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Ap European History > Exam Semester One > Flashcards

Exam Semester One Flashcards

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1
Q

Seventeenth century European population

A

Fluctuated narrowly, constrained by famines and diseases

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2
Q

The witch hunts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

A

Were often directed against old single women

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3
Q

Recent scholarship cites which of the following reasons for the witchcraft craze of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

A

Social conditions that threatened old communal values

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4
Q

The thirty years war

A

Is considered by many to be part of the bourbon-Habsburg struggle and caused the devastation of much of Germany and a loss of population

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5
Q

The event that sparked the thirty years war was

A

A rebellion of Protestant noble against the catholic ruler Ferdinand in Bohemia

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6
Q

As a result of the peace of Westphalia in 1648

A

German States were allowed to determine their religion

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7
Q

Following the thirty years war which country became dominate in Europe

A

France

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8
Q

What was not part of the military revolution in the century after 1560

A

The increased use of militias and volunteer soldiers

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9
Q

Cardinal Richelieu’s foreign policy

A

Led to a disastrous increase in French government debt

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10
Q

Jaques boussuet’s politics drawn from the very words of holy scripture

A

Was the fundamental statement of seventeenth century divine right monarchy

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11
Q

Absolutism means

A

Ultimate authority rests solely in the hands of a king who rules by divine right

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12
Q

As Louis xiii’s chief minister, cardinal richelieu was most successful in

A

Strengthening the central role of the monarchy in domestic and foreign policy

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13
Q

The series of noble revolts known as the Fronde resulted in

A

French citizens looking to the monarchy for stability

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14
Q

Louis XIV restructured the policy making machinery of the French government by

A

Personally dominating the actions of his ministers and secretaries and stacking the royal council with loyal followers from relatively new aristocratic families

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15
Q

The costly palace built by Louis XIV that became the envy of a all European monarchs was

A

Versailles

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16
Q

The chief reason for the wars of Louis XIV was

A

His desire to ensure the dominance of France and his bourbon dynasty in all of Europe

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17
Q

The war of the Spanish succession was effectively concluded with the peace of Utrecht in 1713 which

A

Greatly benefited England, by then a strong naval power

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18
Q

The overall practical purpose of the court of Versailles was to

A

Exclude the high nobility and royal princes from real power

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19
Q

Louis XIV’s edict of fontainbleu

A

Revoked the earlier edict of Nantes, curtailed the rights of the French Protestants, and caused thousands of highly skilled Huguenots to flee the country

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20
Q

After 1648, the Holy Roman Empire

A

Was not really an empire at all but rather a loose association of 300 German states

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21
Q

Frederick William the Great elector built Brandenburg-Prussia into a significant European power by

A

Making the general war commissariat the bureaucratic machine of his state

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22
Q

The Austrian empire in the seventeenth century

A

Lost a German empire but gained one in eastern and southeastern Europe

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23
Q

Which country exerted the most influence on Italy by the eighteenth century

A

Austria

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24
Q

Russian society in the seventeenth century

A

Was characterized by a highly oppressive system of serfdom

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25
Q

What statement best applies to Peter the great of Russia

A

His program of europeanization was predominantly technical and aimed at modernizing the military

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26
Q

Peter the greats foreign policy had as its primary goal

A

Opening of a window to the west

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27
Q

Scandinavia in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries witnessed

A

Sweden become a second rate power after the great northern war

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28
Q

In 1529 and again in 1683, Vienna was seriously threatened by

A

The Ottoman Empire

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29
Q

The political institution known as the Sejm made seventeenth century Poland

A

An impotent, decentralized State

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30
Q

The sleeping giant of Eastern Europe in the first half of the seventeenth century was

A

The Ottoman Empire

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31
Q

The golden age of the Dutch republic in the seventeenth century witnessed

A

The economic prosperity of the United provinces ruined by a series of wars late in the century and the temporary weakening of the states general

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32
Q

James I of England alienated most of the members of parliament by

A

Insisting on his right to govern through divine right

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33
Q

The petition of right (1628), among other things,

A

Maintained that the king could pass no new tax without the consent of parliament

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34
Q

The parliamentarians were successful in the English civil war because

A

Of the effectiveness of Oliver Cromwell’s new model army

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35
Q

During the period of the English commonwealth

A

The lord protector relied upon the army to maintain his rule

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36
Q

The glorious revolution in 1688 in England was significant for

A

Bloodlessly deposing James II in favor of William of Orange

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37
Q

The incident that prompted the nobles to depose James II was

A

The Birth of a catholic son

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38
Q

The English bill of rights

A

Laid the foundation for a constitutional monarchy

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39
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

Stated that mankind was animalistic, and needed a strong government in order to maintain social order

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40
Q

John Locke was responsible for

A

Emphasizing the social contract between the people and the government

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41
Q

The artistic movement mannerism reached its peak with the work of

A

El Greco

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42
Q

Baroque art

A

Attempted to blend the feeling of religious reformations with classical renaissance art

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43
Q

The baroque painter who used violent motion heavily fleshed nudes and dramatic use of light and shadow and rich sensuous pigments in his paintings was

A

Peter Paul rubens

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44
Q

The greatest figure of baroque art was

A

Gain Lorenzo Bernini

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45
Q

The patriotic enthusiasm and pride of the English during the Elizabethan era is best described by the

A

Plays of William Shakespeare

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46
Q

The first female painter admitted to the guild of st Luke in Harlem and who painted scenes of everyday life was

A

Judith leister

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47
Q

The Dutch painter Rembrandt van rijn was noted for

A

Being a great Protestant painter of the seventeenth century

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48
Q

According to Columbus’ journal the rulers of Spain commanded him to sail to the west in order to

A

Learn whether or not it would be possible to convert the people there to Christianity

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49
Q

What change occurred in the period 1450-1492 that enabled Columbus to sail to the americas

A

Technological advances in navigation made open ocean travel easier and safer

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50
Q

What cultural beliefs of the Spanish people were used to justify their conquest of the americas

A

Conversion of non Christians to Christianity was seen as a sacred duty

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51
Q

Compared to the exploration and colonization of the 15th and 16th centuries, explorers and colonizers of the late 19th century

A

Were motivated more by social Darwinist attitudes of racial superiority and nationalist sentiments

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52
Q

What is the underlying premise of mercantilism

A

There is a limited amount of bullion in the world, and the nation that controls the most will dominate politically and economically

53
Q

The nation that first established trading posts in India, launching the rapid expansion of the spice trade, was

A

Portugal

54
Q

The Colombian exchange refers to the exchange between Europe and the new world of what

A

Native plants, livestock, and diseases

55
Q

How were countries able to partake in overseas expansion

A

The growth of centralized monarchies during the Renaissance created governments that had the means to support overseas expansion

56
Q

Which region most effectively avoided European control

A

Southeast Asia

57
Q

How did the administration of the Spanish Empire in the new world work

A

Viceroys governed new world Spanish administrative districts beginning in the mid 16th century, although it was set up as a paternalistic system by Queen Isabella, conquering Spaniards often brutally used native Americans for their own economic gains, and Auden I as served as advisory groups and supreme judicial bodies in areas colonized by the Spanish

58
Q

Factors that motivated European exploration

A

Desiring to spread their faith to non Christian peoples, wanting to visit fantastic new lands that they learned about by reading literature written by writers such as Marco Polo, and wishing to find a sea route to Asia

59
Q

Describe the experience of European explorers and traders in japan

A

The Japanese initially welcomed the Europeans and their goods but eventually expelled all but the Dutch

60
Q

Jesuit missionaries were successful in converting many Chinese to Christianity because

A

The Jesuits pointed to similarities between Christian morality and Confucian ethics

61
Q

The chronological order in which European kingdoms sailed to the americas was

A

Scandinavians, Spanish, and Portuguese

62
Q

The papal decree in 1494, which split the explored world between the Portuguese and the Spanish, was called the

A

Treaty of tordesillas

63
Q

The sponsorship of exploration by Spain in 1492 was made possible by the recent

A

Reconquis ta of Iberia

64
Q

By 1550, Portugal established colonies in which distant places

A

East Africa, India, and south China

65
Q

The term conquistador means

A

Military adventures exploring for the crown

66
Q

The two initial primary goals of Spanish exploration of the new world were to

A

Enrich the royal treasury and convert the natives to Christianity

67
Q

In what way did the Spanish exploration in the new world affect European economies

A

Silver and gold brought back from the new world created inflationary pressures

68
Q

A major impetus for the colonization of Brazil by Portugal was the European demand for

A

Sugar

69
Q

A reason for the success of European joint-stock companies in Asia after 1650 was

A

Their ability to arm themselves and fight for their trading rights

70
Q

Which of the following European kingdoms claimed territory in North America after 1500

A

England, Spain, and holland

71
Q

After 1550, the globalization of the world economy under the Spanish began with

A

The international silver trade

72
Q

First ignored by the Europeans, North America (except Mexico) finally drew settlers because of the

A

Abundant fish and fur

73
Q

In the 16th century, the beginning of global European imperialism (exploration) started with

A

Isolated trading posts in Africa and Asia

74
Q

Spain’s initial claim to Asian territory was based on

A

Magellan’s circumnavigation and exploration

75
Q

What explains the Europeans dominance over Native American groups after 1492

A

Natives were awed by the newcomers, diseases devastated the native Americans, the natives were not unified, and the natives were culturally divers

76
Q

Which pair of European nations followed Portugal in establishing trading posts in Asia

A

England and holland

77
Q

What highlights the basic difference between the Spanish and Portuguese empires after 1450

A

The Spanish were more territorial, while the Portuguese had limited holdings

78
Q

The first kingdom to sponsor the successful circumnavigation of the globe was

A

Spain

79
Q

Which commodity was France most interested in finding in the new world

A

Fur

80
Q

A result of the Colombian exchange that proved disastrous to indigenous people in the americas was the

A

Arrival of new disease pathogens from Europe

81
Q

According to Vespasian da basticci pope Nicholas v was

A

Collecting classical texts to form a great library

82
Q

Many popes during the italian renaissance were noted for what

A

Being patrons of religious and secular arts and literature

83
Q

The Roman Catholic Church in the renaissance period accepted the teachings of Greek and Roman authors on which of the following subjects

A

Astronomy and mathematics

84
Q

The fragmented nature of the political system in Italy until 19th century meant what

A

They were subject to foreign invasions

85
Q

To the renaissance writer Machiavelli the chief duty of a ruler is what

A

Provide order and protection to the people

86
Q

According to Machiavelli a ruler should not be afraid to do what

A

Be ruthless in the pursuit of his duty

87
Q

What best characterizes the Italian city states of the renaissance

A

They were in a constant state of warfare

88
Q

The Medici acquired political power by first establishing themselves as successful

A

Bankers

89
Q

Which movement sought to emulate the Greco-Roman ancients after 1400

A

Humanism

90
Q

An early Christian humanist who translated the Greek New Testament into Latin was

A

Erasmus

91
Q

The renaissance era is embodied by what characteristics

A

New ideas about artistic genius, scholarly investigation of Greek and Roman texts, interest in both ancient and contemporary languages, and newfound perspectives in human life

92
Q

Renaissance art departed from previous medieval styles by

A

Portraying the individual as an important subject

93
Q

What best describes the relationship between the ancient texts of Greece and Christian culture of the renaissance

A

Humanists sought to find harmony between ancient ideas and contemporary beliefs

94
Q

After the renaissance, the humanist curriculum began to include which subject

A

Rhetoric and literature

95
Q

How is Italy described politically in the mid-fourteenth century

A

Dynamic urban states that dominated their region

96
Q

What artist represented the peak of achievement during the italian renaissance

A

Donatello and da Vinci

97
Q

Artists of the northern renaissance differed from their italian counterparts by emphasizing

A

Precise detail in their paintings

98
Q

The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile

A

Created a dynastic union but did not unify the separate kingdoms into a single state

99
Q

Who was the wealthy Florentine responsible for the vast patronage of renaissance artists

A

Cosimo de medici

100
Q

Italian humanists stressed the

A

Study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature

101
Q

Who was the most prominent metal smith who helped develop metal movable print

A

Johann Gutenberg

102
Q

What Florentine artist was commissioned by Pope Julius II to build his tomb and paint the Sistine chapel

A

Michelangelo

103
Q

The Spanish Inquisition was an attempt to

A

Target Jewish converts to Christianity who were believed to continue Jewish religious practice

104
Q

What did the peace of Augsburg do in 1555

A

It established the right of the German princes to decide between Lutheranism and Catholicism in their individual states

105
Q

What did Erasmus teach

A

He emphasized inner piety rather than the system of dogmatic beliefs and practices that the medieval church stressed

106
Q

What were the parts of anabaptiste beliefs

A

They believed only adults should be baptized, were persecuted by both Catholics and Protestants, and refused to serve in the military because they did not believe in killing others

107
Q

The primary cause of the English reformation was

A

King Henry viii’s désire for an annulment

108
Q

What was a major factor in preventing the union of the Protestants led by Zwingli and Luther

A

Interpretation of the lords supper

109
Q

What were some reasons for the revolt against the Spanish in the Netherlands

A

Attempts by Philip II to strengthen his control over the Netherlands, residents of the Netherlands realized their taxes were being used for Spanish gain, and Philip II attempted to crack down on Calvinism in the Netherlands

110
Q

What were the contributing factors to the growth in support for the Protestant reformation

A

Corruption within the Catholic Church, potential economic gain for nobles in Protestant regions, and the printing press and its impact on the dissemination of new ideas

111
Q

The majority of Huguenots belonged to which group

A

French Calvinist noblemen

112
Q

What were some causes of the fragmentation of the Roman Catholic Church after 1517

A

The increased wealth of the church, decline in morality within the priesthood, the sale of indulgences, and challenges to papal authority by regional princes

113
Q

In the 1500s the central focus of church reformers such as martin was

A

The precedence of scriptural authority over the traditions of the church

114
Q

Who were the core critics of the Roman Catholic Church in the sixteenth century

A

The educated faithful

115
Q

What Roman Catholic practice did Martin Luther protest in his famous ninety-five theses, written in 1517

A

Selling indulgences to raise money for the church

116
Q

What central theological debate revealed the difference between Catholics and Protestants after 1525

A

The way in which the young faithful gained salvation from god

117
Q

What was a central feature of the Catholic counter-reformation

A

Ew religious orders attempted to raise the moral level of the clergy

118
Q

What was the fundamental tenet of Lutheranism

A

Believe and you will be saved

119
Q

What did Luther believe

A

We have the free will to save ourselves

120
Q

Which part of the Roman Catholic Church teaching did Martin Luther change

A

Clergy could marry

121
Q

What made Lutheranism so appealing to masses of people

A

The simplicity of the central doctrine of justification by faith

122
Q

For what reason were the monasteries being dissolved

A

To bring an end to Roman Catholic practices

123
Q

In what way did the reformation enhance women’s lives

A

They were encouraged to become literate in order to read the Bible

124
Q

Why is there such an emphasis on obedience to religious belief in this preface to a list of grievances and demands

A

The peasants wish to appear less radical than they really are

125
Q

What was the peasant revolt about

A

Taxes and serfdom

126
Q

What was Martin Luther’s response to the peasant revolt

A

He condemned it

127
Q

Why might printed illustrations be a useful form of propaganda to further a political or religious cause in the sixteenth century

A

The mass of people were still illiterate

128
Q

Erasmus was best known as

A

A Christian humanist who stayed loyal to the Roman Catholic Church

129
Q

In his writings and teachings Erasmus was noted for

A

Attacking abuses in the Catholic Church

Ap European History (2 decks)

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