Exam Semester One Flashcards
Seventeenth century European population
Fluctuated narrowly, constrained by famines and diseases
The witch hunts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
Were often directed against old single women
Recent scholarship cites which of the following reasons for the witchcraft craze of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
Social conditions that threatened old communal values
The thirty years war
Is considered by many to be part of the bourbon-Habsburg struggle and caused the devastation of much of Germany and a loss of population
The event that sparked the thirty years war was
A rebellion of Protestant noble against the catholic ruler Ferdinand in Bohemia
As a result of the peace of Westphalia in 1648
German States were allowed to determine their religion
Following the thirty years war which country became dominate in Europe
France
What was not part of the military revolution in the century after 1560
The increased use of militias and volunteer soldiers
Cardinal Richelieu’s foreign policy
Led to a disastrous increase in French government debt
Jaques boussuet’s politics drawn from the very words of holy scripture
Was the fundamental statement of seventeenth century divine right monarchy
Absolutism means
Ultimate authority rests solely in the hands of a king who rules by divine right
As Louis xiii’s chief minister, cardinal richelieu was most successful in
Strengthening the central role of the monarchy in domestic and foreign policy
The series of noble revolts known as the Fronde resulted in
French citizens looking to the monarchy for stability
Louis XIV restructured the policy making machinery of the French government by
Personally dominating the actions of his ministers and secretaries and stacking the royal council with loyal followers from relatively new aristocratic families
The costly palace built by Louis XIV that became the envy of a all European monarchs was
Versailles
The chief reason for the wars of Louis XIV was
His desire to ensure the dominance of France and his bourbon dynasty in all of Europe
The war of the Spanish succession was effectively concluded with the peace of Utrecht in 1713 which
Greatly benefited England, by then a strong naval power
The overall practical purpose of the court of Versailles was to
Exclude the high nobility and royal princes from real power
Louis XIV’s edict of fontainbleu
Revoked the earlier edict of Nantes, curtailed the rights of the French Protestants, and caused thousands of highly skilled Huguenots to flee the country
After 1648, the Holy Roman Empire
Was not really an empire at all but rather a loose association of 300 German states
Frederick William the Great elector built Brandenburg-Prussia into a significant European power by
Making the general war commissariat the bureaucratic machine of his state
The Austrian empire in the seventeenth century
Lost a German empire but gained one in eastern and southeastern Europe
Which country exerted the most influence on Italy by the eighteenth century
Austria
Russian society in the seventeenth century
Was characterized by a highly oppressive system of serfdom
What statement best applies to Peter the great of Russia
His program of europeanization was predominantly technical and aimed at modernizing the military
Peter the greats foreign policy had as its primary goal
Opening of a window to the west
Scandinavia in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries witnessed
Sweden become a second rate power after the great northern war
In 1529 and again in 1683, Vienna was seriously threatened by
The Ottoman Empire
The political institution known as the Sejm made seventeenth century Poland
An impotent, decentralized State
The sleeping giant of Eastern Europe in the first half of the seventeenth century was
The Ottoman Empire
The golden age of the Dutch republic in the seventeenth century witnessed
The economic prosperity of the United provinces ruined by a series of wars late in the century and the temporary weakening of the states general
James I of England alienated most of the members of parliament by
Insisting on his right to govern through divine right
The petition of right (1628), among other things,
Maintained that the king could pass no new tax without the consent of parliament
The parliamentarians were successful in the English civil war because
Of the effectiveness of Oliver Cromwell’s new model army
During the period of the English commonwealth
The lord protector relied upon the army to maintain his rule
The glorious revolution in 1688 in England was significant for
Bloodlessly deposing James II in favor of William of Orange
The incident that prompted the nobles to depose James II was
The Birth of a catholic son
The English bill of rights
Laid the foundation for a constitutional monarchy
Thomas Hobbes
Stated that mankind was animalistic, and needed a strong government in order to maintain social order
John Locke was responsible for
Emphasizing the social contract between the people and the government
The artistic movement mannerism reached its peak with the work of
El Greco
Baroque art
Attempted to blend the feeling of religious reformations with classical renaissance art
The baroque painter who used violent motion heavily fleshed nudes and dramatic use of light and shadow and rich sensuous pigments in his paintings was
Peter Paul rubens
The greatest figure of baroque art was
Gain Lorenzo Bernini
The patriotic enthusiasm and pride of the English during the Elizabethan era is best described by the
Plays of William Shakespeare
The first female painter admitted to the guild of st Luke in Harlem and who painted scenes of everyday life was
Judith leister
The Dutch painter Rembrandt van rijn was noted for
Being a great Protestant painter of the seventeenth century
According to Columbus’ journal the rulers of Spain commanded him to sail to the west in order to
Learn whether or not it would be possible to convert the people there to Christianity
What change occurred in the period 1450-1492 that enabled Columbus to sail to the americas
Technological advances in navigation made open ocean travel easier and safer
What cultural beliefs of the Spanish people were used to justify their conquest of the americas
Conversion of non Christians to Christianity was seen as a sacred duty
Compared to the exploration and colonization of the 15th and 16th centuries, explorers and colonizers of the late 19th century
Were motivated more by social Darwinist attitudes of racial superiority and nationalist sentiments
What is the underlying premise of mercantilism
There is a limited amount of bullion in the world, and the nation that controls the most will dominate politically and economically
The nation that first established trading posts in India, launching the rapid expansion of the spice trade, was
Portugal
The Colombian exchange refers to the exchange between Europe and the new world of what
Native plants, livestock, and diseases
How were countries able to partake in overseas expansion
The growth of centralized monarchies during the Renaissance created governments that had the means to support overseas expansion
Which region most effectively avoided European control
Southeast Asia
How did the administration of the Spanish Empire in the new world work
Viceroys governed new world Spanish administrative districts beginning in the mid 16th century, although it was set up as a paternalistic system by Queen Isabella, conquering Spaniards often brutally used native Americans for their own economic gains, and Auden I as served as advisory groups and supreme judicial bodies in areas colonized by the Spanish
Factors that motivated European exploration
Desiring to spread their faith to non Christian peoples, wanting to visit fantastic new lands that they learned about by reading literature written by writers such as Marco Polo, and wishing to find a sea route to Asia
Describe the experience of European explorers and traders in japan
The Japanese initially welcomed the Europeans and their goods but eventually expelled all but the Dutch
Jesuit missionaries were successful in converting many Chinese to Christianity because
The Jesuits pointed to similarities between Christian morality and Confucian ethics
The chronological order in which European kingdoms sailed to the americas was
Scandinavians, Spanish, and Portuguese
The papal decree in 1494, which split the explored world between the Portuguese and the Spanish, was called the
Treaty of tordesillas
The sponsorship of exploration by Spain in 1492 was made possible by the recent
Reconquis ta of Iberia
By 1550, Portugal established colonies in which distant places
East Africa, India, and south China
The term conquistador means
Military adventures exploring for the crown
The two initial primary goals of Spanish exploration of the new world were to
Enrich the royal treasury and convert the natives to Christianity
In what way did the Spanish exploration in the new world affect European economies
Silver and gold brought back from the new world created inflationary pressures
A major impetus for the colonization of Brazil by Portugal was the European demand for
Sugar
A reason for the success of European joint-stock companies in Asia after 1650 was
Their ability to arm themselves and fight for their trading rights
Which of the following European kingdoms claimed territory in North America after 1500
England, Spain, and holland
After 1550, the globalization of the world economy under the Spanish began with
The international silver trade
First ignored by the Europeans, North America (except Mexico) finally drew settlers because of the
Abundant fish and fur
In the 16th century, the beginning of global European imperialism (exploration) started with
Isolated trading posts in Africa and Asia
Spain’s initial claim to Asian territory was based on
Magellan’s circumnavigation and exploration
What explains the Europeans dominance over Native American groups after 1492
Natives were awed by the newcomers, diseases devastated the native Americans, the natives were not unified, and the natives were culturally divers
Which pair of European nations followed Portugal in establishing trading posts in Asia
England and holland
What highlights the basic difference between the Spanish and Portuguese empires after 1450
The Spanish were more territorial, while the Portuguese had limited holdings
The first kingdom to sponsor the successful circumnavigation of the globe was
Spain
Which commodity was France most interested in finding in the new world
Fur
A result of the Colombian exchange that proved disastrous to indigenous people in the americas was the
Arrival of new disease pathogens from Europe
According to Vespasian da basticci pope Nicholas v was
Collecting classical texts to form a great library
Many popes during the italian renaissance were noted for what
Being patrons of religious and secular arts and literature
The Roman Catholic Church in the renaissance period accepted the teachings of Greek and Roman authors on which of the following subjects
Astronomy and mathematics
The fragmented nature of the political system in Italy until 19th century meant what
They were subject to foreign invasions
To the renaissance writer Machiavelli the chief duty of a ruler is what
Provide order and protection to the people
According to Machiavelli a ruler should not be afraid to do what
Be ruthless in the pursuit of his duty
What best characterizes the Italian city states of the renaissance
They were in a constant state of warfare
The Medici acquired political power by first establishing themselves as successful
Bankers
Which movement sought to emulate the Greco-Roman ancients after 1400
Humanism
An early Christian humanist who translated the Greek New Testament into Latin was
Erasmus
The renaissance era is embodied by what characteristics
New ideas about artistic genius, scholarly investigation of Greek and Roman texts, interest in both ancient and contemporary languages, and newfound perspectives in human life
Renaissance art departed from previous medieval styles by
Portraying the individual as an important subject
What best describes the relationship between the ancient texts of Greece and Christian culture of the renaissance
Humanists sought to find harmony between ancient ideas and contemporary beliefs
After the renaissance, the humanist curriculum began to include which subject
Rhetoric and literature
How is Italy described politically in the mid-fourteenth century
Dynamic urban states that dominated their region
What artist represented the peak of achievement during the italian renaissance
Donatello and da Vinci
Artists of the northern renaissance differed from their italian counterparts by emphasizing
Precise detail in their paintings
The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
Created a dynastic union but did not unify the separate kingdoms into a single state
Who was the wealthy Florentine responsible for the vast patronage of renaissance artists
Cosimo de medici
Italian humanists stressed the
Study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature
Who was the most prominent metal smith who helped develop metal movable print
Johann Gutenberg
What Florentine artist was commissioned by Pope Julius II to build his tomb and paint the Sistine chapel
Michelangelo
The Spanish Inquisition was an attempt to
Target Jewish converts to Christianity who were believed to continue Jewish religious practice
What did the peace of Augsburg do in 1555
It established the right of the German princes to decide between Lutheranism and Catholicism in their individual states
What did Erasmus teach
He emphasized inner piety rather than the system of dogmatic beliefs and practices that the medieval church stressed
What were the parts of anabaptiste beliefs
They believed only adults should be baptized, were persecuted by both Catholics and Protestants, and refused to serve in the military because they did not believe in killing others
The primary cause of the English reformation was
King Henry viii’s désire for an annulment
What was a major factor in preventing the union of the Protestants led by Zwingli and Luther
Interpretation of the lords supper
What were some reasons for the revolt against the Spanish in the Netherlands
Attempts by Philip II to strengthen his control over the Netherlands, residents of the Netherlands realized their taxes were being used for Spanish gain, and Philip II attempted to crack down on Calvinism in the Netherlands
What were the contributing factors to the growth in support for the Protestant reformation
Corruption within the Catholic Church, potential economic gain for nobles in Protestant regions, and the printing press and its impact on the dissemination of new ideas
The majority of Huguenots belonged to which group
French Calvinist noblemen
What were some causes of the fragmentation of the Roman Catholic Church after 1517
The increased wealth of the church, decline in morality within the priesthood, the sale of indulgences, and challenges to papal authority by regional princes
In the 1500s the central focus of church reformers such as martin was
The precedence of scriptural authority over the traditions of the church
Who were the core critics of the Roman Catholic Church in the sixteenth century
The educated faithful
What Roman Catholic practice did Martin Luther protest in his famous ninety-five theses, written in 1517
Selling indulgences to raise money for the church
What central theological debate revealed the difference between Catholics and Protestants after 1525
The way in which the young faithful gained salvation from god
What was a central feature of the Catholic counter-reformation
Ew religious orders attempted to raise the moral level of the clergy
What was the fundamental tenet of Lutheranism
Believe and you will be saved
What did Luther believe
We have the free will to save ourselves
Which part of the Roman Catholic Church teaching did Martin Luther change
Clergy could marry
What made Lutheranism so appealing to masses of people
The simplicity of the central doctrine of justification by faith
For what reason were the monasteries being dissolved
To bring an end to Roman Catholic practices
In what way did the reformation enhance women’s lives
They were encouraged to become literate in order to read the Bible
Why is there such an emphasis on obedience to religious belief in this preface to a list of grievances and demands
The peasants wish to appear less radical than they really are
What was the peasant revolt about
Taxes and serfdom
What was Martin Luther’s response to the peasant revolt
He condemned it
Why might printed illustrations be a useful form of propaganda to further a political or religious cause in the sixteenth century
The mass of people were still illiterate
Erasmus was best known as
A Christian humanist who stayed loyal to the Roman Catholic Church
In his writings and teachings Erasmus was noted for
Attacking abuses in the Catholic Church
