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BIO 100, D1 > Exam Three > Flashcards

Exam Three Flashcards

1
Q

What is the medical costs of Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke?

A

503 billion (2010)

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2
Q

How many Americans suffer from Cardiovascular Disease ?

A

1 in 3 Americans

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3
Q

How many deaths occur due to Cardiovascular Disease?

A

2,400 a day

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4
Q

What are the risk factors of Cardiovascular Disease?

A
  • High Serum Cholesterol
  • Physical Inactivity
  • Stress
  • Obesity
  • Smoking
  • High Blood Pressure
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5
Q

What is the function of the Circulatory System?

A

To circulate blood and lymph throughout the body

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6
Q

What does the Circulatory System consist of ?

A
  • The Heart

- Blood Vessels

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7
Q

What are some characteristics of Blood Vessels in the Circulatory System?

A
  • 60,000 miles
  • Arteries
  • Capillaries
  • Veins
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8
Q

What are some characteristics of the Heart?

A
  • 75 beats/ min
  • 300 L pumped/ day
  • 4 Chambers, 4 Valves
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9
Q

What are Varicose Veins?

A

Enlarged veins most commonly appearing in the legs and feet

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10
Q

What are some characteristics of Varicose Veins?

A
  • Veins have 1- way Valves
  • Skeletal Muscle compression
  • Weak Valves = Blood pools
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11
Q

Explain blood flow through the Heart

A
  1. The (R) Atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the (R) Ventricle through the Trsicuspid Valve.
  2. The (R) Ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs through the Pulmonary Valve.
  3. The (L) Atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the (L) Ventricle through the Mitral Valve.
  4. The (L) Ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood through the Aortic Valve out to the rest of the body.
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12
Q

What is Hypertension (HTN)?

A

A condition in which the force of the blood against the Artery walls is too high

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13
Q

Who is most at risk for HTN ?

A
  • African Americans
  • Smokers, Drinkers
  • Overweight / inactive
  • Men less than 55 years old
  • Women older than 55 years old
  • NSAIDS, Decongestants, Birth Control
  • High salt intakers
  • Family History
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14
Q

What is HTN also known as and Why?

A

Silent killer because often times there are no symptoms experienced

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15
Q

What are some symptoms of HTN ?

A
  • Severe headache
  • Fatigue/Confusion
  • Vision problems
  • Chest pain
  • Difficultly breathing
  • Irregular heart beat/pound in chest
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16
Q

How many people affected by HTN are properly treated ?

A

1 out of 4

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17
Q

What are medications for HTN?

A
  • Diuretics: (increase) salt and H2O secretion
  • ACE Inhibitors: (decrease) vessel constriction
  • Beta Blockers: decrease Adrenalin, decrease pulse
  • Vasodilators: increase vessel diameter
  • Ca Channel Blockers: increase vessel diameter
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18
Q

What are the preventions for HTN?

A
  • Quit smoking
  • Lower Calorie intake
  • Lower alcohol consumption
  • Increase eating garlic, onions and blueberries
  • Regular aerobic exercise
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19
Q

What is HTN often indicative of ?

A

Atherosclerosis

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20
Q

What is Atherosclerosis?

A

A disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty materiel on their inner walls.

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21
Q

What are the age-related changes in the Cardiovascular System ?

A
  • Blood Vessel changes = Atherosclerosis
  • decrease elasticity + decreased diameter (plaque) -> Increased Blood pressure
  • 90% of Heart attacks
  • 80% of Strokes
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22
Q

What cause age-related changes in the Cardiovascular System ?

A

“Western Diet”, high in cholesterol, saturated and trans fats.

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23
Q

What is Arteriosclerosis?

A

with calcification: “hardening of the arteries.”

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24
Q

Why do blood vessels clog? Atherogenesis Theory ?

A
  • Saturated, trans fats are ATHEROGENIC; oxidized fat deposits in artery begins early in life.

-Atherogenesis Theory = hypercholesterolemia
Oxidized LDL
Inflammation/ Gum Disease

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25
Q

What kind of foods should be avoided for the Cardiovascular System?

A

Foods that contain saturated fats and Hydrogenated fats (hydrogenation increases shelf life).

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26
Q

What are some saturated fats?

A

SATURATED FATS = Animal Fats / Solids

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27
Q

What are some unsaturated fats?

A

Unsaturated fats = Good Fats

  • Plant Fats
  • Liquids (oils) like Olive Oil, or Omega 3 (fish Oil)
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28
Q

What numbers are valuable to know for taking care of the Cardiovascular System?

A
  • Cholesterol
  • Triglyceride
  • Cholesterol Carriers; LDL and HDL
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29
Q

What numbers are considered too high, borderline, and normal for Triglycerides?

A
  • HIGH= Greater than or equal to 200
  • BORDERLINE= 150-199
  • NORMAL= less than 150
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30
Q

What numbers are considered too high, borderline, and normal for Cholesterol?

A
  • HIGH= greater than or equal to 240
  • BORDERLINE= 200-239
  • NORMAL/DESIRABLE= less than 200
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31
Q

What numbers are considered desirable for Cholesterol carrier HDL?

A

High Density Lipoprotein “good” (to liver): greater than 40 mg/dl is desirable

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32
Q

What numbers are considered desirable for Cholesterol carrier LDL?

A

Low Density Lipoprotein “bad” (away from liver): less than 100 mg/dl is desirable

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33
Q

What are the age-related changes of the heart? What reverses these changes?

A

Changes=

  • increased size (LVH): Valves thicken
  • increased blood pressure
  • decreased cardiac output: 5.2 L/min -> 2.4
  • decreased maximum heart rate: 220 bpm -age

*EXERCISE SLOWS / REVERSES DECLINE OF CVS.

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34
Q

What is the Left Ventricle Hypertrophy?

A

Enlargement and thickening (hypertrophy) of the walls of the heart’s main pumping chamber, left ventricle.

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35
Q

What is Angina? What is it also known as?

A

A type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. It’s also known as Ischemic chest pain.

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36
Q

What are the early warnings of Angina?

A
  • Cardiac/Chest pain; due to construction of the coronary arteries.
  • Occurs with increased heart rate; exercise, emotions
  • Nitroglycerin dilated arteries
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37
Q

What are signs of a heart attack?

A

▪️Pressure in the center of chest
▪️Pain in shoulders, neck or arms
▪️Chest discomfort with fainting, sweating or nausea
▪️Pain radiating down arm

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38
Q

What is CAD ?

A

Coronary Artery Disease is damage or disease to the hearts blood vessels

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39
Q

What is the percentage of women affected by CAD? Men? Age?

A

▪️12% Women

▪️20% Men by 65 years old

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40
Q

What are the characteristics of CAD?

A

▪️DECREASED blood flow thru coronary arteries
▪️DECREASED O2 delivery to cardiac muscle
▪️Cardiac muscle death
▪️Blood Clot on plaque, Thrombus.
▪️Mobile Clot, Embolus.

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41
Q

What is Thrombus ?

A

A blood clot in the vascular system (Circulatory system). It stays attached to the site where it was formed and impedes blood flow.

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42
Q

What is Embolus?

A

A particle or mass (most typically, a blood clot) that travels through the blood stream.

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43
Q

How is Heart disease diagnosed?

A 
By diagnostic tests such as: 
▪️Electrocardiogram(ECG)
▪️Echocardiogram 
▪️Exercise Stress Test
▪️Cardiac Catheterization
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44
Q

What are some treatments for Heart Disease ?

A

▪️Clotbuster Drugs: TPA, Streptokinase
▪️Angioplasty
▪️Stent
▪️Bypass

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45
Q

What are the typical meds for heart patients ?

A

▪️Aspirin: can cool reactions raging in heart arteries and in the colon. As well as Control inflammation.
▪️Statins: lower cholesterol also drives down levels of CRP, etc.
▪️Beta Blockers and ACE Inhibitors

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46
Q

What are the Primary Organs of the Immune System?

A

▪️Bone Marrow

▪️Thymus

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47
Q

Primary Organs are also known for what?

A

“Generation”

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48
Q

What are the individual functions of the Primary Organs?

A

▪️Bone Marrow: Generate Blood cells

▪️Thymus: Generate mature T lymphocytes (WBCs) that help the immune system fight off illness

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49
Q

What are the Secondary Organs of the Immune System?

A

▪️Spleen

▪️Lymph Nodes

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50
Q

Secondary Organs are also known for what?

A

Storage

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51
Q

What are the individual functions of the Secondary Organs ?

A

▪️Spleen: acts as a filter for blood as a part of the immune system
▪️Lymph Nodes: act as filters for foreign particles and cancer cells

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52
Q

What is GALT?

A

GALT- Gut-Associated lymphoid tissue is a component of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) which works in the immune system to protect the body from invasion in the gut.

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53
Q

What is CALT?

A

CALT- Cutaneous-Associated lymphoid tissue mount cutaneous responses to protect the body tracts and skin.

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54
Q

What so special about blood in the medical field? Why?

A

It is the most studied human immune tissue used to assess health status. “Blood is informative.”

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55
Q

Why are there more RBCs than WBCs ?

A

Because if blood

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56
Q

When is blood pink and what does that indicate ?

A

Because there are more WBCs being produced in the body than RBCs. This is indicative of Leukemia.

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57
Q

Which of the cells carry oxygen?

A

RBCs

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58
Q

Where are RBCs made?

A

Inside the bones, in the bone marrow.

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59
Q

What is packed in RBCs?

A

Hemoglobin which had iron that bonds carbon dioxide.

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60
Q

Why do women have to pay more attention to their iron ?

A

Because of menstraul cycle. Can have anemia.

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61
Q

Where do antibodies come from?

A

WBCs from Capital B Cells

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62
Q

What are WBCs?

A

White blood cells are cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against infectious disease and foreign invaders

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63
Q

What is Plasma?

A

▪️Liquid portion of blood
▪️Serum = liquid post clotting
▪️Antibodies

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64
Q

What are the (3) R’s for the function of lymphocytes?

A

▪️Recognize
▪️Respond
▪️Remember

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65
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

WBCs

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66
Q

What is significant about cells in the immune system composition?

A

CELLS:
▪️Diverse functions
▪️Division is labor
▪️Collaboration

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67
Q

What is the Vaccination Principle?

A

Remembering

“Specific memory is the hallmark of the adaptive immune response.”

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68
Q

What is vaccination?

A

A controlled first exposure to a pathogen

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69
Q

Vaccines are recommended specifically for who?

A

The elderly

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70
Q

What vaccinations are recommended for the elderly?

A

▪️Peunovax: Pneumonia
▪️Influenza: Flus
▪️Herpes Zoster: Shingles

71
Q

What is Shingles?

A

Another form of Chickenpox; a virus that hangs In the nerve system.

72
Q

What happens with aging if the immune system?

A

▪️”After puberty, the thymus slowly shrinks and is replaced by fat.”
▪️Fewer T Cells (immune response)
▪️Autoimmunity (attacking self tissue)
▪️Cancer (A failure to recognize altered self tissue)

73
Q

What are the main causes of cancer?

A

▪️Tobacco

▪️Diet

74
Q

Is cancer fast developing?

A

No, it takes time to develop, “evolve.”

75
Q

What challenges are presented for medical officials in regard to cancer?

A

▪️Diagnosis

▪️Treatment

76
Q

When are you at higher risk for developing cancer?

A

The older you are the higher the risk for cancer. (65+ years old)

77
Q

What percentage of all cancer are cancers of the Immune System?

78
Q

What is lymphatic cancers?

A

A cancer of the lymphatic system; germ fighting network.

79
Q

What is leukemia?

A

A malignant progressive disease in which the bone marrow and other blood forming organs produce increased numbers of immature or abnormal leukocytes. These suppress the production of normal blood cells.

80
Q

What are signs of Leukemia?

A 
Signs: 
▪️bruising 
▪️weakness
▪️bone pain
▪️frequent infections
81
Q

What are treatments for leukemia?

A

▪️Chemotherapy
▪️Radiotherapy
▪️Bone Marrow Transplant
▪️ Therapeutic Vaccines (MAbs)

82
Q

What are examples of age-related Leukemia’s?

A

▪️Benign Monoclonal Gammopathy: Plasma Cell Cancer
▪️Waldenstroms Macroglobulinemia: abnormal plasma cells (viscous blood)
▪️CLL - Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia: accumulation of immature lymphocytes
▪️Multiple Myeloma: Plasma Cell Cancer

83
Q

Where do Respiratory System problems come from?

A

▪️smoking
▪️pollution
▪️infection

84
Q

What is COPD?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

85
Q

What are Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases?

A

▪️chronic bronchitis
▪️emphysema
▪️asthma

86
Q

What is in the Upper Respiratory Tract? What is it’s nickname?

A

▪️Nasal + Oral Cavities
▪️Pharynx and Larynx
Nickname: “Dirty”

87
Q

What is in the Lower Respiratory Tract? What is it’s nickname?

A

▪️Trachea
▪️Bronchi, Bronchioles
▪️Alveoli
Nickname: “Clean”

88
Q

What is the function of the Mucociliary Escalator of the Respiratory Tract?

A

“Traps” and removes particles

89
Q

What happens to the function of the Mucociliary Escalator of the Respiratory Tract with aging?

A

Functions decline with age and smoking history.

90
Q

What is the percentage for death amongst people diagnosed with Lung Cancer?

91
Q

How many cases of smokers that have Lung Cancer?

A

9 out of 10 people

92
Q

What is the survival rate for Lung Cancer patients and percentage of survivors? What does this mean?

A

▪️ 5 year survival rate < 20%

Meaning after being diagnosed there is a 5 year survival rate and less than 20% of those diagnosed actually make it 5 years after being diagnosed.

93
Q

What are indications of a Lung Cancer patient being a smoker?

A

▪️Emphysema

▪️Smoker’s tongue

94
Q

How much in healthcare costs for Lung Cancer?

A

90 billion/ year

95
Q

Why did the death rate for Lung Cancer amongst women rise from 1950-2000?

A

The smoking boom; cigarettes where being heavily advertised and more women started smoking.

96
Q

What occurs during Respiratory System aging?

A

▪️breathing capacity decreases; airflow begins decreasing @ 30, 165 L/min -> 75 L/min, and Kyphosis contributes to impaired breathing.
▪️decreased exercise inability; decreased stamina
▪️risks of infections; bronchitis, Pneumonia, and Influenza
▪️Alveoli production stops

97
Q

How is Pneumonia acquired?

A 
▪️community-acquired 
▪️hospital-acquired
▪️aspiration pneumonia; due to swallowing complications
▪️bacterial types; antibiotics 
▪️viral types; anti-virals
98
Q

What is Influenza?

A

Viral disease of the Respiratory system

99
Q

How many people are hospitalized due to Influenza? Deaths?

A

▪️ 200,000 hospitalized/yr

▪️36,000 deaths

100
Q

What are the different type of Flus?

A 
▪️Seasonal Flu;
Most common strain 
Prevention w/ vaccination
▪️H1N1 Swine Flu;
New 2009 strain
101
Q

What is the body’s largest organ and what percentage of body weight does it make up for?

A

The skin (integumentary system) making up 7% of body weight.

102
Q

What is the measurement for skin?

A

15-20 ft ^2

103
Q

What concerns are raised about the integumentary system?

A

▪️graying hair
▪️wrinkling skin
▪️cancer

104
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

▪️retain water (Keratin=waterproofing)
▪️Infection barrier
▪️radiation protection (pigment cells)
▪️thermoregulation (sweat glands + blood vessels)
▪️sensation (pain, temperature, and touch)

105
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

A

▪️Epidermis; dead/shed layer
▪️ Dermis; connective tissue also tattoo penetration layer
▪️ Hypodermis; 1/2 of body’s fat stored here

106
Q

Why does skin wrinkle?

A

▪️Loss of subcutaneous fat.

🔽 elasticity and tone due to collagen changes

107
Q

What accelerates skin wrinkling?

A

▪️smoking
▪️sunlight
▪️psychologically distressing

108
Q

What are some cosmetic surgeries for skin?

A

▪️Needling
▪️Liposuction
▪️Botox
*In which, they are all temporary!

109
Q

How much is spent on cosmetic surgeries?

A

$8+ billion spent per year

110
Q

Why does hair turn gray?

A

“Hair color is determined by melanin, melanocytes at follicle base.

▪️melanocytes senesce,die then cause a decrease in pigment
▪️absence of pigment = white/graying
▪️variability = individual follicles

111
Q

At what age do people experience graying of hair?

A

▪️30 years old = men

▪️35 years old = women

112
Q

Why does hair fall out ?

A

▪️Alopecia
▪️99% hereditary (pattern baldness)
▪️genes (either parent) + androgens (DHT)

113
Q

How many people have Alopecia?

A

▪️60,000,000 people

▪️66% men

114
Q

What is an example of pattern baldness?

A

Tonsural (Monk’s ring); side/back follicles resist DHT.

115
Q

What is DHT?

A

Dihydrotestosterone a sex steroid and hormone.

116
Q

What do people do to address hair loss?

A

▪️Artificial hair: wigs, extensions, etc.
▪️Hair Transplant: redistribute follicles (“Plugs”)
▪️Serendipitous Drugs:
- Propecia, a pill; developed for prostate hyperplasia.
- Rogain, a spray; developed for HTN.

117
Q

What are age spots?

A

▪️uneven distribution of melanin

▪️accumulation of lipofuscin

118
Q

What is Herpes-Zoster? AKA?

A

A herpesvirus that causes shingles and chickenpox.

119
Q

What areas on/in the body are affected by Herpes Zoster? What are the symptoms?

A

▪️Back/ Chest
▪️Nerve endings
SYMPTOM(S): itching and pain

120
Q

What is a preventative for Herpes Zoster? Treatments?

A

Prevention: zostavax
Treatment: acyclovir

121
Q

What Pressure/ Bed sores? Who is a common risk? Where is it an issue?

A

Bed sores are localized damage to the skin and/or underlying tissue that usually occur over a bony prominence as a result of long term pressure.

▪️the bed-ridden and paralyzed are a common risk. Hence, this is a major issue at nursing homes.

122
Q

What age and percentage are exposed to skin cancer?

A

80% of lifetime expectancy by 18 year olds

123
Q

What increases the risk of skin cancer by 50%?

A

Serious sunburn

124
Q

Why is skin cancer an increasing problem?

A

Increasing problem due to the hole in the ozone layer

125
Q

How many diagnosis per year of skin cancer?

A

1 pit of 5 - 450,000 people/ yr

126
Q

How is skin cancer preventable?

A

▪️Avoid tanning booths/beds
▪️sunscreen
▪️shade
▪️hats, sunglasses, clothing

127
Q

What are three main types of skin cancer (from most common to least)?

A 
▪️Basal Cell Carcinoma;
-80% of skin cancers 
-most common of ALL cancers 
▪️Squamous Cell Carcinoma;
-16% is skin cancers
-crusts/bleeds
▪️Malignant Melanoma;
-4% of skin cancers 
-invasive is serious
128
Q

What is the percentage and age of those susceptible to skin cancer?

A

▪️40-50%

▪️50+ year olds

129
Q

How to check for skin cancer?

A 
Spot on skin: 
▪️asymmetry
▪️border irregularity 
▪️color
▪️1/4 inch diameter
130
Q

How is skin cancer diagnosed?

A

▪️by a Dermatologist
▪️using a Derma-scope
▪️performing a Biopsy

131
Q

What are some treatments for skin cancer?

A 
Types of skin cancer/ stage surgical 
▪️immunotherapy 
▪️cryosurgery 
▪️chemotherapy 
▪️photodynamic therapy
▪️radiation therapy 
▪️MAbs; Monoclonal antibodies
132
Q

How many Americans will develop skin cancer in their lifetime?

133
Q

How many bones does the skeletal system consist of? How much body weight does it make up for?

A

▪️206 bones

▪️roughly 50% body weight

134
Q

What is calcium phosphate?

A

Non living matrix

135
Q

What kind of tissue is bone?

A

Living tissue

136
Q

What is the primary concerns in regards to the aging of the skeletal system?

A

▪️brittleness

▪️rib count

137
Q

What are the functions of bones?

A

▪️muscle attachment points
▪️viral organ protection: skull, spinal chord, and rib cage.
▪️Ca, Na, P, and K storage
▪️blood cell formation site = bone marrow

138
Q

What is osteoblasts?

A

Is ossification; process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts.

139
Q

What is osteoclasts?

A

Bone resorption; a large multinucleated bone cell which absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing.

140
Q

What is osteopenia?

A

A condition that occurs when the body doesn’t make new bone as quickly as it reabsorbs old bone.

141
Q

What occurs during osteoporosis? Who experiences it?

A

Increased bone resorption rate;
⬇️estrogen➡️⬇️osteoblast function

▪️65% of women > 65 yo
▪️25% w. Hip fracture die in < 1 yr
▪️80% have severe mobility issues
▪️80% femur fractures

⬇️collagen + ⬆️mineral➡️⬆️brittleness

142
Q

What are some preventatives of osteoporosis? Treatments?

A 
▪️Prevention: 
-milk
-Ca tablets 
-exercise/yoga
-nutrition; Ca &amp; Vitamin D for absorption 
▪️Treatment(s):
-ERT
-fosomax
143
Q

How long after a hip replacement so patients feel pain? How long does this replacement hold up?

A

▪️90-95% pain free for 10 years

▪️80% probability of lasting 20 years

144
Q

What percentage of artificial knee replacements do women represent of the 400,000 replacements per year? What advanced about the procedure?

A

▪️women represent 60%

▪️new women’s implant; because knee differs than men’s.

145
Q

How are joints affected by arthritis?

A

Causes inflammation of the joints

146
Q

What is the function of synovial joints?

A

Permit movement

147
Q

What is the functions of the synovial membrane?

A

▪️lines capsule

▪️secrete synovial fluid

148
Q

What are the three types of arthritis?

A

▪️Gouty Arthritis
▪️genetics
▪️diet

149
Q

What is the most common type of arthritis? What is the third?

A

▪️osteoarthritis is the most common

▪️rheumatoid is third

150
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

A chronic inflammatory disorder.”

▪️Autoimmune: inflammation of synovial membrane
▪️Genetic: most common in women
▪️Small joints: hands, feet, wrists, ankles and elbows

151
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

“Degeneration of articular cartilage.

▪️bony spur formation
▪️lower limbs, vertebral fusion

152
Q

What is Gouty Arthritis? What are commonly affected joints?

A

“A form of arthritis characterized by severe pain, chronic iron acid precipitation and is genetic.

▪️Big toe, elbow, wrist, and knee

153
Q

Why does gout persist? Treatments? Importance of mobility?

A

“Persists due to high fat consumption + excessive alcohol consumption.

▪️Treatments: 
-NSAIDS (non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug)
-Aspirin/Ibuprofen (bleeding/ulcers)
-Cox inhibitors (vioxx, Celebrex)
-Steroids (prednisone) 
-Surgery
▪️Odd Treatments:
-Emu Oil
-Glucosamine 
-Leeches
-Bee stings 
-Acupuncture 
▪️MOBILITY: Use it or lose it !

*Biologic anti-inflammatory drugs neutralize TNfa

154
Q

What is the muscular system composed of?

A

▪️700 skeletal muscles
▪️contractile cells
▪️contraction- move bones or constrict tubes.

155
Q

What are some concerns for aging of the muscular system?

A

▪️Loss of tone, coordination

▪️Decreased muscle mass, SARCOPENIA.

156
Q

What are the three types of muscle cells?

A

▪️Skeletal muscle
▪️Cardiac muscle
▪️Smooth muscle

157
Q

What is the function of the skeletal muscle?

A

▪️moves joints by its strong and rapid contraction

▪️each muscle is a bundle of muscle fibers, each of which an enormous multinucleated cell.

158
Q

What is the function of the smooth muscle?

A

▪️present in the digestive tract, bladder, arteries, and veins.
▪️composed of thin elongated cells (not striated) each of which has nucleus

159
Q

What is the function of the cardiac muscle?

A

▪️produces the heart beat

160
Q

What is the cellular structure of the muscle?

A

▪️myocytes (fibers)= long (12”), thin tubular cells, multinucleated, and striated bands.
▪️single muscle fiber
▪️myocytes- packed with myofibrils (contractile units)
▪️myofibrils- made of myofilaments (actin and myosin)

161
Q

What is the sliding Filament Theory?

A

Shortening of myofibrils ➡️of fibers (of cells) ➡️ of muscle = CONTRACTION

162
Q

What are the three types of muscle cells?

A

▪️slow-twitch
▪️intermediate-twitch
▪️fast-twitch

163
Q

What are the characteristics of fast-twitch?

A

▪️Contract fast
▪️fatigue fast
▪️fewer mitochondria
▪️fast-twitch loss with aging

164
Q

What are the characteristics of intermediate-twitch?

A

▪️% vary based on genetics
▪️exercise builds muscle protein
▪️⬆️ Actin and Myosin production

165
Q

What are the characteristics of slow-twitch?

A

▪️contract slowly
▪️resist fatigue
▪️more mitochondria

166
Q

What are some skeletal muscle problems?

A

▪️atrophy: reabsorption and breakdown of tissues

▪️SARCOPENIA: loss of skeletal muscle mass

167
Q

What are smooth muscle features?

A

▪️involuntary control
▪️less organized
▪️slower, rhythmic contractions
▪️lack striating

“esophagus, stomach, intestine, and blood vessels.”

168
Q

What are some smooth muscle problems?

A

▪️diverticulosis:
-Inflammation/ infection in one or more small pouches in the digestive tract.
▪️hernia

169
Q

What are Cardiac muscle features?

A

▪️involuntary control
▪️intercalated disks
▪️spontaneous rhythmic contractions
▪️striated

170
Q

What happens to the Cardiac muscle with aging?

A 
▪️fat accumulation➡️⬇️conductance
▪️(L) Ventricle hypertrophy 
▪️Coronary Artery disease 
     ⬇️
      Myocardial Infarction ➡️ ❤️ attack
171
Q

What are age-related changes in the skeletal muscle? What delays progression of those changes?

A

⬇️strength
⬇️endurance
⬇️coordination
⬆️reaction time

*Exercise delays progression!

172
Q

How much time of exercising is enough? What kind of exercises?

A 
▪️30-minute of brisk walking benefits health
▪️Aerobics
▪️daily
▪️variety 
▪️sustained maximum heart rate
173
Q

What is an age-associated muscle disorder? Symptoms?

A

Parkinson’s Disease:
⬇️dopamine production; needed to balance acetylcholine
⬇️coordination of muscle innervation

Symptoms= tremors, stiffness, and slowness.

BIO 100, D1 (6 decks)

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