Exam Flashcards
Features of Greece’s topography
Bays and harbors, mountains, valleys, hot summers and rainy winters
The chief center of Minoan Crete was
Knossos
How to best describe the Mycenaeans
They were warrior people who achieved their apex between 1400 and 1200 BC
The civilization of Minoan Crete
Enjoyed great prosperity due to extensive sea trade and commerce, and developed elaborate skills in art and architecture, visible in their great palaces
The period immediately following the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization is referred to as the
Greek dark age
Homer’s Iliad points out the
Honor and courage of Greek aristocratic heroes in battle
The polis was the Greek name for
City-State
What were some typical characteristics of a Greek polis
It contained an agora and an acropolis within its fortifications, each polis was autonomous from all other polies, the strength of the community came through cooperation, and most Greek women were restricted largely to the home
The development of a polis had a negative impact on Greek society by
Dividing Greece into fiercely competitive states
The hoplite phalanx was
A new Greek military organization of heavily armed infantry
A few characteristics about Greek warfare
The Greek warriors possessed excellent weapons and armor, Greek warriors were willing to engage the enemy heads-on, thus deciding most battles quickly, Greek armies were made up of citizens soldiers, and the use of heavy infantry in battle usually determined the outcome
In Sparta
Life resembled that of a military camp
The Lycurgan reforms resulted in
He establishment of a permanent military state in Sparta
The neighbors of the Spartans who were free inhabitants and required to pay taxes and perform military service but who were not citizens of Sparta were
Perioikoi
To balance the power of kings and the council of elders, spartan political reformers created the
Ephors
Spartan helots
Farmed the land as sharecroppers, and had war declared on them every year
Importance of Themistocles
Developed a navy
What did cleisthenes do
He created the ten tribes and the council of 500
Solon
Sole archon and political reformer
Cleon
Leader of the war party in the Peloponnesian war
The poetry of Sappho reflected
A woman’s homosexual and heterosexual feeling in a world dominated by men
The immediate cause of the Persian wars was
A revolt of the Ionian Greek colonies in Asia Minor
At the battle of marathon, the Greeks
Won a decisive victory by aggressive attack against a stronger foe
At the battle of Thermopylae, the
Spartans fought a noble holding action to the last man
What best describes the Delian league
An alliance of city-states led by Athens after the Persian war
During the age of Pericles
Athenians became deeply attached to their democratic system
The Peloponnesian war resulted in
The defeat of Athens and the collapse of its empire
One of the chief causes of the Peloponnesian war was
Spartans fear of the power of Athens and its maritime empire
The Greek historian Thucydides differed from Herodotus in that the former
Was unconcerned withspiritual forces as a factor in history
The Greek dramatist who was a realist and known for his portrayal of realistic characters in real life situations was
Euripides
Greek comedy was
Used to press polical views as evidenced by Aristophanes
The Greek Parthenon
Is considered the greatest example of Classical Greek temple architecture
The sophists
Were professional teachers who seemingly questioned rather traditional values of their societies
Socrates was condemned to death for
Corrupting the youth of Athens
The unexamined life is not worth living is a cornerstone of the philosophy of
Socrates
The republic depicted
Plato’s idea of the ideal government and society
Which phrase best describes the social situation of most Greek women
Women were kept under strict control, cut off from formal education, and were always assigned a male guardian
In classical Athens, male homosexuality
Was practiced and tolerated in part as a means by which mature men instructed young males about the masculine world of politics and patronage
Which statement about the Macedonians is correct
They were probably not Greek
What were Philip II’s military reforms
He abandoned the phalanx formation as too ineffective and inefficient, his warriors used a longer thrusting spear, double that of Greek hoplites, and his infantrymen carried smaller shields and shorter swords than Greek hoplites
Philip II was able to forge an efficient military machine by
Using sturdy peasants and shepherds as foot soldiers, and using the phalanx and strong Calvary to break all opponents
The philippics were a series of orations in which
Demosthenes convinced the Athenians to fight against Philip
Isocrates
Hoped that Philip would unite the Greek world in a campaign against Persia
Results of the battle of chaeronea
The formation of the corinthian league, with Philip as hegemon, the establishment of Macedonian garrisons throughout Greece, Greek cooperation with Macedonia for a future war against Persia, and the final end of the independence of the Greek city-states
Alexander conquered which countries
Syria, Babylon, Egypt, and Persia
Alexander’s military success against Persia was in part attributable to
The role of Alexander’s cavalry as a strike force
Alexander invaded the Persian empire
With an army of 37,000 including 5,000 cavalry
At the battle of gaugamela
The Greeks under Alexander were able to break the center of the Persian line and with boldness turn the battle into a rout
Alexander the great’s conquests in Asia occurred despite
His eventual difficulties in convincing his troops to fight so far from home
Alexander the great’s troops rebelled when he made the decision to invade and capture
India
In establishing his empire, Alexander the Great
Saw himself as a descendent of Greek god’s and heroes, combined Greek and Persian practices to allow its administration, and allowed intermarriage between his soldiers and native Persian women
The Hellenistic era describes an age that saw
The extension and imitation of Greek culture throughout the ancient near east
Upon the death of Alexander
His Macedonian generals became involved in successive power struggles
The Hellenistic dynasty that lasted the longest was the
Ptolemaic
The famous Indian ruler who sent Buddhist missionaries to Greek rulers was
Ashoka
The peoples from Europe north of the alps who attacked Rome and Macedonia and Greece in the fourth and third centuries bc were the
Celts
The Hellenistic states in the centuries after Alexander the Great
Became despotic monarchies
Which statement best describes Hellenistic cities
Important centers of administration, most of which were dominated by Greeks and Greek culture
A clear trend of Hellenistic cities was
The close relationship between the Hellenistic rulers and the cities
The aetolian and Achaean leagues were
Located in central Greece and the Peloponnesus
Improvements in trade and commerce in the Hellenistic world were greatly aided by
Improvements in harbors, a money economy, the development of major trade routes, and the emergence of a large merchant and artisan class
The economic life of the Hellenistic world was characterized by
A significant shift in industry and manufacturing from Greece to the east
Which class of women achieved the most notable gains during the Hellenistic period
Upper class
In the Hellenistic world
Small families were common
What were major sources of slaves in the Hellenistic world
Children who were sold into slavery by their parents, prisoners of war, people kidnapped by pirates, and persons whose parents were slaves
Among the most ill-treated of Hellenistic slaves were those
Who worked in the Egyptian gold mines
Hellenistic Education as embodied in the gymnasium
Closely and widely followed Classical Greek ideas about proper education
What was the greatest difference between education during the Hellenistic period and education during the classical period
Rather than being a private enterprise, Hellenistic education became the duties of cities and their governments
The Greek god of healing, thought responsible for miraculous cures in the Hellenistic period, was
Asclepius
The scientific foundations of medicine made by alexandrian physicians
Were made possible through the use of dissection and vivisection
An especially important cultural center with the largest library in ancient times was
Alexandria
Hellenistic culture
Was a period of great literature, saw the need to preserve the writings of the classical Greeks, sculptors and architects could very easily find work in the new Hellenistic cities, and Hellenistic sculpture was often more realistic and emotional than Classical Greek sculpture
The theatrical center of the Hellenistic world and home of new comedy was
Athens
The surviving works of the Greek historian polybius demonstrate
His following of thucydidesin seeking rational motives for historical events
