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Geo > Exam study > Flashcards

Exam study Flashcards

1
Q

What does geography literally mean?

A

To write about Earth.

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2
Q

What are the five themes of geography?

A

Location, Place, Movement, Regions, Human-Environment Interaction.

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3
Q

What is spatial analysis?

A

The study of spatial patterns and relationships in geography.

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4
Q

What are the permanent gases in Earth’s atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen (78%) and Oxygen (21%).

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5
Q

Name a variable gas in the atmosphere.

A

Water vapor, Carbon dioxide, or Ozone.

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6
Q

In which layer of the atmosphere does weather occur?

A

Troposphere.

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7
Q

What is the significance of the stratosphere?

A

It contains the ozone layer, which absorbs harmful UV radiation.

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8
Q

What are the three main types of lapse rates?

A

Normal, Dry Adiabatic, and Moist Adiabatic.

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9
Q

What is the difference between weather and climate?

A

Weather is short-term atmospheric conditions; climate is long-term patterns.

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10
Q

Which climate zone experiences high rainfall near the equator?

A

Tropical climate zone.

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11
Q

What forces drive atmospheric circulation?

A

Pressure gradient force, Coriolis effect, and friction.

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12
Q

Define relative humidity.

A

The ratio of water vapor in the air to the air’s water vapor capacity.

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13
Q

What happens to relative humidity when temperature increases?

A

It decreases if the amount of water vapor remains constant.

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14
Q

What is albedo?

A

The reflective quality of a surface, expressed as a percentage.

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15
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

The process by which Earth’s atmosphere traps heat from the Sun.

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16
Q

What is the hydrologic cycle?

A

The continuous movement of water through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and infiltration.

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17
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

A permeable layer of rock or sediment that stores and transmits groundwater.

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18
Q

What is the difference between the zone of saturation and the zone of aeration?

A

The zone of saturation is fully water-filled, while the zone of aeration is partially water-filled.

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19
Q

What is aggradation?

A

The accumulation of sediment in a stream when the load exceeds its capacity.

20
Q

What is a U-shaped valley?

A

A valley carved by glacial activity.

21
Q

What is the primary cause of a V-shaped valley?

A

River erosion.

22
Q

What is a moraine?

A

A depositional landform made of glacial till.

23
Q

What is a positive feedback loop?

A

A process that amplifies the effects of an initial change.

24
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

A process that stabilizes a system by counteracting changes.

25
Q

What are Milankovitch cycles?

A

Orbital changes that affect Earth’s climate, including eccentricity, axial tilt, and precession.

26
Q

What is the ultimate base level for streams?

A

Sea level.

27
Q

What is the significance of relative humidity in weather?

A

It determines the likelihood of condensation and precipitation.

28
Q

What is insolation?

A

The amount of solar radiation reaching a given area.

29
Q

What is the role of the ozone layer in the atmosphere?

A

It absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation.

30
Q

What is the difference between conduction, convection, and radiation?

A

Conduction transfers heat through direct contact, convection through fluid movement, and radiation through electromagnetic waves.

31
Q

What is evapotranspiration?

A

The combined process of water evaporation and transpiration from plants.

32
Q

What is a watershed?

A

An area of land where all water drains into a common body.

33
Q

What is frost wedging?

A

A physical weathering process where water freezes and expands in cracks.

34
Q

What is frost wedging?

A

A physical weathering process where water freezes and expands in rock cracks.

35
Q

What is oxidation in chemical weathering?

A

The reaction of minerals with oxygen, often leading to rust formation.

36
Q

What is a braided river?

A

A river with multiple channels separated by sediment bars.

37
Q

What is a meandering stream?

A

A river with a winding course caused by erosion and deposition.

38
Q

What is a glacial erratic?

A

A large boulder transported and deposited by glacial ice.

39
Q

What is a sinkhole?

A

A circular depression formed by the collapse of a cave roof or dissolution of limestone.

40
Q

What are the main greenhouse gases?

A

Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and water vapor.

41
Q

What are indicators of climate change?

A

Melting glaciers, rising sea levels, and increased global temperatures.

42
Q

What happens when insolation is absorbed by a surface?

A

The surface temperature increases.

43
Q

What is an example of a depositional glacial landform?

A

A drumlin or an outwash plain.

44
Q

What is the lifting condensation level?

A

The altitude at which rising air cools to its dew point and condensation begins.

45
Q

How does the Coriolis effect influence wind?

A

It causes winds to deflect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.

46
Q

What is a rain shadow?

A

A dry area on the leeward side of a mountain, caused by orographic lifting.

Geo (3 decks)

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