Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y3S2 - Foundations of Haematology > Exam Revision > Flashcards

Exam Revision Flashcards

1
Q

What types of antibodies are there?

A

Naturally occuring

Immune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q 
Which of the two (naturally occurring or immune) is this:
Present in plasma without any known immunisation
Not present at birth
Ig subtype: IgM
React optimally at 4°C
'Complete'
Examples:
- anti-A
- anti-B
- anti-Lewis
- anti-M
- anti-N
A

Naturally occuring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which of the two (naturally occurring or immune) is this:
No cross reaction between antigenic structure on naturally occurring substance and antigens on RBCs
Produced following:
- a blood transfusion
- immunisation during pregnancy
- intentional immunisation (exception: as an auto-immune antibody in certain diseases)
Ig subtype - IgG
React optimally at 37°C
‘Incomplete’

A

Immune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Examples of Naturally Occuring Antibodies?

A 
anti-A
anti-B
anti-Lewis
anti-M
anti-N
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Examples of Immune Antibodies?

A

anti-Rh
anti-Kell
anti-Duffy
anti-Kidd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Universal Donors and Universal Recipients

A

O - universal donors

AB - universal receivers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do the forward and reverse reactions identify?

A

Forward - identifies antigens on RBC

Reverse - identifies antibodies in plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which antibodies demonstrate dosage?

A

anti - C, c, E, e
anti - Jka, Jkb
anti - M, S, s
anti - Fya, Fyb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Are people with weak D antigen considered Rh(D) pos?

A

Yes as they have the whole D antigen just with decreased expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Are people with partial D antigen considered Rh(D) pos?

A

Depends on if they are a donor or recipient
Recipient - Rh(D) neg as will produce anti-D in response to full D antigen
Donor - Rh(D) pos as will cause immunogenic effect in patients who are Rh(D) neg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

All the Blood Groups and their Antigens

A 
ABO
- A, B, O
Rh
- C, c, D, E, e
Kell
- K, k
Kidd
- Jka, Jkb
Duffy
- Fya, Fyb
MNS
- M, N, S, s, U
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which potentiator/enhancement media decreases ζ potential like this:
- by decreasing the ionic strength of the reaction medium therefore increasing antibody uptake during sensitisation?

A

Low ionic strength saline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which potentiator/enhancement media decreases ζ potential like this:
- increases dielectric constant of the medium

A

Albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which potentiator/enhancement media decreases ζ potential like this:
- by removing sialic acid residues

A

Enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which potentiator/enhancement media decreases ζ potential like this:
- steric exclusion of water molecules and concentrating antibodies around the RBCs to accelerate antibody binding to RBCs

A

Polyethylene glycol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Write these in Wiener form and phenotype form using Fisher-Race:

  1. DCe/dce
  2. DCe/DCe
  3. DCe/DcE
  4. DcE/dce
  5. DcE/DcE
  6. Dce/dce
  7. dce/dce
  8. dCe/dce
  9. dcE/dce
A
  1. R1r, DCce
  2. R1R1, DCe
  3. R1R2, DCcEe
  4. R2r, DcEe
  5. R2R2, DcE
  6. R0r, Dce
  7. rr, dce
  8. r’r, dCce
  9. r”r, dcEe
17
Q

What vein is blood collected from for whole blood?

A

Antecubital vein

18
Q

What are plasma and platelets placed into during apheresis?

A

Plasma - sodium citrate

Platelets - acid citrate dextrose

19
Q

How much does each unit of transfusion material raise their intended variable?

A

RBC - increase [Hb] by ~10g/L
Platelets - increase platelets by 20-50 x 10^9/L
Cryoprecipitate - per 5/10kg increases [Fbg] by 0.5-1.0g/L

20
Q

Materials that can be Transfused

A 
RBC
Platelets
Fresh frozen plasma
Cryoprecipitate
Cryoprecipitate depleted plasma
21
Q

What kind of adverse transfusion reaction is this:
1:40k-80k transfusions, fatal in 1:1.8 million transfusions
Occur soon after transfusion starts (minutes to hours)
Usually ABO incompatibilities
e.g. complement-mediated intravascular haemolysis
- complement activation → C3a and C5a release → mast cell activation → histamine and serotonin release
- factor XII activation → bradykinin production → vasodilation and ↑ EC permeability → hypotension
- EC activation and damage → TF exposure → DIC

A

Acute haemolytic transfusion reaction

22
Q

What kind of adverse transfusion reaction is this:
Occurs in 1:2.5k-11k transfusions
Haemolysis occurring > 24 hrs after transfusion
Extravascular haemolysis in RE system
After secondary exposure to antigen
- aby “missed” on pre transfusion screen
Anti-Jka, Rh, Kell, Duffy antibodies
Haemolysis is usually not fatal
- Hb doesn’t rise to expected level, fever, jaundice, haemoglobinuria
`

A

Delayed haemolytic transfusion reaction

23
Q

What kind of adverse transfusion reaction is this:
Bacterial, viral, parasitic bacterial risk – 1:75k (platelets) to 1:500k (RBCs)
Symptoms
- fever, chills, vomiting, hypotension, dyspnoea, tachycardia, shock, renal failure, DIC
Bacterial sources
- donor (skin or bacteraemia)
- contamination during component preparation (inc water bath)

A

Infection

24
Q

What kind of adverse transfusion reaction is this:
Range from mild (1:100) to severe (1:20k-50k)
Symptoms:
- urticaria (hives), erythema, itching, hypotension, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, respiratory distress
Can be fatal
Due to:
- hypersensitivity to allergens or plasma proteins in donor unit
- IgA ↓ patients with anti-IgA antibody

A

Allergic

25
Q

What kind of adverse transfusion reaction is this:
Occurs in ~1:10k transfusions, the major cause of transfusion-related fatality
Symptoms begin within 2-6 hours of transfusion completion
Fever, chills, respiratory problems, hypotension, hypoxemia, → respiratory failure
Pathophysiology
- aby’s in donor plasma bind to HLA/HNA’s on recipients’ granulocytes → granulocyte activation
- → basement membrane destruction
- → increased permeability of the pulmonary circulation
- → leakage of high-protein fluid into the lungs
- → pulmonary oedema

A

Transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI)

26
Q

What kind of adverse transfusion reaction is this:
Occurs in < 1% of transfusions
Dyspnoea (shortness of breath), orthopnea (shortness of breath when lying down), cyanosis, tachycardia, pulmonary oedema, hypertension within 1-2 hrs of transfusion
Elderly, paediatric, and anaemic patients
Often confused with TRALI
- patients with TRALI rarely have hypertension
- different findings on chest X-ray
- distended neck veins and peripheral oedema in TACO
Treatment - O2, diuretics
Prevention - administer transfusion slowly

A

Transfusion related circulatory overload (TACO)

27
Q

What kind of adverse transfusion reaction is this:
Occurs in 0.1-1% of transfusions (esp platelets)
Symptoms
- unexpected temp. increase shortly after transfusion, chills, ↑ respiration, headache
Similar presentation to TRALI, sepsis, HTR
- FNHTR if these have been ruled out
Pathophysiology
- cytokine release from donor leukocytes
- anti-HLA/HNA aby’s in recipient plasma binding to and activating leukocytes in donor units
Treatment - acetaminophen
Prevention - leukodepletion

A

Febrile non-haemolytic transfusion reaction

28
Q

What kind of adverse transfusion reaction is this:
Very rare
Symptoms
- rash, fever, liver dysfunction, GI symptoms with recent transfusion history
Pathogenesis
- immunocompetent T lymphocytes in donor product are transfused into shared HLA (i.e. family) or immunocompromised recipient
- donor T-lymphocytes engraft and proliferate in recipient BM
- recipient HLA class II and/or minor histocompatibility Ag’s are presented to donor T-lymphocytes → activation
- cytokine release and cytolytic activity
Diagnosis - HLA typing
Results in bone marrow aplasia, usually fatal

A

Transfusion associated graft vs host disease

29
Q

Blood Group Antigens that are Enhanced/Destroyed by Enzyme Treatment

A 
Enhanced:
- Rh
- Kidd (Jka &amp; Jkb)
Destroyed
- Duffy (Fya &amp; Fyb)
- MNS (M, N, S &amp; s)
30
Q

Blood Group Antibodies that don’t react with Enzyme Treated Cells

A

MNS (anti - M, N, S & s)

Duffy (anti - Fya & Fyb)

Y3S2 - Foundations of Haematology (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions