Exam Review Week 1 Flashcards
What is myocardial ischemia?
condition in which myocardial oxygen supply does not meet demands and there is myocardial hypoxia
What is angina?
chest pain, typically as a result of myocardial ischemia
What is myocardial infarction?
irreversible necrosis of heart muscle – Heart Attack; occurs if you have enough ischemia
What are cardiomyopathies?
diseases of the muscle
What is a dilated cardiomyopathy?
disease of the muscle caused by infections, toxins, unknown
What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
familial, genetic disease of the muscle
What is restrictive cardiomyopathy?
disease of the muscle caused by infiltrative processes
What are the parts of the cardiac cycle on those square-shaped volume and pressure plots?
bottom of square = filling; right side = isovolumic contraction; top = ejection; left side = isovolumic relaxation
What are some examples of valvular heart disease?
Aortic valve disease Aortic stenosis Aortic regurgitation Mitral valve disease Mitral regurgitation Mitral stenosis Tricuspid and Pulmonic valve disease Prosthetic Heart Valves Endocarditis
What is the typical cause of coronary artery disease?
atherosclerosis
What arrhythmias cause the heart to go too slowly?
heart blocks (1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree)
What arrhythmias cause the heart to go too quickly?
Supraventricular arrhythmias (SVT, atrial fibrillation, atrial
flutter); Ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia,
ventricular flutter)
What is pericarditis?
inflammation of the pericardium (multiple causes, including infectious, trauma, radiation)
What is Pericardial Tamponade?
a form of cardiogenic shock
What is heart failure?
Heart failure is the final and most severe manifestation of nearly every form of cardiac disease. Heart failure is present when the heart is unable to pump blood forward at a sufficient rate to the meet metabolic demands of the body or is able to do so only if the cardiac filling pressures are abnormally high or both.
What are clinical sequellae of atherosclerosis?
stroke (embolic or thrombotic), coronary artery disease, renal artery disease, aneurysms, peripheral artery disease
What is prevalence?
Prevalence is an estimate of how many people have a disease at a given point in time
An estimated 80,700,00 American adults (1 in 3) have 1 or more types of cardiovascular disease.
What is incidence?
Incidence refers to the number of new cases of a disease that develop in a population per unit of time.
The average annual rate of first CV events rises from 3/1000 men at 35-44years of age to 74/1000 men at 85-94 years of age. For women, comparable rates occur 10 years later in life.
What are modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
Dyslipidemia Tobacco smoking High blood pressure Diabetes mellitus/metabolic syndrome Lack of physical activity Obesity
What are non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
Advanced age
Male gender
Heredity
What is normal BP? Pre-hypertension? Hypertension?
Normal: less than 120/80mmHg;
Prehypertension: 120-139 or 80-89
Hypertension: more than 139 systolic or 89 diastolic
What are hypertension risk factors?
family history; Black; prehypertension; increasing age; obesity; high sodium-low potassium intake; excessive alcohol intake; low socioeconomic status; sleep apnea; some illicit drugs or OTCs
What is the DASH diet?
Emphasizes vegetables, fruits. Fat-free or low-fat dairy products; Includes whole grains, fish, poultry, beans, seeds, nuts, and vegetable oils; Limits sodium, sweets, sugary beverages, and red meats
What are lymphatics?
Drain clear fluid (lymph) from tissue spaces (they are more permeable than capillaries). Chyle from GI tract is white with lipid. Endothelium: fenestrated and non-fenestrated. Basement membrane: continuous or non-continuous. Have valves as do veins. Large lymphatics have muscle in wall.