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BIO 100, D1 > Aging And Cancer > Flashcards

Aging And Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division

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2
Q

What causes uncontrolled cell division?

A

Initiated by mutation in genes associated with control of cell growth.

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3
Q

What is the 2nd major cause of death? And what is the survival rate?

A

Cancer and 67%

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4
Q

What biologically increases the probability of cancer?

A

Aging. Human lifespan had doubled over last 100 years.

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5
Q

What are the cancers based on tissue type?

A

Carcinoma
Leukemia and Lymphoma
Sarcoma
Nueroblastoma

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6
Q

What is mutagen?

A

Agent that alters DNA

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7
Q

What is a tumor?

A

Swelling

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8
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

New thing formed

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9
Q

What is carcinogen?

A

Agent that causes cancer

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10
Q

What does malignant mean?

A

“Bad” kind

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11
Q

What does benign mean?

A

“Good” kind

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12
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Spreading

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13
Q

What is transformation?

A

Altered growth of cells

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14
Q

What is cancer?

A

A loss of cell growth control caused by multiple mutations.

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15
Q

Are stages of cancer visible?

A

You rarely see the early stages of cancer, or takes time to develop.

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16
Q

What are proto-oncogenes ?

A

Precursor to cancer gene. Normal genes that encode for proteins that control or regulate cell growth.

17
Q

What are oncogenes ?

A

“Cancer” gene, a mutated Proto-oncogene. E.g., ras- 30% of all cancers; 90% of pancreatic cancers.

18
Q

What is the purpose of DNA repair genes?

A

Repair damaged dna

19
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A

Cellular “suicide” aka Programmed Cell Death promoted by p53.

20
Q

What happens when p53 is mutated?

21
Q

What is p53?

22
Q

What do Tumor Suppressor Genes Inhibit?

A

Excessive cellular proliferation. E.g., p53- mutated in 90% of lung cancer and >50% of breast and colon cancers.

23
Q

What Is BRCA1,2?

A

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are human genes that produce tumor suppressor proteins. These proteins help repair damaged DNA and, therefore, play a role in ensuring the stability of each cell’s genetic material.

24
Q

What occurs when BRCA1,2 is mutated?

A

Mutated in 20-25% of inherited (5% of ALL) breast cancers.

25
Q

How is BRCA1,2 associated with breast cancer?

A

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are unrelated proteins, but both are normally expressed in the cells of breast and other tissue, where they help repair damaged DNA, or destroy cells if DNA cannot be repaired. If mutated it leads to breast cancer.

26
Q

What are the increasing factors that are cancer risks?

A 
▪️Genes?
Mutation
▪️Environment?
Diet
Infection
Tobacco
Sunlight 
Occupation
27
Q

Are most cancers inherited?

28
Q

What are the specific factors of one’s diet that risk cancer?

A 
Alcohol 
Fat v Fiber 
Antioxidants
Caloric Restriction 
Salted/Smoke Food
Tobacco
Diet + Culture
29
Q

What is diet + culture factors that run the risk of cancer?

A 
Japan= witness stomach cancer
U.S.= witness CRC

*when a Japanese family migrate to the U.S. they adapt a western diet (high fat, high cholesterol, etc.) and instead of stomach cancer they run the risk of CRC.

30
Q

What are the three main infections that led to cancer in 2008?

A

H.Pylori (most common)
HB/CV
HPV

31
Q

What is helicobacter pylori?

A

Bacteria in the stomach that can lead to stomach cancer

32
Q

How is cancer diagnosed?

A

▪️Annual Physical
▪️Chest X-ray (lung)
▪️CT, Spiral CT, PET, MRI Scans
▪️Biopsy

33
Q

Is biopsy definitive ?

34
Q

What is a PET Scan?

A

Positron-emission tomography is a nuclear medicine functional imaging technique that is used to observe metabolic processes in the body as an aid to the diagnosis of disease.

35
Q

What is an MRI Scan?

A

DescriptionMagnetic resonance imaging is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body in both health and disease.

36
Q

What are cancer treatments?

A

▪️Surgery
“BEST”: removes tumors and nearby lymph nodes
Curative: Removal of tumor (localize)
▪️Chemotherapy
Inject directly into the vein or through catheter (injecting poison which has a low impact in adults and high impact in children)
▪️Radiation
High energy X-ray shrinks tumors kills cancerous cells

37
Q

What are new treatments?

A 
▪️Chemo Regimens 
Drug cocktails 
▪️Targeted Therapies 
Monoclonal Antibodies 
Anti-Angiogenesis Agents (Avastin)-> 
Growth factors inhibitors (Erbitux) 
▪️Cancer Vaccines 
Yervoy, Keytruda=therapeutic, Gardasil, Cervarix=prophylactic
38
Q

What is the difference between Therapeutic and Prophylactic?

A

Prophylactic=Prevent

Therapeutic=Cure

39
Q

What are the deadliest cancers?

A 
Women= Lung, CRC, Breast, and Pancreatic Cancer.
Men= Lung, CRC, Pancreatic Cancer, and Prostate

BIO 100, D1 (6 decks)

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