Exam Revision Flashcards
What are the 8 hallmarks of cancer?
1) Sustaining proliferative signaling
- Normally need this feedback from other cells to ensure proliferation occurs in a regulated manner.
- Cancerous cells do not regulate this process and proliferate rapidly and often with many mistakes.
2) Evading growth suppressors
- Ignore anti-growth signals (TSG)
3) Resistance to cell death
- Mutation in signaling protein that leads to natural cell death, thus escape this fate
4) Enabling replicative immortality
- Overcome expiry date
5) Tumour angiogenesis
6) Activating invasion and metastasis
- Allows cancer cells to migrate and travel around the body
7) Deregulating Cell energetics
- favouring glycolytic metabolism for ATP production without reliance upon oxygen.
8) Avoiding immune destruction
Provide one example of an oncogene and a TSG
Oncogene- HER2 gene (BC)
TSG- P53
What are two characteristics that enable tumours to grow?
1) genome instability and mutations- more mutations that allow immune escape and promote growth
2) Tumour promoting inflammation- inflammation that supports growth via the supplication of bioactive chemicals and growth factors that enable mutagenesis
What is contact inhibition?
The process by which healthy cells are in close contact with other cells and resultantly do not multiply or move. This is not present in cancer cells.
What percentage of cancers result from inherited genetic mutations?
5-10%
What are the main risk factors for developing cancer?
Age
tobacco - lung, larynx, oesophagus, stomach, bladder, myeloid leukemia
alcohol- liver, oral, breast, pharyngeal
diet (processed red meats and excess body weight) - endometrium, breast, colon
inactivity- independent of body mass
infection- human papillomavirus (HPV) causes cervical cancer and some head and neck cancers.
solar exposure- melanoma
Genetics- BRCA1 for BC
What are the 4 types of cancers and their frequencies?
Cacinomas - occur in the epithelial cells (85% of all cancers)
Non-solid tumours - cancer of blood or lymphocytes (9%)
Sarcomas - bone, muscle, fat (1%)
Brain and CNS (3%)
What are the 4 types of Carcinomas?
1) Squamous cells- flat covering surface cells (mouth/oesophogus)
2) Adeomatous- glandular (lining of glands such as stomach, prostate, kidneys and ovaries)
3) transitional cells - layer of stretchy cells (bladder, urinary system)
4) Basal cells- found in skins.
What does TNM stand for?
Tumour - refers to tumour size (mm) and grade (1-3) of main tumour.
tx- cannot be measured
t0- cannot be found
T1-4 - increasing in size or invasion into new tissues
Node- the degree of lymph node involvement
NX- cannot be measured
N0- no cancer near lymph nodes
N1-3- increasing number and location of nodes involved.
Metastasis- has the cancer spread to another part of the body.
MX: cannot be measured
M0- no metastasis
M1- cancer has spread
What are the 5,10 and 20 year survival rates for breast cancer?
87% 5 years; 78% 10 years; 65% 20 years
What are the incidence and prevalence of a cancer?
Incidence is the number of people diagnosed within a year and prevalence in the number of people living with or beyond diagnosis.
What is the definition of a cancer survivor?
Someone who has completed initial adjuvant treatment and has no signs of active disease.
Is living with progressive disease and may be receiving active treatment but is not in the terminal stage of illness (last six months of life)
Has had cancer in the past.
what are the top 4 cancers diagnosed in men and women, according to 2017 cancerstats?
Men:
Prostate, lung, bowel, and head and neck
Women:
Breast, lung, uterus, and bowel
What are the highest 3 prevalent cancers for men and women combined and separately?
Combined: colorectal, blood, melanoma
Male: prostate,
Female: breast
What are the four most researched beneficial effects of exercise upon cancer side effects?
1) Fatigue
2) Cardiorespiratory Fitness
3) Muscular Strength
4) Self-efficacy
