Exam Semester Two Flashcards
In establishing the second empire, Napoleon iii
Received overwhelming electoral support of the people
Among Napoleon iii’s great domestic projects was
A reconstruction of Paris with broad boulevards, public squares, and municipal utilities
In economic matters, Napoleon iii
Used government resources to stimulate the national economy and industrial growth
Napoleon’s most disastrous foreign policy adventure occurred in
Mexico
In the opinion of the British prime minister, the proclamation of a newly unified German state ruled by an emperor in 1871
Entirely destroyed the previous european balance of power
The immediate origins of the Crimean war involved
Russia’s right to protect Christian shrines in Palestine
An overall result of the Crimean war was
The destruction of the concert of Europe and the creation of opportunities for Italian and German national unification
In seeking unification many Italian nationalists in the 1850’s looked for leadership from
The kingdom of Piedmont
The prime minister of Piedmont who organized the Italian unification movement
Camillo di Cavour
The dominant foreign power in Italy prior to unification was
Austria
Cavour’s key strategy to free Italy from Austrian domination required the military and diplomatic support of
France
The leader of the red shirts who helped to unify Italy through his military command was
Giuseppe garibaldi
The final act of Italian unification occurred in 1870 when
Rome became the capital city following the withdrawal of French troops
Among the key motives prompting England and France to fight Russia in the Crimean war must be counted
Britain’s concern over disruption of the existing balance of power
Otto von Bismarck the Prussian born leader of German unification
Practiced realpolitik in conducting foreign and domestic policy
The emergence of a true parliamentary system in Prussia was blocked by
The king’s overwhelming executive power
The Zollverein describes
The German states’ customs union dominated by Prussia
As chancellor of Prussia Otto von Bismarck
Largely bypassed parliament in pursuing his political goals of military modernization
A result of Bismarck’s Austria-Prussian war was
The exclusion of Austria from the northern German confederation
As a statesman Bismarck can best be appreciated as
A consummate politician and opportunist capitalizing on unexpected events and manipulating affairs to his favor
The immediate origins of the Franco-Prussian war was
Bismarck’s devious editing of a telegram from King William I
During the franco Prussian war
The French were decisively defeated at the battle of sedan
As a consequence of her defeat in the Franco Prussian war France had to
Pay an indemnity to Prussia of five billion francs and give the provinces to Alsace and Lorraine to Prussia a loss leaving the French set on revenge
Prussian leadership of German unification meant that
The triumph of authoritarian and materialistic values over liberal and constitutional values in the new German State
In 1871, William I was proclaimed Kaiser or emperor of the second Reich in
Versailles
The augsleich or compromise of 1867
Created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary
The reforms of Tsar Alexander II centered around
The abolition of serfdom
The Russian zemstvos were
Local assemblies with limited self governing powers
The radical organization responsible for the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881 was
The people’s will
All of the following were reforms instituted by prime minister William Gladstone except
The voting reform act of 1867
Among the key political consequences of disraeli’s reform act of 1867 was
A large increase in the number of voters and tighter organization of liberal and conservative political parties
By 1860 there were approximately how many slaves in the United States
Four million
The American civil war of 1861-65
Was a clear precursor of total war in the twentieth century
Canada largely gained its independence in
1867 with the dominion of Canada act
The communist manifesto of Marx and Engels
Based all historical development on class struggle
By 1870 by far the largest producer of pig iron was
Great Britain
Karl Marx embraced the German philosopher hegel’s idea of the dialectic meaning
All change in history is the result of clashes between directly antagonistic elements
According to Karl Marx the final result of the struggle between bourgeoisie and the proletariat would be
A classless society
The first international
Served as a type of umbrella organization for all european labo interests
The theoretical discoveries in science in the nineteenth century led to all of the following except
A renewal of spiritual belief
Which of the following statements best applies to Charles Darwin and his evolutionary theory
His theory emphasized the idea of the survival of the fit in which advantageous natural variants and environmental adaptations in organisms determine their survival
Charles Darwin’s the decent of man
Argued for the animal origins of human beings who had evolved by adapting to their environment over time
The germ theory of disease was primarily the work of
Louis Pasteur
Elizabeth Blackwell
Became the first formally educated female doctor in America
Auguste comte was responsible for
Founding the discipline of sociology
The dominant literary and artistic movement in the 1850s and 1860s was
Realism
The leading realist novelist of the nineteenth century was
Gustave Flaubert
In addition to examining everyday life the literary realists of the mid-nineteenth century were also interested in
Avoiding sentimental language by using careful observation and description
The nineteenth century composer associated with the concept of gesamkuntswerk total art work was
Wagner
The industrial revolution began in
Great Britain
Britain’s emergence as the first industrial power was aided by all of the following except
Parliament’s heavy and controlling involvement in private enterprise
The industrial revolution in Britain was largely inspired by
Entrepreneurs who sought and accepted the new profitable manufacturing methods
The infrastructure advantages in Britain promoting rapid industrialization included all of the following except
Internal customs posts
The British industrial entrepreneur James hargreaves
Created the spinning Jenny
The first step toward the industrial revolution in Britain occurred within its
Cotton textile industry
Britain’s cotton industry in the late eighteenth century
Was responsible for the creation of the first modern factories
The invention of the steam engine in Britain was initially triggered by
Problems in the mining industry
Which of the following inventions proved vital to the industrialization of British cotton manufacturing
Arkwright’s spinning frame
Hargreave’s spinning Jenny
Cartwright’s power loom
James watt was vital to the industrial revolution for his invention of
A rotary engine that could spin and weave cotton
The development of the steam engine during the industrial revolution
Made Britain’s cotton goods the cheapest and most popular in the world
The success of the steam engine in the industrial revolution made Britain dependent upon
Coal
The Englishman Henry fort was responsible for the process in iron smelting known as
Puddling
The development of such superior locomotives as the rocket, used on the first public safety railway lines, is attributed to
George Stephenson
The development of the railroads in the industrial revolution was important in
Increasing British supremacy in civil and mechanical engineering
The new set of values established by factory owners during the industrial revolution
Relegated the worker to a life of harsh discipline and the rigors of competitive wage labor
A frequent method employed to make the many very young boys and girls working in the new British industries obey the owners factory discipline was
Repeated beatings
The rise of the industrial factory system deeply affected the lives and status of workers who now
No longer owned the means of economic production and could only sell their labor for a wage
The great exhibition of 1851
Displayed Great Britain’s industrial wealth to the world
One of the chief reasons why Europe initially lagged behind England in industrialization was a lack of
Roads and means of transportation
To keep thei industrial monopoly Britain attempted to
Prohibit industrial artisans from going abroad
Industrialization began on the continent first in
Belgium France and Germany
One of the differences between British and continental industrialization was that
Government played a larger role in continental industrialization
Before what year the industrialism that had developed in western and Central Europe and the United States did not extend in any significant way to the rest of the world
1870
The initial application of machinery to production in the United States was
By borrowing from Great Britain
By 1850 all of the following countries were close to Britain in industrial output except
Russia
The industrial revolution on the continent was led by
Chemical plants
The first continental nations to completely establish a comprehensive railroad system were
Belgium and Germany
The industrial revolution in the United States
Required the construction of thousands of miles of roads and canals
By 1860 what percent of the population in cities held 70 to 80 percent of the wealth in America
10 percent
By 1860 there were about how many steamboats on the Mississippi
500
Compared to Britain American industrialization was a capital intensive endeavor because
There was a larger pool of unskilled laborers in the us
The socalled American system was
The use to interchangeable parts in manufacturing
By 1850 the european population
Was over 265 million
The european population explosion of the nineteenth century
Was largely attributable to the disappearance of famine from Western Europe
The only european country with a declining population in the nineteenth century was
Ireland
Urbanization in the first half of the nineteenth century
Was a phenomenon directly tied to industrialization
Which of the following statements best applies to urban life in the early nineteenth century
Filthy sanitary conditions were exacerbated by the cities authorities slow response to take responsibility for public health
Demographic changes that resulted from industrialization saw
The new middle class move to the suburbs of cities to escape the urban poor
Edwin Chadwick
Advocated modern sanitary reforms that resulted in Britain’s first public health act
Which nineteenth century novelist described coal towns as a place where the struggling vegetation sickened and sank hinder the hot breath of kiln and furnace
Charles dickens
Members of the new industrial entrepreneurial class in the early nineteenth century
Were usually resourceful individuals with diverse social backgrounds
The new social class of industrial workers in the early industrial revolution
Worked under dangerous conditions for long hours
A primary reason for the use of children as a source of labor in the industrial revolution was
Low paid children could more easily move around large industrial equipment
Women who worked in the early factories of the industrial revolution
Did not result in significant transformation of female working patterns
The English pro law act of 1834 included all of the following except
Provided welfare facilities that kept families together
The industrial revolution’s effect on the standard of living
Especially benefited the middle class, led to much increased disparity between the richest and poorest classes in society, and eventually led to an overall increase in purchasing power for the working classes
The people’s charter demanded all of the following except
The establishment of a republic and the abolition of the monarchy
The luddites
Destroyed industrial machines that destroyed their livelihood
Efforts at industrial reform in the 1830’s and 1840’s in Great Britain achieved all of the following except the
Establishment of a national system of trade unions by 1847
French society on the eve of their revolution
Was still largely dominated by the nobility and clergy
The most immediate cause of the French Revolution was
The blocking of attempted reforms by the French parliaments
The estates general consisted of representatives of the three order the second estate nobles, the third estate people, and the first estate representing the
Clergy
In 1789 the estates general was
Divided over the issue of voting by order or by head
The controversy over voting by order versus voting by head in the estates general saw
The third estate respond by forming a National Assembly
In 1789 the Bastille was
An Arsenal and prison
The declaration of the rights of man and citizen
Owed much to the ideas of the American Declaration of Independence
In regard to the Catholic Church the National Assembly
Passed legislation that sécularisée church offices and clergymen
What type of government was established in France by 1791
Constitutional monarchy
What group emerged as the most important radical element in French politics at the beginning of the French Revolution
Jacobins
The committee of public safety during the reign of terror
Was headed by maximilien Robespierre
In regard to religion the national convention
Took measures to dechristianize the republic
The government of the directory in the period of the Thermidorian reaction
Increasingly had to rely on military support for its survival
All of the following are true about Napoleon and his career before 1799 except
He made rapid progress and achieved the status of General even before the revolution
The chief reason for Napoleon’s fast rise to power was/were his
Series of stunning victories over the enemies of France
Which of the following statements best applies to Napoleon’s domestic policies
His civil code reaffirmed the ideals of the revolution while creating a uniform legal system
The concordat
Reestablished the Catholic Church but gave th épopée only limited power in France
Not among the factors in the defeat of Napoleon was
Mass reactions to his brutal suppression of local customs in the conquered countries
Napoleon’s continental system tried to defeat the British by
Preventing British trade
Napoleon met his final defeat at the battle of
Waterloo
The third estate was comprised of all of the following except
The clergy
In September of 1792 the national convention
Abolished the monarchy and reestablished the republic
During the reign of terror the majority of the victims were
Peasant and laboring classes
Politically the period from 1715 to 1789 witnessed
Th continuing process of centralization in the development of nation-State
During the eighteenth century the idea of divine right
Was replaced by more republican ideas about government
France in the eighteenth century
Lost an empire while acquiring a huge public debt
The reign of Louis XVI was predominantly concerned with
A ludicrous attention to intrigues at court
Political developments in eighteenth century Great Britain included
Discontent over the loss of the American colonies during the reign of George iii
As prime minister of Great Britain Robert walpole
Pursued a peaceful foreign policy to avoid new land taxes
Enlightenment political thought advanced the concept of human natural rights including all of the following except
Freedom from taxation
By the eighteenth century the Dutch republic
Suffered a decline in economic prosperity
A continuing trend throughout eighteenth century pRussia was
The social and military Dominance of the junkier nobility
Under the reign of William I pRussia
Became a highly centralized european state
Frederick the Great first Prussia
Was one of the most cultured monarchs of the eighteenth century and he reduced the size of the Prussian military
The Austrian empire under Joseph II
Witnessed general discontent due to Joseph’s enlightened but radical reforms
In a sincere effort to reform his domains typically of enlightened ruler the Austrian emperor Joseph II issued
6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws
The enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the great in her instruction
Accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten
Catherine the great of Russia
Followed a successful policy of expansion against the Turks
Evelyn pugachev is noter in Russian history for
Causing greater repression of peasantry due to his unseuccessful rebellion
Which of the following countries did not participate int eh partition of Poland
England
The dismemberment of Poland in the late eighteenth century
Shows the necessity of a strong centralize monarchy to defend a state in the period
During the eighteenth century Spain
Was temporarily rejuvenate day the reforms of Philip v
Labeled as one of the most enlightened monarchs of his age and among the most successful in wresting power away from the nobility was
Gustave iii of Sweden
Enlightened absolutism in the eighteenth century
Could never completely overcome the political and social realities of the time
European diplomacy during the eighteenth century was predicated on the idea that
In a balance of power one state should not achieve dominance over another
The war of Austrian succession
Was fought between Austria and Prussia with prusssia gaining Silesia
Speaking of politics during the enlightenment Frederick the great of Prussia said the fundamental rule of government is the principle of
Extending their territories
The diplomatic revolution resulted when Maria Theresa of Austria refused to recognize the loss of
Silesia and gained a French Alliance
Which of the following statement concerning the seven years war is correct
With the treaty of pris ending the war Britain became the world’s greatest colonial power
The treaty fo Paris which concluded the seven years war
Forced France to withdraw from India leaving it to Great Britain
European warfare in the eighteenth century was characterized by
Limited objectives and elaborate maneuvers
Of the greatest european powers in the eighteenth century the only one not to possess a standing army and to rely on mercenaries was
Great Britain
European population growth in the second half of the century
Was nearly double the rate fo the first half of the century
All of the following contributed to the growth of population in the second half of the century except
The end of typhus and smallpox
A key financial advantage the British government enjoyed over French rulers in the eighteenth century was
Britain’s capacity to borrow large sums of money at low interest rates
All of the following were persistent trends in the upper class 18th century European family except
Children often removed from foundling homes and border at state and municipal workshops
European society in the eighteenth century witnessed
The continued dominance of the nuclear family
New european attitudes toward children are made visible in all of the following except
A reinforcement of the custom of primogeniture
The improvements in agricultural practices and methods of the eighteenth century Europe occurred primarily in
Britain
The domestic system of industrial production in Flanders and England became known as the
Cottage system
A key financial innovation of the 18th century was
The circulation of paper banknotes compensating for a lack of coinage
All of the following are correct about trade and commerce in the 18th century except
International trade had become greater than trade within Europe
Which of the following cities did not benefit significantly from 18th century Atlantic trade
Rome
Hey favorite type of private charity supported by the rich in 18th century Europe was
Foundling homes for poor and abandoned children
Europe’s unequal social organization in the 18th century was
Determined by the division of society into traditional orders
The European peasantry of the 18th century
Often our extensive compulsory services to aristocratic landowners
The special legal privileges of the European ability included all of the following except
Guarantees against becoming poor
The country house of the English Noble
Although architecturally varied was often influenced by the Italian Andrea Palladio
The grand tour
Generally completed the proper education of an aristocrat’s son
Just the following statements best describes 18th century European cities
They were still filthy and lack of proper sanitation
The 18th century the largest European city in terms of population was
London
The problem of poverty in 18th century Europe was
Provided by the hostile feelings of government officials towards the poor
The beginning of the 18th century
Old order still remain strong
The scientist philosopher who provides a link between the scientist of the 17th century the philosophes of next was
Fontenelle
Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended
Application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life
The German philosopher Immanuel Kant proclaimed the motto of the enlightenment to be
Have the courage to use your own intelligence
European intellectual life in the 18th century was marked by the emergence of
Secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life
The works of fontanelle announce the enlightenment because they
Popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion
A major inspiration for travel literature in the 18th century was the Pacific ocean adventures of
James cook
John Locke’s philosophy contributed to the development of enlightenment ideas by arguing that a person’s character was shaped by
Environment not by innate ideas
The French philosophes
Were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality
Isaac newton and John Locke
Provided inspiration for the enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society
The French philosophes mostly included people from
The nobility and middle-class
Above all Montesquieu’s the spirit of the laws was concerned with
Maintaining a balance among the various branches of government
Recognized capital of the enlightenment was
Paris
A Key new type of enlightened writing feuling skepticism about the truth of Christianity and European society was
Travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures
The leader of the physiocrats and their advocacy of economic laws was
Francois quesnay
Voltaire was best known for his criticism of
Religious intolerance
Early female philosophical published the translation of newtons Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was
The marquise du Châtelet
Deism was based on
The Newtonian world machine with god as its mechanic designing the universe in accord with rational laws
Which of the following statements best applies to Dennis Diderot
Encyclopedia had considerable impact particularly after its price was greatly reduced
Belief and natural laws underlying all areas of human life lead to
The social sciences
Diderot’s most famous contribution to the enlightenment’s battle against religious fanaticism intolerance and prudery was his
28 volume and enCyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes
Best statement of laissez-faire was made in 1776 by
Adam Smith
Author of the progress of the human mind and who became a victim of the French revolution was
Condorcet
Who said that all individuals will be forced to be free
Jean-Jacques Russo
Montesquieu’s Persian letters
The method that allowed him to criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy
Rousseau’s the social contract he expressed his belief that
Freedom is achieved by being forced to follow what is best for all or the general will
For Rousseau what was the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes
Private property
Rousseau’s influential novel Emile deals with these key enlightenment themes
Proper child rearing and human education
Great importance to the enlightenment were the salons which
Provides a forum for discussing the ideas of the philosophes
The strongest statement and vindication of women’s rights during the enlightenment was made by
Mary Wollstonecraft
The rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century was
Evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann
Choose the correct relationship between the Rococo artist and his work
Antoine Watteau return from cythera
Johan Sebastian Bach
Produced religious music as a way to worship God
European music in the later 18th century was well characterized by
Haydn and Mozart who shifted the musical center from Italy and Germany to the Austrian empire
Which 18th century composer was considered most innovative and wrote the opera the marriage of Figaro
Mozart
18th Century writers especially in England use this new form of literary expression to attack the Hypocrisies of the era and provide sentimental Entertainement to growing numbers of readers
Novels
English writer who argued in a serious proposal to the ladies that women should become better educated was
Mary astell
The French Rococo painter who portrayed the aristocratic life as refined sensual and civilized was
Antoine Watteau
Great Britain lead the way in the 18th century in producing
Magazines
High Culture in 18th century Europe is characterized by the
Enourmous impact of the publishing industry
The 18th century musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone and yet is indisputable a masterpiece of the highest order is
Handel’s the messiah
A less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the 18th century is associated with
Beccaria
Concerning the European legal system by the end of the 18th century
Corporal and capital punishment were on the decline
The carnival of the Mediterranean world was
Period of intense sexual activity and gross excesses
Punishment of crime in the 18th century was often
Public And very gruesome
Cheap and popular alcoholic drink and 18th century England was
Gin
Jesuit order was dissolved in 1773 because
Pressure by Catholic Kings
And 18th century Europe churches both Catholic and protestant
Played a major role in social and spiritual areas
Jews of 18th century Europe
Most free in participating in banking and commercial activities and tolerant cities
John Wesley
Created his evangelical Methodist movement using revivalist techniques
And reaction to significant elements of racism and deism in what two countries did some ordinary protestant church goers choose new religious movements
England and Germany
