Exam Flashcards
Features of Greece’s topography
Bays and harbors, mountains, valleys, hot summers and rainy winters
The chief center of Minoan Crete was
Knossos
How to best describe the Mycenaeans
They were warrior people who achieved their apex between 1400 and 1200 BC
The civilization of Minoan Crete
Enjoyed great prosperity due to extensive sea trade and commerce, and developed elaborate skills in art and architecture, visible in their great palaces
The period immediately following the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization is referred to as the
Greek dark age
Homer’s Iliad points out the
Honor and courage of Greek aristocratic heroes in battle
The polis was the Greek name for
City-State
What were some typical characteristics of a Greek polis
It contained an agora and an acropolis within its fortifications, each polis was autonomous from all other polies, the strength of the community came through cooperation, and most Greek women were restricted largely to the home
The development of a polis had a negative impact on Greek society by
Dividing Greece into fiercely competitive states
The hoplite phalanx was
A new Greek military organization of heavily armed infantry
A few characteristics about Greek warfare
The Greek warriors possessed excellent weapons and armor, Greek warriors were willing to engage the enemy heads-on, thus deciding most battles quickly, Greek armies were made up of citizens soldiers, and the use of heavy infantry in battle usually determined the outcome
In Sparta
Life resembled that of a military camp
The Lycurgan reforms resulted in
He establishment of a permanent military state in Sparta
The neighbors of the Spartans who were free inhabitants and required to pay taxes and perform military service but who were not citizens of Sparta were
Perioikoi
To balance the power of kings and the council of elders, spartan political reformers created the
Ephors
Spartan helots
Farmed the land as sharecroppers, and had war declared on them every year
Importance of Themistocles
Developed a navy
What did cleisthenes do
He created the ten tribes and the council of 500
Solon
Sole archon and political reformer
Cleon
Leader of the war party in the Peloponnesian war
The poetry of Sappho reflected
A woman’s homosexual and heterosexual feeling in a world dominated by men
The immediate cause of the Persian wars was
A revolt of the Ionian Greek colonies in Asia Minor
At the battle of marathon, the Greeks
Won a decisive victory by aggressive attack against a stronger foe
At the battle of Thermopylae, the
Spartans fought a noble holding action to the last man
What best describes the Delian league
An alliance of city-states led by Athens after the Persian war
During the age of Pericles
Athenians became deeply attached to their democratic system
The Peloponnesian war resulted in
The defeat of Athens and the collapse of its empire
One of the chief causes of the Peloponnesian war was
Spartans fear of the power of Athens and its maritime empire
The Greek historian Thucydides differed from Herodotus in that the former
Was unconcerned withspiritual forces as a factor in history
The Greek dramatist who was a realist and known for his portrayal of realistic characters in real life situations was
Euripides
Greek comedy was
Used to press polical views as evidenced by Aristophanes
The Greek Parthenon
Is considered the greatest example of Classical Greek temple architecture
The sophists
Were professional teachers who seemingly questioned rather traditional values of their societies
Socrates was condemned to death for
Corrupting the youth of Athens
The unexamined life is not worth living is a cornerstone of the philosophy of
Socrates
The republic depicted
Plato’s idea of the ideal government and society
Which phrase best describes the social situation of most Greek women
Women were kept under strict control, cut off from formal education, and were always assigned a male guardian
In classical Athens, male homosexuality
Was practiced and tolerated in part as a means by which mature men instructed young males about the masculine world of politics and patronage
Which statement about the Macedonians is correct
They were probably not Greek
What were Philip II’s military reforms
He abandoned the phalanx formation as too ineffective and inefficient, his warriors used a longer thrusting spear, double that of Greek hoplites, and his infantrymen carried smaller shields and shorter swords than Greek hoplites
Philip II was able to forge an efficient military machine by
Using sturdy peasants and shepherds as foot soldiers, and using the phalanx and strong Calvary to break all opponents
The philippics were a series of orations in which
Demosthenes convinced the Athenians to fight against Philip
Isocrates
Hoped that Philip would unite the Greek world in a campaign against Persia
Results of the battle of chaeronea
The formation of the corinthian league, with Philip as hegemon, the establishment of Macedonian garrisons throughout Greece, Greek cooperation with Macedonia for a future war against Persia, and the final end of the independence of the Greek city-states
Alexander conquered which countries
Syria, Babylon, Egypt, and Persia
Alexander’s military success against Persia was in part attributable to
The role of Alexander’s cavalry as a strike force
Alexander invaded the Persian empire
With an army of 37,000 including 5,000 cavalry
At the battle of gaugamela
The Greeks under Alexander were able to break the center of the Persian line and with boldness turn the battle into a rout
Alexander the great’s conquests in Asia occurred despite
His eventual difficulties in convincing his troops to fight so far from home
Alexander the great’s troops rebelled when he made the decision to invade and capture
India
In establishing his empire, Alexander the Great
Saw himself as a descendent of Greek god’s and heroes, combined Greek and Persian practices to allow its administration, and allowed intermarriage between his soldiers and native Persian women
The Hellenistic era describes an age that saw
The extension and imitation of Greek culture throughout the ancient near east
Upon the death of Alexander
His Macedonian generals became involved in successive power struggles
The Hellenistic dynasty that lasted the longest was the
Ptolemaic
The famous Indian ruler who sent Buddhist missionaries to Greek rulers was
Ashoka
The peoples from Europe north of the alps who attacked Rome and Macedonia and Greece in the fourth and third centuries bc were the
Celts
The Hellenistic states in the centuries after Alexander the Great
Became despotic monarchies
Which statement best describes Hellenistic cities
Important centers of administration, most of which were dominated by Greeks and Greek culture
A clear trend of Hellenistic cities was
The close relationship between the Hellenistic rulers and the cities
The aetolian and Achaean leagues were
Located in central Greece and the Peloponnesus
Improvements in trade and commerce in the Hellenistic world were greatly aided by
Improvements in harbors, a money economy, the development of major trade routes, and the emergence of a large merchant and artisan class
The economic life of the Hellenistic world was characterized by
A significant shift in industry and manufacturing from Greece to the east
Which class of women achieved the most notable gains during the Hellenistic period
Upper class
In the Hellenistic world
Small families were common
What were major sources of slaves in the Hellenistic world
Children who were sold into slavery by their parents, prisoners of war, people kidnapped by pirates, and persons whose parents were slaves
Among the most ill-treated of Hellenistic slaves were those
Who worked in the Egyptian gold mines
Hellenistic Education as embodied in the gymnasium
Closely and widely followed Classical Greek ideas about proper education
What was the greatest difference between education during the Hellenistic period and education during the classical period
Rather than being a private enterprise, Hellenistic education became the duties of cities and their governments
The Greek god of healing, thought responsible for miraculous cures in the Hellenistic period, was
Asclepius
The scientific foundations of medicine made by alexandrian physicians
Were made possible through the use of dissection and vivisection
An especially important cultural center with the largest library in ancient times was
Alexandria
Hellenistic culture
Was a period of great literature, saw the need to preserve the writings of the classical Greeks, sculptors and architects could very easily find work in the new Hellenistic cities, and Hellenistic sculpture was often more realistic and emotional than Classical Greek sculpture
The theatrical center of the Hellenistic world and home of new comedy was
Athens
The surviving works of the Greek historian polybius demonstrate
His following of thucydidesin seeking rational motives for historical events
Hellenistic sculpture
Was more emotional and realistic than Classical Greek sculpture
Hellenistic scientists were able to accomplish
Establishing the heliocentric theory of the univers, estimating the circumference of the earth, inventing the Archimedean screw, and theorizing that the earth rotates in its axis
The alexandrian scholar Euclid’s most famous achievement was
Systematizing the study of geometry
The most famous scientist of his era, Archimedes of Syracuse, was responsible for
Designing military services to thwart siege attackers, creating the science of hydrostatics, establishing the value of the mathematical constant pi, and work on the geometry of spheres and cylinders
The philosophical school that stressed happiness through freeing oneself from a political life was
Epicrueanism
Stoicism
Maintained that people could gain inner peace by seeking virtue and living according to nature
What was the primary difference between the philosophy of the Greek classical period and the philosophy during the Hellenistic period
Hellenistic theology dealt more with human happiness disassociated from the life of the polis
The widespread popularity of stoicism and Epicureanism in the Hellenistic world
Suggested a new openness to thoughts of universality
How did Greek religion Shane during the Hellenistic period
The Greeks became very receptive to the eastern religious mystery cults
The mystery cults and religions of the Hellenistic world
Helped pave the way for the success of Christianity
In the Hellenistic era, medicine
Progressed due to the use of dissection and vivisection
The cult of isis
It was one of the most popular of the mystery religions, she was associated with the giver of laws and letters to humankind, her cult promised an afterlife, and she supposedly invented the marriage contract between husband and wife
The Jews in the Hellenistic era
Were dispersed throughout the eastern Mediterranean region
Which statement is true regarding the Hellenistic civilization
Signs of decline were apparent by the late third century bc
For the romans Italy’s geography
Made Rome a natural crossroads and an easy area to defend
Rome was established I; the first millenium bc on the
Plain of Latium
The etruscans
Settled north of Rome, adopted the alphabetic language from the Greeks before 600 bc, had begun to decline by 480 bc, and civilized Rome by turning it into a true city
Which statement on the etruscans is correct
They transformed Rome from a pastoral to an urban community
Livy’s account of cincinnatus
Tells how virtues of duty and simplicity in the behavior of leaders enabled Rome to survive in difficult times
Rome set the precedent for treating its vanquished foes after forming the Roman confederation by
Offering the most favored allies peoples full Roman citizenship, thus giving them a stake in successful Roman expansion
Rome’s conquest fo the italian peninsula by 264 bc can be attributed in part to
Superb diplomacy
In defeating the Greek city-states in northern Italy, Rome
Had to fight the soldiers of king Pyrrhus, sent against them by the Greeks
The Roman dictator
Was a temporary executive during the period of the republic, and exercised unlimited power for a period of six months
The struggle of the orders
Was a peaceful struggle which resulted in political compromise
Which statement about Roman names is incorrect
The nomen is the hereditary family name
Executive authority or imperium during the Roman republic
Was held by consuls and praetors
As Rome expanded, it became Roman policy to govern the provinces with officials known as
Proconsuls and propraetors
The paterfamilias in Roman society was
The male head of the family
Originally the Roman senate
Could only advise the magistrates in legal matters
The main achievement of the hortensias law in Roman constitutional history was its
Ruling that all plebiscita passed by the plebeian assembly had the force of law and were binding even upon the patricians
In their struggle with the patricians, Roman plebeians employed which tactics
A physical withdrawal from the state undercutting its military manpower and the formation of the popular assemblies to lobby for more political reforms
The twelve tables were
The first formal codification of Roman law and customs
Which statement about the Roman armies in the early republic is incorrect
Most soldiers were slaves
The carthaginians originated from
Phoenician tyre
The immediate cause of the first Punic war was
Rome sending an army to Sicily
As a result of the first Punic war
The carthaginians were forced to withdraw from Sicily and pay an indemnity to Rome
What was the significance of Scipio africanus in the second Punic war
He expelled the carthaginians from Spain and later won the decisive battle of zama
The second Punic war saw Carthage
Carry a land war to Rome by crossing the alps
The Roman senator who led the movement for the complete destruction of Carthage was
Cato
At the battle of cannae the romans
Suffered a devastating defeat by Hannibal
The result of the third Punic war was
The complete destruction and subjugation of Carthage
It can best be said that Roman imperial expansion was
Highly opportunistic, responding to unanticipated military threats and possibilities for glory
The head of the Roman religious observances was
The pontifex Maximus
In Roman religion, a right relationship with the god’s was achieved by
Accurate performance of rituals and festivals
Roman religious practices included
Education stressed training in Greek and mastery of rhetoric, or persuasive public speaking
By 5e latter republic, Roman slaves
Often worked on the Roman latifundia
Roman upper-class women typically
Had some independent legal rights and property
In Rome, the male family head, the paterfamilias, could
Sell his children, put his children to death, arrange the marriages of all offspring, and divorce his wife
The romans most noticeable innovations in art and culture were found in
Architecture and engineering
Romans did not readily accept any Greek philosophy except that of
Stoicism, because of its emphasis on virtue and duty
The optimales and populaires were
Political groups from the aristocratic class of Rome in the late republic
Romans such as saluts attributed the change of cpvalues in the republic over time to
Affluence brought on by the addition of too much new territory, the lack of a dangerous enemy to threaten them after the desruction of Carthage, and the effeminate and emasculating influences I’d Greek culture and education in Roman youth
The reforms of gaius and Tiberius gracchus
Resulted in further instability and violence as they polarized various social groups
The equites
Were a wealthy and ambitious class of Romans who appeared in the late republic
Sullas legacy and importance was that he
Employed his personal army in political disputes, paving the way toward Roman civil war
Among the dangerous military innovations of Marius threatening the republic, one finds he
Recruited destitute volunteers who swore an oath of allegiance only to him
Cicero
Believed in a concord of orders, was a new man of the equestrian order, was a great orator and capable lawyer, and advocated a balanced government of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy
Julius Caesar
Led military commands in Spain and especially Gaul that enhanced his popularity
The first triumvirate included
Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey
By crossing the rubicon, Caesar showed that he
Was willing to disobey direct orders of the senate
All were results of the Roman civil wars of 43-30 bc except
Second triumvirates defeat of Pompey at the battle of actium
Which Roman writer is most closely associated with the development of a new poetry at the end of the Roman republic
Catullus
After imposed retirement from Roman politics, Cicero took up writing
Philosophical treatises
The Roman senate under Augustus was
Retained as the chief deliberative body of the Roman state
The absolute monarchical powers of Augustus as princess led to
The usual victory of his candidates in official elections, the decline of popular participation in elections, and his great popularity, as he followed proper legal forms for his power
Which important power did Augustus not hold
Senator
The Augustan reorganization of the military did not involve what
Germans serving as officers in the legions
The Roman praetorian guards were
Elite troops given the task of protecting the emperor
Under the rule of Augustus, the Roman Empire
Turned towards an absolute monarchy, with the princeps overshadowing the senate
Roman provincial and frontier policy under Augustus was not characterized by
Limitless expansion in Central Europe
The event that curtailed Augustus’s expansionist policies was
The defeat by varus in the teutonburg forest
Among Augustus’s key innovations in Roman provincial rule was his
Division of Roman provinces into those ruled directly by the princeps and the senatorial provinces administered by the senate
Romanization in Roman Empire
Occurred quickly in the west
Which statement best describes the governing of Roman provinces under Augustus
Efficient with proconsuls, propraetors, and legates cooperating with the local elites
Which statement is true of Augustan society
Legislation was passed concerning the corruption of morals
Concerning social classes during early Roman Empire
The power of the equestrian class was expanded
Among Augustus’s most important actions in the area of Roman religion was his
Creation of an imperial cult
Augustus’s social legislation enacted to stop the decline of Roman morals
Made adultery illegal and outlawed wasteful spending on frivolities
The city on the Tiber that was Rome’s chief port was
Ostia
Livy was best known in the Augustan age for his
History of Rome in 142 books
Identify the correct relationship between golden age author and his major work
Ovid-the art of love
The poems of Virgil, the most distinguished poet of the Augustan age
Praised ideal Roman virtues of duty, piety, and faithfulness
Ovid’s the art of love
Caused great displeasure to Augustus and led to ovid’s eventual exile
The golden age historian Livy is well known for his
Perceiving history in terms of sharp moral lessons
The successor to Augustus and the first of the Julio-Claudia’s emperors was
Tiberius
Which of the statements best describes the Julio-claudian emperors
Varied in ability and effectiveness
Which trend developed during the reigns of the Julio-claudian emperors
Emperors took more and more actual ruling power away from the old senate
The first of the Flavian emperors was
Vespasian
The correct order of the five good emperors is
Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonio’s pious, and Marcus Aurelius
All of the following occurred during the reigns of the five good emperors except for
The halting of imperial bureaucratic growth
During the early Empire the Roman army
Was increased to 400,000 men
Trade and commerce in the early Empire
Stimulated manufacturing, concentrated some industries in certain areas, and was secondary in importance to agriculture
The greatest historian of the silver age of Latin Literature was
Tacitus
The prolific silver age writer Seneca
Composed philosophical letters on the theme of stoicism
The good emperor Marcus Aurelius was regarded as a philosopher king deeply influenced by the principles of
Stoicism
The largest area of Roman innovation in architecture was
The use of concrete on a massive scale
Which of the following is not true of the colosseum
It was destroyed by Caligula
Imperial Rome gladiatorial shows
Were government backed spectacles used to content the masses
The two Roman cities that were destroyed by the eruption of mount Vesuvius in 79 ad were Pompeii and
Herculaneum
Early Empire medicine was typified by
The continued use of traditional herbal remedies, the development of medical specialists, and the establishment di public hospitals in the provinces
One of the most famous jurists of the early Empire responsible for completing the basic natural rights principles vital to the western world was
Ulpian
Among the upper classes of the early Empire
Women had considerable freedom and independence
Which of the following statements was not true of Roman society in the early Empire
Slaves were treated more harshly as their numbers increased
Which of the following statements does not apply to prechristin Roman religion
Imperial officials were intolerant of foreign religions
The mystery cult of Mithraism in the early Empire
Was a religion specially favored by soldiers
The early values of Christianity as exemplified in Jesus’s sermon on the mount
Emphasized devotion to the values of humility, Charity, and true brotherly love
Early Christianity was
Molded into a broader religious mobpvement by Paul of tarsus
Paul of tarsus
Believed Christianity should be preached to Jews and non Jews
The Roman empires persecution of Christians in the first two centuries after Christ’s death
Was sporadic and local
The emperor who said live in harmony, make the soldiers rich, and don’t give a damn for anything else was
Septimius Severus
The late third century emperor who reconquered and reestablished order in the east and along the Danube and who was known as the restorer of the world was
Aurelian
The terrible third century was made terrible by all of the following except
Ignorance of the military affairs by the severan rulers
The two Roman emperors who notably persecuted the Christian minority were
Decius and Diocletian
