Exam Semester 2 Flashcards
All are correct about the battle of Hastings
The normans defeated the anglo-saxons
Each army numbered about 7,000 warriors
William defeated Harold
In the aftermath William was crowned king in London at Christmas
Feudalism in England under William I differed from feudalism in most other countries in that
He required all sub-vassals to swear allegiance to him
Under William of Normandy and his son Henry I, Medieval England
Developed a strong centralized monarchy
William of Normandy’s survey of his new royal possessions in England was recorded in
The domesday book
Henry II’s conflict over legal jurisdictions with the church culminated in
The murder of the Archbishop of Canterbury
One of the great political developments in England in the thirteenth century was
The emergence of the English parliament under Edward I
The manga cart
Limited the power of the English king
Parliament in England originally arose from the
King’s need to collect new taxes
When the rule of the Capetian began at the end of the tenth century
The French king only controlled an area known as the île-de-France
During the fourteenth century development of the French monarchy
Philip IV inaugurated the estates-general, France’s first parliament
By the end of the twelfth century Spain was
Free of Muslim control in the northern half of the country
The Christian reconquest of Spain in the thirteenth century
Left Granada the last Muslim kingdom on the Iberian peninsula
The policy that Spanish Christian rulers followed during the reconquest in distributing lands houses and property of Muslims was known as
Repartimiento
During the eleventh and twelfth centuries holy Roman emperors
Attempted to exploit the resources of Italy
Frederick II of Hohenstaufen
Allowed his kingdom to fall into chaos by leading military ventures in Italy
As a result of Hohenstaufen’s involvement in Italy
A weak Hapsburg king was chosen for the Germaine’s
Scandinavia by the twelfth century
Had accepted Christianity through the agency of local kings who wished to better organize and govern their states
The founder of the mongol Empire was
Genghis khan
The mongol invasions of Eastern Europe and Russia eventually led to
The dominance of Alexander nevsky’s descendants over all of Russia
Between the eighth and tenth centuries, serious challenges to the power of the papacy included all of the following
Italy’s political fragmentation
Periodic internal corruption and weak popes
Military threats from Muslim powers
Attempts by German emperors to rule northern and central Italy
The secularization of bishops and abbots in the early Middle Ages led to
A decline in the execution of their spiritual duties weakening the moral authority of the church
The abbot of Cluny and the Cluniac reform movement
Replaced manual labor with copying of manuscripts and promoted communal worship
Lay investiture refers to the process by which
Secular lords took a decisive role in choosing prelates for church offices
Pope Gregory VII
Claimed that popes had the right to depose Kings and emperors
In 1077 at canossa, King Henry IV
Received absolution and forgiveness after humbling himself before the pope
By the concordat of worms in 1122
The papacy and German kings resolved the investiture controversy by giving royal and papal officials equal roles in the creation of new bishops
The church during the twelfth century became very centrlaized chiefly due to
An efficient and well organized papal Curia
The papacy reached its zenith of power in the thirteenth century during the papacy of
Innocent III
The action of the medieval church that closed churches in a region or a country and that forbade the clergy from administering the sacrament to the populace was
The interdict
In general, monasteries performed all the following
Prayed for themselves and others
Copied manuscripts
Provided food and clothing for the poor
Took care of the sick and ran hospitals
The cisterciens, a new reform minded monastic order
Eliminated all decorations from their churches and spent more time in private prayer and manual labor by curtailing religious services
Hildegard of bingen, one of the most accomplished nuns of the twelfth century, is noted for all of the following
Three books of her personal religious experiences
Mystical visions of the divine
Fame as abbess of the convent
Contributions to the body of music known as Gregorian chant or plainsong
Female monasticism in the twelfth century
Saw the number of women joining religious houses increase significantly
Saint Dominic, founder of the new Dominican order of preachers
Was an intellectual who created a new order of learned prelates to fight heresy within the church
The churches practice of indulgences in the high Middle Ages was ultimately connected with the
Remission of time spent in purgatory
The church taught that purgatory was
A place where the soul was purified through punishment before admission to heaven
The sacramental system of the Catholic Church
Made the church an integral part of the people’s lives from birth to death
Saint Francis of assisi stressed that
His followers must accept strict vows of poverty and live by working and beg for food
The Albigensian believed
In dualism between good spiritual things and evil material ones
The Albigensian heresy was viciously attacked and brutally crushed by the church because
The cathars claimed that the church was an evil and materialistic institution that had nothing to do with god
The papal inquisition, or the holy office, a church court designed to try and punish heretics
Accepted accusations of heresy against anyone
The persecutions against european Jews in the high Middle Ages were
Openly encouraged by Christian mendicants and preachers and frequently inspired by the Christina crusades
By the thirteenth century a previous acceptance of homosexuality by church and society had been replaced by Christian persecution of homosexuals due to all of the following
The writings of Thomas aquinas
A rising tide of intolerance in Europe
The identification of homosexuals with other detested minority groups in society
The Black Death was most devastating in
Italy
The Black Death
Recurred in severe outbreaks for centuries
The percentage of the european population who died between 1347 and 1351 by the Black Death is estimated at
Twenty-five to fifty percent
All of the following were reactions to the great plague
An increase in violence and murder due to a sense of life’s cheapness
The formation of groups like the flagellants, who physically maimed themselves to save the world
Morbidity and preoccupation with death in everyday life
Economic depression
The flagellants
Were groups that physically punished themselves to win the forgiveness of god
The persecution of Jews during the Black Death
Reached their worst excesses in German cities
In the late Roman Empire the free farmers or coloni
Were bound to the land I a servile status
Constantine’s most enduring reform came in the creation of
The new Rome
The political economic and social policies of the restored empire under Diocletian and Constantine
Were based on coercion and the loss of individual freedoms
After being allowed to enter the eastern empire after being displaced by nomadic _______ the German visigoths defeated the armies of the empire in 378 at the battle of ______
Huns/adrianople
The edict of Milan
Was Constantine’s document officially tolerating the existence of Christianity
The council of Nicaea in 325
Defined Christ as being of the same substance as god
The heresy of Arianism
Questioned the divinity of Jesus
By the end of the fifth century in the west
The romans still controlled the economic resources
The donatisme heresy involved
The efficacy of the sacraments if performed by immoral priests
In the late fourth century the visigoths and other Germanic tribes were pushed into the balkans region of the eastern Roman Empire because of pressure from the
Guns
The year that the last emperor Romulus Augustus was deposed and that symbolized the end of the Western Roman Empire was
476
Theodoric the ostrogothic king who took control of Italy was determined to
Maintain Roman customs and practices in Italy
After the death of theodoric the ostrogothic kingdom
Was defeated by the byzantines reducing Rome as a center of Mediterranean culture
All of the following were true of the Frankish kingdom
Clovis established he Frankish kingdom It was dominated by a warrior class It’s combination of Frankish gallo-Roman and Christian cultures would produce a new european civilization It was partitioned into three major areas after Clovis’s death
The Frankish palace official Charles Martel successfully defended the civilization of the new Western European kingdoms in 732 by
Defeating the Muslim armies in 732 and driving them back to Spain
Guilt under Germanic customary law was determined by
Compurgation and ordeal
The withdrawal of Roman armies from Britain enabled
Anglos and saxons Germanic tribes from Denmark and Germany to invade and establish new kingdoms on the isle
The Germans believed that the ordeal could
Reveal the truth by showing who god favored in a dispute
Frankish marriage customs
Placed strong sanctions sometimes death on adulterous women
The pope who supposedly caused Attila and the Huns to turn away from Rome was
Leo I
The Petrine doctrine
Was the belief that the bishops of Rome held a preeminent position in the church
The title vicars of Christ has traditionally been given to the
Bishops of Rome
Augustine did all of the following
Translate scripture into the Latin vulgate
Augustine’s confessions was written as
An account of his own miraculous personal conversion
Saint Jérôme is known for all of the following
His mastery of Latin prose, his skills as a linguist, his translations of the old and new testaments from Hebrew and Greek into Latin, and becoming one of the Latin fathers of the church
The father of hermit monasticism was
Saint Anthony
The basic rule for western monastic living was developed by
Benedict
Benedictine monasticism was characterized by
An ideal of moderation
The communal life
Isolated, self-sustaining communities
Vows and rules
The apostle to the Germans and the most famous churchman in Europe in the eighth century was
Boniface
In 597 pope Gregory the great sent the monk _______ to England to convert the Anglo-saxons
Augustine
Pope Gregory the Great was responsible for all of the following
Creating the Papal States
Recognizing the Byzantine emperor as the rightful ruler of Italy
Supporting the work of Christian missionaries in England
Becoming bishop of Rome
The primary instrument of pope Gregory for converting the Germanic peoples of Europe was
Monasticism
Irish monasticism from the sixth through eighth centuries tended to be highly
Ascetic
The greatest difference between Irish Christianity and Roman Christianity was in
Irish church organization, giving Irish abbots more power than bishops
One of the greatest nuns of the seventh monastery and founder of the Whitney monastery was
St Hilda
The great Christian scholar of late antiquity cassiodorus divided the seven liberal arts into the trivium and the quadrivium according to cassiodorus the trivium includes
Arithmetic, logic, and astronomy
Justinian’s military conquests under the general belisarius
Were short lived
Justinians most important contribution to western civilization was his
Codification of law
The corpus iris civilis (body of civil law) compiled under Justinian
Was the last Byzantine contribution to the west to be written in Latin
The woman whose support put down the nika revolt against justinian’s rule in 532 was
Theodora
All of the following were great buildings in the city of Constantinople
Hague Sophia
Hippodrome
Royal palace
The controversy of 730 that set the Latin and Greek Orthodox Christians apart was over
Iconoclasm and the destruction of icons
All of the following are true of the Byzantine emperor
They were portrayed as chosen by god
They maintained a permanent war economy
Subjects and to prostrate themselves in front of them
Eventually they became more Greek than Latin
During the period of the Roman Empire the Arabian peninsula was dominated by the
Bedouins
The first Frankish king to be announced in holy ceremony by an agent of the pope was
Pepin
The Frankish ruler who best symbolized the fusion of Roman, German, and Christian elements was
Charlemagne
Charlemagne’s most disappointing military campaign came against the
Basques
The expansion of the carolingian empire under Charlemagne
Was most successful against the German tribes to the east
The administration of Charlemagne’s carolingian Empire was carried out
Without the cup port of the Catholic Church and with the resources of the nobles and his household staff
The coronation of Charlemagne in 800mas emperor of the romans
Symbolized the fusion of Roman, German, and Christian cultures
The carolingian monks
Through their copying of manuscripts the works of Latin classical authors were preserved
Charlemagne’s carolingian renaissance was characterized by
New copies of classical literary works produced in Benedictine monastic scriptoria
The carolingian scholar Alcuin is best noted for
Helping to lay the foundation for medieval education
In the Middle Ages monastic hospitality to travelers was
A sacred duty
Which was a similarity between medicine in the early Middle Ages and medicine in earlier pagan times
In both periods magical rites charms and amulets were used
Carolingian society was marked by all of the following
The use of bleeding to cure illness
Different patterns of consumption of foodstuffs among rich and poor
The vices of gluttony and drunkenness
Considerable violence
What was the name of the treaty that divided the carolingian empire in 843
Treaty of Verdun
The division of Europe into three kingdoms after the death of Louis the pious led to
An incessant struggle between Louis the German Charles the bald and their heirs over disputed territories
The Magyars
Were originally from Western Asia
All of the following were true of the Vikings
Their iron weapons and superior shipbuilding were largely responsible for their successful raids
Their raids and settlements aided to the growth of fief-holding
Christianity assimilated them into european civilization
They came from Scandinavia
One of the most famous Vikings who discovered Greenland was
Erik the red
Feudalism of medieval Europe was primarily
A complex system of vassalage by which the weak sought protection and sustenance from powerful local nobles
The hierarchical fief-holding system in which vassals in turn had vassals owing them services was known as
Subinfuedation
The major obligation of the lord to the vassal was
Economic support and protection either militarily or through grants of land
Under feudalism of the early Middle Ages
The major obligation of a vassal to his lord was to provide military service
The military innovation clearly contributing to the rise of feudal vassalage was
The growing importance of cavalry in royal armies
In 987 the western Frankish nobility met and elected this man as their king contributing to the formation of a new dynasty to rule France for centuries
Hugh Capet
Among Otto I’s more successful actions that clearly benefitted the kingship of Germany was
Defeat of the Magyars at the battle of Lechfeld in 955 and christianisation of Eastern Europe
The English king who helped establish a unified Anglo-Saxon monarchy by defeating the danish army was
Alfred the great
Manorialism
Was an economic system based upon landed estates
Which of the following statements was true during the Middle Ages
During the early centuries of the Middle Ages trade drastically declined, and by the ninth century luxury goods were brought in from the byzantine empire
By the early eleventh century the Byzantine empire
Had achieved a new brilliance of power and influence unde rut Macedonians
The Slavs
Were originally a single people in Central Europe
The poles Czechs and Hungarians
Were greatly influenced by assimilation into the Catholic Church and Latin culture
The ruthless Russian leader responsible for tying Russian political and religious ideals to the Byzantine empire was
Vladimir
