
Eating Disorders - Childhood Obesity Causes
Genetic predisposition
Improper diet
Unhealthy lifestyle
Family influences
Eating Disorders - Childhood Obesity Treatment
Proper nutrition and less sedentary lifestyle are recommended
Eating Disorders - Anorexia Nervosa
Refusal to maintain minimally normal body weight
Intense fear of gaining weight
Eating Disorders - Subtypes of Anorexia
Restricting: diet, fasting, or excessive exercise
Binge-eating/purging: episodes of binge eating or purging, or both
Eating Disorders - Bulimia Nervosa
Often retaining or even gaining of weight
Primary symptom is recurrent binge eating followed by compensation
Eating Disorders - Subtypes of Bulimia
Purging: self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives or diuretics
Non-purging: fasting, excessive exercise
Eating Disorders - Prevalence of Anorexia & Bulimia
Rare among adolescents
Anorexia: 0.3%
Bulimia: 0.9%
Large number of adolescents show core symptoms of eating disorder
Girls: 12%
Boys: 2%
Eating Disorders - Onset of Anorexia
Between ages 14 and 18
After a stressful life event
Fewer than 1/2 show full recovery, 1/5 continue on chronic course
Eating Disorders - Onset of Bulimia
Late adolescence
During or after a period of restrictive dieting
Follows a chronic course or occurs intermittently
Between 50 to 75% show full recovery
Eating Disorders - Sociocultural Influences
Emphasis on valuing slim, young bodies
Media, peers, and families transmit cultural messages
Eating Disorders - Biological Influences
Minor role in precipitating anorexia and bulimia
Major role in their maintenance
ED run in families
Imbalances of serotonin may be implicated
Eating Disorders - Psychological Causes
Affect disturbance is often comorbid with anorexia
Bulimia associated with mood swings, poor impulse control, OCD behaviors, depression, anxiety, and substance abuse
Eating Disorders - Treatment
Sometimes hospitalization
Antidepressants and SSRI’s may be helpful for Bulimia
Anorexia generally less responsive to treatment
Family considered most important resource
Cognitive-behavioral treatment: cognitive distortion and loss of control over eating core of disorder
Interpersonal therapy: problems involved in development and maintenance of eating disorders
Sleeping Disorders - Impaired Prefrontal Cortex
Decreased concentration
Decreased ability to inhibit or control basic drives, impulses, and emotions
Sleeping Disorders - Sleep Stages
REM sleep: highest brain activity
New information is sorted and stored into memory
Non-REM sleep: Quiet, slow and synchronized
Sleeping Disorders - Development of Sleep Patterns
Needs, patterns and problems change as children develop -
Infants and toddlers: night waking problems
Younger school-aged children: going to bed problems
Adolescents: going to, staying, or having enough time to sleep
Sleeping Disorders - Dyssomnias
Disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep
Night waking problems
Falling Asleep problems
Difficulty or staying asleep or not having enough time to sleep
Sleeping Disorders - Parasomnias
Disorders in which behavioral or psychological events intrude upon ongoing sleep
Sleeping Disorders - Narcolepsy
Recurring, irresistible attacks of sleep that intrude upon wakefulness
Accompanied by brief episodes of loss of muscle tone
Rare among children and adolescents
Appears to be an inherited neurological disorder
Sleeping Disorders - Breathing-Related
Sleep loss or disruption due to impaired breathing
Obstructed sleep apnea syndrome is the most common form among children
Sleeping Disorders - Nightmares
Common in children ages 3 to 6
Affect 10 to 50% of children in that age group
Occur during REM sleep
Frequency and intensity often affected by stress.
Sleeping Disorders - Sleep Terrors
3% of children
Between ages 4 and 12
Occur during non-REM sleep
Non-reactivity to external stimuli
Difficulty being aroused
Mental confusion when awakened
Lack of memory for the event in the morning
Sleeping Disorders - Sleepwalking
Eyes are open and child leaves bed and walks around
No later memory of episode
15% of children ages 5 to 12 have isolated incidents
Occurs during non-REM sleep
Chronic Illness - Definition
Persists for more than three months or requires hospitalization for more than one month
Chronic Illness - Prevalence and Course
10 to 20% of children (about 1/3 have moderate to severe conditions)
Asthma is most common
Suffer the most with social adjustment
May demonstrate academic problems (absenteeism, fatigue, or psychological stress)
Chronic Illness - Diabetes Mellitus
Body can’t metabolize carbs because pancreas does not release enough insulin
Life expectancy 1/3 less than normal
Chronic Illness - Childhood Cancer
Sudden onset
Often at a more advanced stage when first diagnosed
Most common form is acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Chronic Illness - Transactional Stress and Coping Model
A person’s ability to cope and adjust to chronic illness is a consequence of transactions (interactions) that occur between them and their environment
