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GCSE History > Exam style questions - Crime and Punishment > Flashcards

Exam style questions - Crime and Punishment Flashcards

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1
Q

Give 2 examples of crime against the person (medieval england)

A

Murder

Public disorder

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2
Q

Give 2 examples of crime against property (medieval england)

A

Arson

Theft

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3
Q

Give 2 examples of crime against authority (medieval england)

A

Treason

Rebellion

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4
Q

Give 2 reasons why ordinary people hated Forest Laws

A

Many communities and farms were evicted from the land protected under Forest Laws
Many ordinary people relied on the forest for both food and wood, and were not longer to do this without a licence

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5
Q

Explain the murdrum fine

A

If a Norman was murdered by an Anglo-Saxon, and a culprit was not found, the surrounding area where the body was found had to pay a large fee.
This was a way to prevent anti-Norman killing, and to establish nationwide Norman control without rebellion

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6
Q

Why was Anglo-Saxon law enforcement mainly the local communities role?

A

Many of the law enforcement methods, such as the hue and cry, were performed on a local scale, with little nationwide law enforcement, like the police

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7
Q

Give 2 ways in which law enforcement differed from Anglo-Saxon to later medieval England

A
  • Trial by ordeal and combat were abolished

- The role of the sheriff expanded

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8
Q

Give 2 changes to punishment from Norman to Anglo-Saxon England

A
  • Use of corporal and capital punishment rose greatly

- Poaching and chopping down trees from area protected under Forest Laws were punished sevely

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9
Q

Give 2 changes to punishment from Anglo-Saxon to later medieval England

A
  • Use of capital punishment dropped hugely

- Use of fines rose

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10
Q

Give 2 examples of trial by ordeal

A
  • Burnt hands; if the hands healed well, they were innocent

- Dunked into water; if they sank they were innocent

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11
Q

Give 2 features of church courts

A
  • More lenient sentencing

- Chance to be given sanctuary, in which they were allowed to leave the country without sentencing

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12
Q

Give 2 reasons why their was an increase in treason and heresy charges during early modern England

A
  • Religious change

- Many rebellions and plots against the monarchy

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13
Q

Explain what vagrancy is and why there was an increase in it during the late 1400s - 1500s

A

A vagrant is an unemployed, homeless person, and the level of these increased largely as a result of falling wages, increased goods prices and lack of aid for the poor

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14
Q

Explain what smuggling is and why there was an increase in it from the 1600s onwards

A

Smuggling is bring goods into a country secretly and illegally, and it rose dramatically as a result of an introduction of import tax

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15
Q

Explain the change in attitude and dealing with witchcraft over time

A

During the medieval period, witchcraft was seen as a minor crime, dealt with my church courts, however during the early modern period the belief in witchcraft rose hugely, leading to nationwide fear and new laws being passed against it, making witchcraft a very serious crime

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16
Q

Give 2 features of the watchmen in early modern England

A
  • Rang a bell to alert people
  • Unpaid role
  • Patrolled the streets at night
  • Overseen by town constable
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17
Q

Give 2 features of the town constable in early modern England

A
  • Respected members of the community
  • Could arrest people
  • In charge of watchmen in their area
  • Helped with administration
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18
Q

Explain 2 changes to the Church during early modern England

A
  • Church courts could now only try moral crimes for everyone, no longer criminal acts
  • Sanctuary exile to other countries was abolished, and then eventually sanctuary was abolished completely
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19
Q

Explain the Bloody Code

A

During the 1600s, the number of crimes punishable by death rose hugely- the aim was to frighten people into not committing crime of any kind

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20
Q

Explain why transportation to North America became a punishment

A

Around 80000 people were transported to America because:

  • It was a serious punishment, yet gave chance for reformation
  • It provided a milder punishment option than execution
  • It provided workers in America, whilst ridding of criminals from England
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21
Q

Give 2 ways in which the civil war lead to increased witch hunting

A
  • The civil war left many women widowed
  • The civil war made it so there were more strangers around, as they searched for work or for the army
  • The civil war weakened authority, and sometimes law and order collapsed entirely
  • The civil war caused social and economic problems; witches acted as a scapegoat
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22
Q

Give 2 reasons why crime increased during the 1700s-1850

A
  • More people travelling; less tightly knit communities
  • Larger towns made it easier to escape
  • Extreme poverty led to increase in survival crimes (e.g. stealing food)
  • Increase in gangs
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23
Q

Give 2 reasons why highway robbery increased during the 1700s

A
  • Improved roads meant more people travelling
  • Increased trade meant more goods, people and money traveled
  • More roads were built, increasing the number of travelers and making it harder to monitor all of them
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24
Q

Give 2 reasons why witchcraft prosecution decreased

A

`- The country became more socially and economically stable

  • Scientific experiments explained some of the things that previously was a sign of being a witch
  • General superstition decreased
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25
Q

Give 2 new attitudes towards punishment during the 1800s

A
  • Punishments should be equal to the crime
  • Corporal and capital punishment were inhumane except for very serious crimes
  • Punishment should also be about reformation
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26
Q

Give 2 reasons why transportation to Australia decreased

A
  • It no longer needed forced labourers, and didn’t want a vast amount of their population to be criminals
  • It was often seen as too expensive and mild of a punishment
  • It was also often seen as too harsh on the criminal and their family
  • There was an increase in prisons
27
Q

Give 2 pros and 2 cons of the seperate prison system

A

PROS
- Cleaner and less disease
- Seen as the right level of punishment
- No prisoner communication so no prison violence or escape
CONS
- High mental illness and suicide rate due to prolonged isolation
- No education to provide new skills for prisoners when they escape

28
Q

Give 2 crimes that have changed over time

A

Terrorism- advances in transport, weapons and communication has made the risk of it far greater
Fraud- advances in technology and the internet have made fraudsters able to have a platform to reach thousands of people at once, from a remote and overseas location, therefore are difficult to prosecute/shut down

29
Q

Give 2 changes to policing in modern England

A
  • Motorised transport means faster response times, however fewer patrolling officers
  • Officers are often armed with automatic weapons
  • Officers can be from any ethnic group and women
30
Q

Explain the neighbourhood watch

A

Local volunteers who detect crime in their local neighbourhood

31
Q

Give 2 reasons why the death penalty was abolished

A
  • Views towards punishment continued to change towards reform and paying back to society, rather than a simple punishment, and the death penalty disagreed with this
  • Controversial cases (such as Derek Bentley) led people to question the death penalty
32
Q

Give 2 modern alternatives to prison

A
  • Community service

- Electronic tagging

33
Q

Explain conscription

A

The law that states everyone who is asked to, and fit to, fight in the armed forces must.

34
Q

Explain alternative conscientious objectors

A

They did not agree with the fighting and violent aspect of the war, and instead performed non combatant roles in both WW1 and WW2

35
Q

Explain absolute conscientious objectors

A

They did not agree with participating in the war at all. In WW1 they were imprisoned and treated very poorly. In WW2 they were mostly exempt, and those who were imprisoned were not treated terribly

36
Q

Explain the beat

A

A set route that policemen patrolled

37
Q

Explain the common attitude towards the police during the late 1800s

A

Much of the working class felt that the police were against them, which led to hatred of the police and their activities. The economic depression and ensuing poverty contributed to this also.

38
Q

Give 2 types of housing for the poor in Whitechapel

A
  • Rookeries (slum areas) where incredibly overpopulated and had poor sanitation
  • Lodging houses provided a room with access to a kitchen for a nightly fee; they has poor conditions in general
  • Improved housing such as the Peabody estate where built to provide better living conditions for a reasonable price
39
Q

Give 2 features of factory jobs in Whitechapel

A
  • Long hours
  • Bad pay
  • Poor working conditions
40
Q

Give 2 features of jobs in building or at the docks

A
  • Better pay
  • Better conditions
  • Inconsistent pay
41
Q

Give 2 features of workhouses in Whitechapel

A
  • Offered a bed and food for hard labour
  • Poor working and living conditions
  • Families were often divided
42
Q

Give 2 reasons why Whitechapel’s poor environment led to greater levels of crime

A
  • Low income led to stealing for survival
  • Unreliable or lack of work meant people had lots of free time, which led to alcoholism, disruptive and violent behaviour
  • Overcrowed areas meant there were often tensions between residents, leading to violence
  • Low income led to more prostitution which led to more violence and exploitation of women
43
Q

Give 2 reasons for rising tensions in Whitechapel

A
  • Irish immigration
  • Fluctuating population
  • Jewish immigration
44
Q

Explain how Irish immigration led to increased tensions in Whitechapel

A

They were viewed by many as religious terrorists, therefore were feared and disliked by other residents

45
Q

Explain how Jewish immigration led to increased tensions in Whitechapel

A
  • They often found jobs quicker than locals as they would work for less
  • They set up sweatshop businesses that could undercut local business’ prices, putting them out of business
  • Locals disliked the different culture and language, leading to a clear divide between them
46
Q

Explain how fluctuating population led to increased tensions in Whitechapel

A

Most Whitechapel accommodation and residents were temporary, therefore a sense of community was never really established

47
Q

Give 2 problems the H-division faced in Whitechapel

A
  • Gangs
  • Prostitution
  • Violent demonstrations
  • Antisemitism
  • The media
48
Q

Explain 1 way in which punishment in medieval England and the 17th century were similar

A
  • Wergild
  • To punish minor crimes such as theft
  • Fines
  • Again to punish minor crimes
49
Q

Explain 1 way in which policing was similar in Tudor England and the 18th century

A
  • Parish constables
  • Used for day to day law and order maintenance
  • Parish constables still used
  • Still for day to day law and order maintenance, however with more responsibilities and power, as things like hue and cry had stopped
50
Q

Explain 1 way in which aims of punishment were similar in the later middle ages and late nineteenth century

A
  • Deterrence
  • Lots of corporal punishment
  • Deterrence
  • Bloody code saw a rise in capital punishment
51
Q

Explain 1 way in which policing methods were different in the later middle ages and nineteenth century

A
  • Community based
  • Hue and cry, tithings
  • More government established
  • Met police
52
Q

Explain 1 way in which trials were similar in the middle ages and seventeenth century

A
  • Juries
  • Local juries using knowledge of offender
  • Juries
  • More professional + less bias juries
53
Q

Explain 1 way in which local community law enforcement was different in the 16th and 20th century

A
  • More responsibility for local communities
  • Hue and cry, less government established policing
  • Less responsibility
  • Minor things like Neighbourhood Watch, more government enforced policing (Met police force)
54
Q

Explain 1 way in which treatment of witchcraft was similar to treatment of conscientious objectors

A
  • Hunted and outcast by society
  • Witch hunts were common, many witches were killed
  • Scorned and outcast by society
  • Often mocked, mistreated, imprisoned and sometimes killed
55
Q

Explain 1 way in which prison conditions changed from the mid 19th century to the late 20th century

A
  • Often very poor
  • Pentonville prison prisoners were isolated and forced to do manual labour
  • Better
  • Focused on reformation so had good facilities for education
56
Q

Explain why the Church sometimes hindered justice from 1000-1500

A
  • Trial by ordeal
  • Sanctuary
  • Benefit of the clergy
57
Q

Explain why the Normans made changes to crime and punishment after their takeover

A
  • Assert dominance
  • Prevent revolt against Norman control
  • Give more power to the King
58
Q

Explain why trial by ordeal was used

A
  • A method to try the accused according to God’s fair judgement
  • Not a strong fair justice system in place
  • Majority of the population were heavily religious/heavy influence by the Church in society
59
Q

Explain why the authorities took vagrancy so seriously from 1500-1700

A
  • Increasing number of vagrants
  • Often committed crimes like theft
  • Viewed very negatively by the public
60
Q

Explain why highway robbery increased and decreased from 1700-1900

A 
INCREASED
- more and better roads
- more nationwide trade
DECREASED
- mounted patrols on roads
- increase in railways
- became a capital crime
61
Q

Explain why there were changes in methods of punishing of criminals from 1700-1900

A
  • Social change towards reform
  • Increase in alternative punishments (e.g. prison)
  • Specific cases (Timothy Evans, Derek Bentley)
62
Q

Explain why transportation was used as a punishment from 1600-1850

A
  • Meant prisoners had to do hard labour and move away from their families
  • Gave free workers to countries were they were needed
  • Rid of criminals from society
63
Q

Explain why there were changes to policing from 1700-1900

A
  • Motorised transport (faster transport so less patrolling officers)
  • Computers (huge criminal databases so stronger national policing)
  • Government established policing (Met police established so move away from local communities policing)
64
Q

‘The Norman conquest saw little change to law enforcement and punishment in England’. How far do you agree?

A

ONLY PARTIALLY AGREE
- Severity of punishments increased (more capital and corporal punishment, forest law breakers punished more harshly)
- Many castles built nationwide (assert royal authority and impose law and order)
+ Court system remained + Law enforcement remained community based (hue and cry, tithings)

GCSE History (8 decks)

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